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Human Reason in "Pensees", 2004.
An analysis of Blaise Pascal's critique of human reason in "Pensees".
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper analyses some sayings from the "Pensees" in which Pascal tries to impress the limits of reason and empirical knowledge. It discusses how, instead of glorifying the utilitarian potential of reason and empirical endeavour, on the eve of the Enlightenment, Pascal instead warns of its danger.
From the Paper
"One of the purposes of Blaise Pascal in the Pensees is to delineate the limits of reason and empirical knowledge. It was in the birth throes of the Age of Enlightenment, the period in which empirical knowledge swept aside Catholicism and faith and supplanted them as the underpinning to European society. Diderot, d'Alembert and the French encyclopedists, paved the way for the German idealists, and in turn for the British utilitarians. The corresponding advance of industry and technology made sure that empirical knowledge became more and more synonymous with knowledge itself, all other forms of knowledge gradually being delegated to the status of superstition. Pascal himself is one of the founders of scientific civilisation, and his contributions in fluid mechanics, probability and number theory are of fundamental importance in this regard. The greatness of Pascal lies in the fact that not only was he a progenitor of modern science, but he was equally aware of its limitations. Against the backdrop of the Enlightenment it is fair to assess that Pascal is ignored and overridden in the Western thrust towards technological society."
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Human Reason, 2002.
Discusses the ideas of four neoclassical authors on the use of reason.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the views of Molire, Racine, Pop, and Swift, on the topic of human reason. While Molire and Racine see reason as a force that might cure humanity of its violent and confusing passions, Pope and Swift see it as just one more aspect of human nature that has been misused in society. And while Swift and Pope make interesting arguments in both verse and prose, Molire and Racine seem to have a more cohesive view of reason and its importance.
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Human Reason and Destiny, 2000.
An analysis and comparison of the ideas of Thomas Malthus and Johann von Gottfried Herder.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the similar arguments of Herder and Malthus that human reason is something made and not merely given from birth. It compares their views on how and why this is so and it deals with the conclusions that each draws about human destiny.
From the Paper
"Herder and Malthus conclude broadly different destinies for individuals and humanity despite their similar theological point of departure. Their theodicean arguments place human suffering within their models, yet Malthus ascribes it the inevitable and inescapable modus operandi for potential present and future happiness--the great furnace of life. More optimistically, for Herder the purpose for the struggle and strife that arise via the freedom given by arbitrary transmission and the imperfect mechanism of language, lies in the positive manifold human potentialities, the ability to make oneself, and the ability to make humanity."
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Human Sacrifice in Ancient Rome, 2003.
An analysis of the reasons for human sacrifice in the Roman Republic.
3,505 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three cases of human sacrifice documented by historians in the Roman Republic. Through a literature review, it looks at how the human sacrifices in the Roman Republic became addressed first in the early twentieth century when documentation was discovered of three people being buried alive. It analyses the various theories on the reasons for the sacrifices and attempts to show that the evidence clearly points to scandals among the Vestal Virgins being the direct cause for the human sacrifices that took place in Rome in the days of the Republic.
From the Paper
"Plutarch specifically states that the Vestal scandal led to the Senate demanding that the decemviri sacris facundis ?consult the Sibylline books? in order to see how they should progress. Only when the gods were suspected of being exceptionally displeased with the city was this act necessary. A scandal of infidelity among the Vestal Virgins was an extremely disturbing omen in the eyes of the citizens of Rome, for the Vestals kept the eternal flame burning?a symbol of Rome itself. The report of the decemviri was that there must be a sacrifice to the gods of four people (two Greeks and two Gauls) and that they should be buried alive in the Forum Boarium."
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Mental Logic Theory, 2007.
Discusses an experiment examining human beings and the way that they reason depending on the types of questions asked.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the mental logic theory and the mental model theory, in terms of the way that human beings reason. The paper presents an experiment that asks three similar questions of the participants with a slight word change in each of the three questions. The paper attempts to discern from the participant's answers to these three questions if the results favor the mental logic theory or the mental model theory in regards to human beings and the way they reason.
From the Paper
"Our studies show however, that the inferences the participants drew followed a logical sequence. If, as we purport, they do follow a logical sequence then that would lend more credence to the findings that the Mental Logic theory espouses as compared to the Mental Model theory.
"Schroyens purports that his study shows that both theories adhere to the same processing scheme, and that both theories are equivocal. If his study presents the truth, then we must search out the theory's differences, dissect these differences and discern whether the differences are so great that one of the two theories is more palatable than the other."
