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Current Manifestations of Humanistic Psychology, 2006.
This well-researched paper focuses on the latest theories, methods and philosophies relating to the fields of both humanistic psychology and psychotherapy.
3,399 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 29 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the birth of humanistic psychology which was developed in protest against the curtailment of psychoanalysis and behaviorist therapies which primarily viewed the human being as a collection of unconscious impulses or reactors to stimuli. This paper details the views and opinions of numerous experts in the field who contend that humanistic psychology and psychotherapy must be seen as an interpersonal and moral phenomenon which requires significant insight. This in-depth paper focuses primarily on three specific categories of humanistic psychology. One category this paper delves into discusses the self-actualization form of therapy which is concerned with helping individuals discover who they really are while focusing on their potential for self-improvement. This paper also delves into various existential theories and treatments which are currently being used by a large number of humanistic psychotherapists who find these particular forms of treatment to be effective.
From the Paper
"Humanistic psychology developed in protest against the reductionism of psychoanalysis and behaviorism which saw the human being as a bunch of unconscious impulses or reactors to stimuli. The new paradigm sought to treat the "whole person" and found phenomenological/ qualitative approaches better suited to this richer purpose. Maslow, for example, wanted to gain information based on personal, subjective experiences and not on abstract systems. But as Giorgi (2005) points out, the natural science/quantitative influence is still here. He admits that humanistic psychology has been granted a presence in psychology, but shows it is still in the minority. Of the 150,000 APA members, only 610 are members of Division 32, or less than 1/2 of 1%. The bulk of the field of psychology still honors the scientific approach more than the humanistic approach. Humanism is not as strong as psychoanalysis or behaviorism in universities and not as well represented as cognitive psychology."
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Humanistic Psychology, 2004.
This paper discusses humanistic psychology and compares it to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that humanistic psychology created a third method of understanding humans as living beings who are basically good and attempts to identify the importance of their subjective process rather than create arbitrary theoretical systems to describe human behavior. The author points out that humanistic psychology grew out of a large body of work being done by many psychologists; whereas, psychoanalysis, the foundation of modern psychology, was created by Freud and then extended by Jung, while behaviorism was developed by scientists like B.F. Skinner. The paper states that the aim of humanistic psychology is what is known as ?self-actualization?, or the reaching for the knowledge of the deepest and most hidden parts of ourselves that we desire to bring out and turn into a reality.
From the Paper
"Thus, the major break between humanistic psychology and the previous schools is its tendency to place an essential importance on the subjective character of psychology. Humanistic psychology sees this subjective experience as the most important factor in understanding the entire human being. Moreover, instead of attempting to atomize experience and understand it in the sense of particular behaviors or disorders, humanistic psychology favors a holistic approach that values the whole of the human being, seeing the mind in the body as related parts of a continuum that affect and are affected by each other in a continuous feedback loop."
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Humanistic Psychology, 2004.
An explanation of the concept behind humanistic psychology and a look at some of its more famous proponents.
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how humanistic psychology, an approach to psychology focusing on self-realization and actualization, suggests that individuals have an innate tendency to seek out self-fulfillment and meaning in their lives, but the ability to find a meaningful existence can be impacted by the individual?s environment. The paper then explores these ideas and how they relate to the author's own insights and individualization. The theories and ideas of several famous proponents of humanistic psychology are discussed as well.
From the Paper
"Carl Rogers is a leading proponent of humanistic psychology. His ideas and theories represent a principal component of humanistic psychology. Humanistic psychology developed during the 1950 and 1960s within the United States; its focus is client centered or person centered approaches to therapy (Cummins, 1996: 108). Carl Rogers help promote the ideal of self realization which is critical to this theory. Rogers published several books that promoted the idea of growth. Rogers postulated that ?the individual has a sufficient capacity to deal constructively with all those aspects of his life which can potentially come into conscious awareness? (Cummins, 1996:108). This ability is derived from internal investigations."
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Humanistic Psychology, 2007.
