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Hume, Moral Philosophy and Psychological Oppression, 2006.
An application of David Hume's moral philosophy to the concept of psychological oppression as described by Sandra Bartky.
1,477 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how oppression of all forms, whether based on race, sex, or another arbitrary characteristic, by the Humean conception is always morally wrong. It looks at how Hume identifies justice as an artificial virtue that has the sole purpose of restraining individuals' base impulses for the communal benefit. It also argues that discriminatory oppression is unjust because it does not have the import of natural morality, nor is it in the service of the communal interest.
From the Paper
"In the perpetration of psychological oppression, there exists a naturally vicious quality that Humaen principles identify as morally wrong. Psychological oppression, as conceptualized within a feminist framework by Sandra Bartky, is a cruel authority exerted by the force of one's own ideas. Bartky originated the concept to describe the process by which women internalize and perpetuate their subordinate status with a patriarchal society, though it is applicable to any arbitrarily subordinated population. Psychological oppression effectually facilitates the continued acquiescence to an unjust power that resided outside of the self, a power that is the original source and beneficiary of the self-oppressing ideas, such as stereotypes and essentialized inferiority. "
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Philosophy and Psychology, 2001.
A look at the concept of philosophy and how it interacts with psychology in the understanding of human behavior.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various schools of psychological theory and how they relate to a person?s philosophical outlook.
From the Paper
"Modern psychology has developed theories significantly and successfully supporting the way a person knows the world outside themselves, their minds and their own sphere; using appropriate psychological theories with similar philosophical reasoning can lead to not only a better understanding of how an individual knows and comes to know the world, but to understanding that level of perception and why they may or may not act in accordance with philosophical consistency in a way that will be of their benefit and society (the world) as a whole."
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The Philosophy of Psychology, 2005.
This paper examines Wittgenstein's ideas of psychology as a poor substitute for the philosophy of knowledge or mind.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 2 sources, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This analytical philosophy paper addresses Wittgenstein's method in relation to the debates with Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell early in his career. The paper addresses the focal point of the provided question on why Wittgenstein would reject psychology as closer to the natural sciences than philosophy. The paper also discusses the position of psychology within philosophy of knowledge; the relational and inductive method, as opposed to the reduction of today that, the paper maintains, Wittgenstein probably would not tolerate.
From the Paper
"For Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), the theory of knowledge would serve as the philosophy of psychology, avoiding altogether psychology's claims of belonging to the natural sciences. Much has to do with Wittgenstein's perception of the human mind and reality, in producing his argument in Tractacus. This paper examines why Wittgenstein would see psychology as a poor substitute for the philosophy of knowledge or the philosophy of mind, as driven by methodological and conceptual factors."
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Philosophy and Clinical Psychology, 2004.
Discusses philosophical dilemmas in the practice of clinical psychology.
1,152 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper derives information from her own experience as a clinical psychologist, as well as the opinion of other psychologists such as Nathaniel Brandon, to address the issue of a pervasive sense of inner guilt and shame which originates, to some degree, in the Judeo-Christian religious upbringing of many patients. The author shows how she has developed a method of addressing these psychological issues in a manner that fulfills her professional and ethical obligations as a therapist, without inspiring unnecessary conflicts with the personal religious beliefs of the patients.
From the Paper
"Since these revelations, she has been able to resist any temptation to use the excuse of intoxication to pursue sexual gratification and she has remained celibate, in keeping with her moral values and her conscious wishes. When she is unable to resist the (psychologically normal) urge to masturbate, she reminds herself that it is the ?lesser of two evils?, which her ?God? understands. Most importantly, from a therapists view, she no longer suffers from intense shame and guilt from her choices."
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Hume as a Moral Skeptic, 2005.