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Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM), 2006.
A discussion regarding strategic human resources management (SHRM) in relation to employees or 'human capital'.
2,678 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and discusses the reasons that strategic human resources management (SHRM) puts the emphasis firmly on 'resource' rather than 'human'. According to the paper, SHRM is a model that is highly precise, as well as adaptive and interactive.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Four Levels of Integration: HR Function & Strategic Management Function
Contingency of 'fit' (alignment)
The Debate: Horizontal v. Vertical Alignment
Behavioral Theory in SHRM
Human Capital?
Capability Management
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Through integration of human resources management (HRM) "into the agency planning process, emphasizing human resources (HR) activities that support broad agency mission goals, and building a strong relationship between (HR) activities that support broad agency mission goals, and building a strong relationship with HR and management, agencies are able to ensure that the management of human resources contributes to mission accomplishment and that managers are held accountable for their HRM decisions." (Ibid) The basic concept of strategic HRM is stated by Mazen and to be that: "Business organizations exist in a competitive environment with scarce resources. Controlling this resource (physical, organizational, information and human) that gives the company the competitive advantage..." (2006) The 'strategic management process' focuses toward analysis of the competitive situation of the organization in developing both the strategic goals as well as the organizational mission and as well the "...external opportunities and threats, and its internal strength and weaknesses to generate alternatives." (Mazen & Kayaly, 2006) 'Strategic human resources management' (SHRM) is "the pattern of planned human resources deployments and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its goals." (Mazen & Kayaly, 2006) "
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David Hume on Human Judgements, 2005.
This paper discusses 'Section VII" of David Hume's "Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" which concludes that reason and rational judgments are merely habitual associations based on previous experiences.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 'Section VII" of David Hume's "Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" opens by differentiating the mental processes associated with the exact and provable mathematical nature of science in the natural world and what he calls "the finer sentiments of the mind". The author points out that Hume recognizes the validity of science and the physical world and does not dispute the logical deductions made from observance and experimentation; however, he says knowledge itself is not a finite object that is subject to science and mathematics. The paper stresses that Hume does not question of God exists or whether man has a sou but rather he says that these things are not known and therefore causal theories, which rest on the supposition that they do exist, cannot be true.
From the Paper
"He uses the sun rising every day as an example, inferring that the fact that the sun has always risen every day does not, logically at least, mean that it will rise tomorrow. The reason that the sun rises every day is a function of physics, and the fact that the sun rises one day is not connected to its rising the previous day, but to those laws of physical motion. Thoughts, ideas and impressions cannot be measured in physical terms. A weakness in this argument would seem to be that he is separating deductive reasoning based on observable facts from the conclusions established in the mind regarding these facts. While he dismisses thought as an abstraction separate from science, he contends that space and time are the way impressions occur to us and these abstractions are the basis of ideas."
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Mars: A Mission for the Human Race, 2004.
A discussion on the reasons for exploring Mars as a possible planet for sustaining human life.
2,463 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Red Planet which has fascinated astronomers from early days. The paper states that as we began more missions to Mars we gained a greater understanding of our solar system. President George W. Bush has announced plans to send humans to Mars. The paper discusses the various missions to the planet and the possibility of living on Mars. The paper states that if we look into the future, we will see that soon we will run out of resources, and will be forced to stray from earth in order to survive. The paper further suggests that the best way to do this would be to colonize Mars as an important aspect of our survival, and we should now start to take steps toward a new frontier of life, off into the vast extreme of space.
From the Paper
"The cost to send manned missions will be much higher than any ever before perceived, but we will soon find out that these missions will become necessary parts of the survival of our species. If we really want to get our money's worth, we must send humans to Mars instead of just robots. Robots can only do so much. For example, a robot must collect data, send it back to Earth, be analyzed by a team of scientists twenty minutes later, then receive the information regarding the path it should take for the next five feet another twenty minutes later. Thankfully, we do not need to be so meticulous in navigating the humans we send to Mars. These people can find their own way around, without the help or need of a computer, or a team of expert scientists twenty light minutes away. With a working system of spacecraft, we would be able to ferry people from planet to planet, always keeping a group of people on Mars. This way we could always be working there, not just a chunk of three months every two years. In this manner, manned missions to Mars would prove to be much more effective than the alternative of robotic missions conducting experiments for limited amounts of time. We shouldn't necessarily be concerned with the effects of ourselves on the planet, but with the effects of ourselves on our own species."