An overview of the history and evolution of humanistic psychology and its offshoots.
1,587 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the approach of humanistic psychology in the treatment of mental health. It describes the role of humanist therapists (also known as transpersonalists, Gestalt therapists, psycho-physiologists, integral psychologists, mind/body practitioners, postmodernists and human scientists). The paper also describes the history of humanistic psychology and how it has evolved with time and discusses the offshoots that fall under the humanist approach.
From the Paper
"In the 1970s and 80s, the ideas and values of humanistic psychology spread into many areas of society. In addition to the above noted areas, there is also green politics, deep ecology, the feminist and gay rights movements, and the psycho-spiritual wing of the peace movement. This takes into account an integrated and balanced view of human nature and maintaining harmony in the grand scheme of existence. As noted by Maureen O'Hara, past president of the Association for Humanistic Psychologists: "As the world's people demand freedom and self-determination, it is urgent that we learn how diverse communities of empowered individuals, with freedom to construct their own stories and identities, might live together in mutual peace. Perhaps it is not a vain hope that is life in such communities might lead to the advance in human consciousness beyond anything we have yet experienced. ""
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Existential-Humanistic Psychology, 2008.
A case study of a disenchanted young person who can benefit from existential-humanistic psychology.
1,747 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews a case where Sam, a talented young person, is unable to find meaning in his life, lacks commitment to any long-term goals and is worried about what direction he is headed in. The paper outlines existential-humanistic theories and proceeds to offer some techniques and tactics which might serve as an intervention. The paper shows how Sam's problems are best dealt with through specific existential analysis that employs Socratic dialogue and dereflexion.
From the Paper
"The case of Sam Salvo is indeed an interesting one. By his own admission, Sam does not know what to do with his life. He is an honor student but is struggling to find a major and his career direction is, for all intents and purposes, "up in the air". He has rejected the religious tenets of his mother, fights with her regularly, and believes he has no standards with which to make his decisions in life. As well, Sam seems somewhat dilettantish inasmuch as he dabbles in Eastern philosophy without committing himself to it. Clearly, this is a young man who is deeply troubled by a sort of nihilism and who is also directionless."
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Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychologies, 2007.
A comparison of existential-humanistic psychology with transpersonal psychology.
1,163 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the roots and goals of existential-humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology. The author describes why the theories are fundamentally different, by illustrating the basic principles of each outlook. The historic roots of each theory are described. The author concludes that a belief that people are afraid of non-existence in existential psychology contrasts with the goals that transpersonal psychologies seek in their states of "collective unconscious" or deep meditation, where one transcends the earthly, human body and moves into a state of uniting with the entire universe.
From the Paper
"The Transpersonal Psychologies find their similarities in their approach to the body-mind relationships and transformation. Essentially they believe that the mind controls the body and if you can put your mind at peace, the body will respond. Based on the work of Carl Jung, who first coined the term "transpersonal" (uberpersonlich) in the phrase "transpersonal unconscious" which he used as a synonym for his well-known "collective unconscious," it refers to the human condition as essentially healthy and full of potential, not as ill and diseased (Schneider,2004)."
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Humanistic and Interactionist Theories of Psychology, 2005.
This paper discusses the humanistic and interactionist theories of psychology, which were developed because of disappointment in the behaviorism and psychoanalysis theories.
3,190 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 31 sources, APA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the humanistic personality researchers wanted to emphasize human tendencies toward self-improvement, self- actualization, autonomy and looking at the overall value of human beings; whereas, the interactionists, or trait situation interaction therapists, were more concerned with the combined dynamic influences of both personality traits and situations in order to acquire a gestalt understanding. The author points out that Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are major contributors to humanistic psychology; Walter Mischel, Henry Murray (theory of needs) and Harry Sullivan (social interactions) are associated with trait situation interaction. The paper relates that one of the differences between humanistic psychology and trait situation interaction is how much of an emphasis to place on an individual's personality; the link between traits and situations has been more precisely specified in the interactionist approach; however, most humanistic psychologists apply an ideographic approach that looks at the entire individual and in context.