An analysis of David Hume's moral theory in his "Treatise of Human Nature" to determine if he fits two definitions of a moral skeptic.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how in his "Treatise of Human Nature", Hume reduces moral decision making to autonomous conflicting passions motivating the will. He also excludes reason as a guiding entity and therefore appears to be a moral skeptic. It discusses how he fits Marcus Singer's definition of a moral skeptic by determinism. However, it also contends that by J.L. Mackie's definitions, he does not seem to be a normative moral or a meta ethical skeptic.
From the Paper
"Foremost, partly by divorcing reason from the motivation of the will and partly due to the natural causes of the passions, Hume plainly implicates himself as a moral skeptic by Singer's definition of determinism. According to the Treatise the will is directly motivated only by the direct passions and, in turn, the direct passions arise from good and evil. Reason takes a backseat as its role is simply to connect the passions with their correct objects. However, it is when Hume reduces the definitions of good and evil to sensations of pleasure and pain that he seems to affirm his position as a skeptic by determinism. Furthermore, he states: "the direct passions frequently arise from a natural impulse or instinct which is perfectly unaccountable." "
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Hume and Moral judgments, 2006.
An analysis of Hume's opinions on statements and moral judgements.
735 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a story of a hypothetical situation. It then discusses Hume's opinion and his premise that all statements are either analytic or synthetic. The paper then describes and gives examples of analytic and synthetic statements.
From the Paper
"Consider the story above. Most people would say it was immoral for me to cut the line. However, once I explained I was a doctor, the woman that complained apologized for saying what she said. Her original perception was that I was wrong, but her perception changed even though my action did not. Further, most people would say that taking the coffee that I did not order was immoral. I think it is immoral, too. However, it is possible that my opinion would change."
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Hume and The Foundation of Morality, 1983.
This paper discusses David Hume's use of reason and sentiment as a means of discussing the origins of morality.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
David Hume, in "An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals", delves into the foundations of morality. He divides the origins of morality into two possible sources, reason and sentiment. He defines reason as that facility or quality or action that "can instruct us in the tendency of qualities and actions, and point out their beneficial consequences to society. He defines sentiment as the emotional disposition that guides reason. In example after example Hume makes it clear that reason should be regarded as a qualitative tool that helps us define our world. Without sentiment as the spur, reason would not be employed effectively ."
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Psychology and Philosophy, 2005.
The relationship between the history of philosophical thought and the history of psychology.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This essay investigates the significance of philosophy within the history of psychology. It argues that philosophy and psychology, for most of their histories, handled the very same subjects. Accordingly, the very same divisions within the field of philosophy can be seen within the field of psychology. The conclusion of the paper is that overall psychology and philosophy must be very similar and important with reference to one another.
From the Paper
"The history of psychology goes hand in hand with the history of philosophy. In fact, if a timeline of the most famous psychologists through the history of civilization were constructed, it would be nearly indistinguishable from a chronological timeline detailing the most famous philosophers. Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes, Kant, and Heidegger all contributed to the fundamentals of psychology, while at the same time they unfolded complex and lasting philosophical theories. It has often been argued that, "By the end of the Greek era the critical themes and issues of psychology as well as the methodological approaches were well identified and structured." (Brennan, 32). It is reasonable to wonder precisely why this should be so; certainly, it is not at all apparent that the two fields of psychology and philosophy -- so seemingly distinct today -- should be related in such an intimate manner."
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An Analysis of Hume?s Philosophy, 2002.
Examining the philosophies of David Hume and how he divided and categorized his thoughts into clear sections.
1,009 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Hume made a very clear distinction throughout his work between impressions and ideas. He divided all thoughts into one of these two categories, force and vivacity. It explains how he then investigated which thoughts ?are distinguished by their different degrees of force and vivacity.? This distinction was then used to further classify his concepts. The classifications are the focus of the paper.