From the Paper
"One of the main aspects of PSC is expressing empathy, which is based on Rogers' humanistic approach. Expressing empathy toward pain, anxiety, or anger does not mean reinforcing the way the child has handled a given problem, but helps the youth be less defensive and more ready to reevaluate his/her actions and approach change. Unlike punishment that addresses the feelings and needs (id) of the child or moralization that addresses the conscience (super ego), PSC addresses the ego. It encourages children to understand the event, be aware of their feelings, reevaluate their actions, examine the alternatives, make new decisions, construct a plan of action, and finally implement that plan. PSC aims to accomplish behavioral change and ease the personal growth of children."
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Community Psychology And Traditional Psychology, 2002.
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 9 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology. Community as grounded in roots of ecological psychology & the social sciences. Traditional as based upon principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism & humanistic psychotherapies. Uses actor Robert Downey, Jr. and his chronic substance abuse problems to illustrate how both schools of psychology would analyze his difficulties.
From the Paper
"Community psychology is a specialization within a larger realm encompassing psychology and the social sciences that is grounded in the roots of ecological psychology (What is community psychology..., 2000). Traditional psychology, on the other hand, is based upon fundamental principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychotherapies (Garfield & Bergin, 1986). The two approaches differ in terms of views, values, and focus. The purpose of this report is to examine the differences between these two schools of psychology with reference to a specific individual seeking help for a life problem. The individual selected is the well-known actor, Robert Downey, Jr., whose substance abuse problems have been tracked in the popular press over the course of the last several years."
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Abraham Maslow and Third Force Psychology, 2006.
This paper examines the studies of psychologist Abraham Maslow and third force psychology also known as the humanistic approach to psychology which believes that all people are inherently good.
3,029 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 28 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This in-depth paper explores Maslow's career as a trained experimental and quantitative psychologist who rebelled against the current model of abnormal psychology and began to investigate normal individuals for aspects of mental health. This paper also discusses Maslow's critical view of Sigmund Freud's theories. During his career Maslow studied great figures in history including: Abraham Lincoln, Albert Schweitzer and Mahatma Gandhi while he concentrated on the healthy aspects of the human psyche.
His theory of hierarchical needs and the concept of self-actualization arose out of this historical investigation.
Topics covered in this report include:
A Short History of Psychology
Maslow's Rebellion Against Freud, Watson and Skinner
Maslow's Emphasis on the Healthy Personality
The Hierarchy of Needs
Peak Experiences Defined
Maslow's Research on Self Actualizing Personalities
Maslow and Management - a Renaissance of Third Force Psychology
How Can Self-Actualization Assist Societal Growth in the Future?
Conclusion
Footnotes
References
From the Paper
"Abraham Maslow was one of the great personality theorists to emerge from the school of Neo-Freudism. This was a period when therapists were attempting to go beyond Freudian concepts and redefine clinical psychology through other techniques. Some of the reasons they felt compelled to try new ways of communicating with their patients were multi fold. First, psychoanalysis was a very long and expensive process for the patient and it also required that the therapist become a Doctor of Medicine before studying psychoanalysis."
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Abraham Maslow, 2002.
Examines the contributions of Abraham Maslow to Humanistic Psychology, focusing on his holistic-dynamic personality theory.
1,989 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
Abraham Maslow is often cited as the father of humanist psychology. Through the psychological movement that he and others began has developed what many call the 'third force' in psychology. The theories surrounding humanistic psychology reject a great deal of those found within the first two forces, psychoanalysis and behaviorism. This paper addresses Maslow's life as a source of inspiration for his theory. It also defines humanistic psychology. Maslow's holistic-dynamic personality theory is focused on.