From the Paper
"He used the term ?Ideas? for perceptions that he considered ?less forcible and lively.? He then created the term ?Impressions? to mean the strongest and most lively form of perceptions. The ideas were the ?copies of our impressions.? In other words, any thinking about an experience, or impression, is an idea. The difference between these two is important since all of human thought, to Hume, apparently consists only of one or the other of these two categories. In addition, Hume?s thoughts on the existence of God and all his further discussions on the nature of thought and belief also depend on this distinction."
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Morality: Kant and Hume, 2004.
Compares Immanuel Kant's and David Hume's concepts of morality.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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This paper presents a comparison and contrast of the concept of morality and morals as expressed by philosophers, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. The paper also examines each philosopher's view of God.
From the Paper
"Hume believed that all knowledge was restricted to ideas or impressions, feeling that the mind was the sum total product of a host of perceptions accumulated over time. Other than what is directly observable there is no knowledge. Hume also believed that God could not exist because God is only an idea in the mind of man. Kant, in contrast, opposed Hume's skepticism and felt that pure reason was of use in understanding the world, however he challenged enlightenment thinkers because he did..."
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Hume's Philosophy, 2002.
This paper explains Hume's philosophical reflections.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper is on David Hume's philosophy. It covers his ideas of knowledge, reason and liberty and equality in relation to his book "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding".
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David Hume's Philosophy, 2006.
This paper argues that David Hume's definitions of determinism and necessity are not compatible.
1,453 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 34.95
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This paper argues that, within the confines of Hume's definition of liberty and necessity in his "Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding", Hume claims that free will and necessity are compatible; however, outside his definitions, the theory falls apart. The author points out that Hume's definition of necessity starts with his deterministic beliefs. The paper relates issues of the incompatibility of these two concepts and the definitions Hume uses to explain them: (1) Laws to human behavior always have exceptions; (2) Hume's analysis of what is required for responsibility helps to explain why it is useless to deny determinism by appealing to the existence of chance events in the world to disprove Hume's definition of liberty and, (3) if Hume's definition of liberty with the "could-have-done-otherwise" principle are replace, the compatibility of liberty and necessity disappears.
From the Paper
"If you combine Hume's determinism concerning human actions with his theory of causation, you basically have his working definition of necessity. Hume believes that there are observable, constant conjunctions between motives (including character traits) and actions in human behavior and goes so far as to claim if one were to look over human history, one discovers that the "same motives always produce the same actions." In Hume's conception of the world, it would be a violation of the law of nature for a prior event to occur and a subsequent event not to and this picture of the universe as law-governed applies just as much to human actions as it does to the behavior of the rest of the natural world."
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The Philosophy of David Hume, 2008.
The paper provides a brief overview of David Hume's theories and beliefs.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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The paper looks at Hume's examination of causation and the problems inherent in it, his theory of perception, his theory of knowledge or what he might call "inner perception" and finally his theory of the self. The paper also offers a brief look at his ideas on morality and religion. The paper concludes that the fact that Hume's "metaphysical microscope" continues to be found a provocative source of thought and philosophical contemplation three centuries after its author's death, is a testimony to the power of Hume's work.
From the Paper
"David Hume remains one of the most well-known and influential of British philosophers due to the broad scope of the ideas and the depth of analysis that are exhibited throughout his voluminous writings. His philosophical outlook has been described as something of a syncretism between naturalism and skepticism, and he builds upon the work of predecessors such as Berkeley and Locke while going beyond them on a number of levels. He is known for a profoundly skeptical epistemology in which he dissects and invalidates received wisdom and "common sense" about various topics including the nature of causation, the self, and religion; as a result, he was often denounced as "atheistic" by contemporaries, but his thought was a vital influence on later thinkers such as economist Adam Smith and philosopher Jeremy Bentham, not to mention (in the 19th century) Charles Darwin ("David Hume" 1.)"
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Philosophy - Hume and Kant, 2002.
An analysis of the pholiosphies of Hume and Kant
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This essay explains Hume's arguments about reasoning and experience and Kant's analytic and synthetic judgments.
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