From the Paper
"Experiencing the all to common personal changes that accompany the personal growth associated with the raising of one?s own children, Maslow began to see that there was so much more to the human spirit and psyche than had previously been given notice within the school of psychology. Maslow in a 1968 interview, speaking of the universal experience of parenting even went so far as to state that, ?I was stunned by the mystery and by the sense of not really being in control. I felt small and weak and feeble before all this. I?d say anyone who had a baby couldn?t be a behaviorist.?"
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Conflict Resolution, 2007.
A qualitative examination of humanistic psychology's effect on conflict- resolution ability among adolescent gang members.
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This research proposal evaluates adolescent participation in gang culture using principles of humanistic psychology. Specifically, the researcher explores whether humanistic psychology, with particular attention to the works of Carl Rogers and Virginia Satir, provides insight in dealing with adolescents participating in gangs. The paper examines whether adolescents can learn to give empathy using this theory and, if so, if this will help them embrace conflict-resolution techniques within their gang cultures.
Outline:
Introduction/Purpose
Background To Question/Significance of Study
Methods:
Research Design
Operational Definitions
Procedures
Statistical Analysis
References
From the Paper
"The use of holistic health practices including humanistic psychology for issues related to violence and violence prevention in youths and adolescents is well documented (Makinson & Myers, 2003) Multiple agencies including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Medical Association have emphasized the criticality of addressing adolescents who are consistently exposed to violence, including children who participate in gang related activities (Makinson & Myers, 2003)."
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Maslow's Holistic-Dynamic Theory, 2007.
This paper describes Abraham Maslow's approach to humanistic psychology and further explores his holistic-dynamic theory.
2,332 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the outlook of Abraham Maslow, one of the most influential psychological theorists of the 20th century. In particular, his approach known as humanistic psychology is examined, with an emphasis on his holistic-dynamic theory. The paper describes this theory based on the existing theories of Freud, Jung and Adler. Maslow's "hierarchy of needs" is presented as part of the holistic theory. The paper regards Maslow quite positively, because he never claimed that his theories were an end in themselves or that they were valid to the exclusion of all other theories of psychology.
Outline:
Background of Maslow's Interest in Humanistic Psychology
The Holistic Dynamic Theory
Theory of Motives
Deficiency Motives
Growth Motives
Hierarchy of Needs
The Physiological Needs
The Safety and Security Needs
The Love and Belonging Needs
The Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Even while realizing the importance of the existing theories, Maslow made it his life's goal to "integrate into a single theoretical structure" the partial truths that he saw in Freud, Adler, Jung, et. al. He asserted that Freud had given us "the sick half of psychology, and we must now fill it out with the healthy half." (Maslow, quoted by Ewen, 1998, p. 416) As a result, Maslow developed his Holistic-Dynamic theory of human psychology through the study of healthy, fully functioning, and creative individuals instead of focusing on the mentally ill and the neurotic individuals as was done by Freud and his followers."
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Community and Traditional Psychology, 2002.
A comparative analysis of community and traditional psychology.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how community psychology is a specialization encompassing psychology and the social sciences that is grounded in the roots of ecological psychology. It looks at how traditional psychology, on the other hand, is based upon fundamental principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanistic psychotherapies. It examines the differences between these two schools of psychology with reference to a specific individual seeking help for a life problem. The individual selected is the well-known actor, Robert Downey, Jr., whose substance abuse problems have been tracked in the popular press over the course of the last several years.
From the Paper
"From the traditional psychotherapeutic perspective, substance abuse is regarded as an addiction that is difficult to treat. Garfield and Bergin (1986) have pointed out that behavioral or interactional psychotherapies and conjoint family therapies have been used with individuals identified as having a substance abuse problem, but that the results of these interventions are mixed. Group therapy, twelve-step programs, use of methadone and other detoxification efforts and aversive conditioning have succeeded in a number of cases, but relapse is common among substance abusers."
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"The Sane Society", 2002.
A book review of "The Sane Society" by Erich Fromm on humanistic psychology.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "The Sane Society" by Erich Fromm and seek to understand what the major ideas are in his writings. By understanding this type of philosophy, we can learn how the humanistic psychology works in interpreting the mind.
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