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Human Rights as an Internal Affair, 2008.
This paper argues that human rights are not an internal state affair and rejects that attempting to impose universal human rights is simply Western cultural imperialism.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This essay argues that there are such things as universal human rights, and that when one state violates these, other states have a legitimate reason to raise appeal. The essay states that this can give rise to a tension between state autonomy and universal rights, however, it argues that this possibility must be endured, for the alternative is to allow people to be abused. Moreover, the paper asserts that there are practical steps that could be taken to encourage sovereign states to acknowledge universal human rights.
From the Paper
"The only difference between those who argued against suffrage in the West or against same-sex marriage in Canada, and those who today argue in favour of genital mutilation in Nigeria, is that the Western defenders of sexism and heterosexism claimed to speak for all of humanity, and for God, while the minorities claim only to speak for themselves, and sometimes for their own God - and of course, for "their women." The principle is the same - invoking culture, God, nature or tradition to justify oppression of women or other minorities, and in this way attempting to maintain the status quo. That argument was overcome in England and in Canada, and it should be overcome in non-Western nations too. Moreover, it is argued that if this poses some slight risk to the autonomy of some individual nations, then so be it. National autonomy should not extend to the point of giving ruling groups the right of torture, murder, mutilation or any other kind of violent abuse against individual human beings - not even if they are women or children!"
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Human Cloning, 2002.
Discusses the issues involved in human cloning.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
Discusses issues involved. Pro and con arguments. Interest in the longevity of life. Interest of geneticists to duplicate a programmable human being. Cloning and Biblical allegory. Beneficial considerations to human cloning, including eradication of disease. Reasons against human cloning including manipulation of the human genome. Technical problems within the cloning process. Many long quotes.
From the Paper
"While humanity finds more inhumane and destructive ways of annihilating itself, conversely it also seeks out ways to escape that annihilation through some sort of continued thread of immortality. One can only imagine the furthered accomplishments of Einstein on his study of physical relativity if he had been graced with 25-50 more years. What would be the artwork left behind by Picasso or the new film visions of Stanley Kubrick, had they been able to submit to a few more earthly years of existence?
While some ancient civilizations constructed monoliths and statuary dedicated to the relevance of their civilization's immortality, and some ancient rulers dedicated their rule to the building of great structures to imprint their immortality upon the face of the earth, the human desire to live beyond our mere ..."
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The Impact of Cultural Variation on Human Rights, 2005.
This paper examines the opinion of writer W. Penn Handwerker on the issue of cultural variations impacting universal human rights.
837 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes W. Penn Handwerker's article "Universal Human Rights and the Problem of Unbounded Cultural Meanings." Handwerker contends that cultural variations impact on universal rights and that freedom from violence epitomizes the entire of concept of human rights. This paper details how Handwerker's views and opinions differ greatly from popular beliefs and theories such as that of anthropologist Gene Hammel, who argues that each culture is different because it chooses whichever identity is best for it. When "different" is equated with "best," asserts Hammel, the possibility of universal human rights is defeated. This paper examines the reasons Handwerker rejects the conclusions of various cultural anthropologists who argue that human rights are an unattainable ideal due to cultural differences.
From the Paper
"In the first section of the article, "Violence as Meaning That Arises from Social Interaction," Handwerker argues that though there is sometimes biological expression of violence, "violence can only be expressed as a social act within specific social relationships" (p. 800), and the meaning of violence depends heavily upon the social context in which it takes place. And though violent behavior is oftentimes passed down to the next generation, a change in behavior can break the cycle. Handwerker's observations of people from West Africa to the West Indies to the United States have revealed to him that the subjects of violence (but not the instigators of it) generally use physical pain (as opposed to emotional pain) as the primary criterion of violence. And just as consistent as the definition of violence across the various cultures he studied were the reports of affection."
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Outsourcing Human Resource Needs, 2007.
This paper explores the current trend of outsourcing human resource needs.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at those who believe that the best way to handle employee decisions and supervision is to use an in-house department. The paper discusses how others, however, point to advanced technology without the cost, the ability to handle large issues and the reduced need for in-house staffing, as reasons to choose outsourcing as an option. The paper explores five published works on the topic and concludes that outsourcing human resource needs has a place in society, but the core elements of human resources, including labor relations, should remain in the company.
Outline:
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages
Four Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Within most companies there is a need for a Human Resources employee or department. Human Resource workers are responsible for the recruitment, training, termination and benefit supervision of the employees working within that company. For most of American history, the Human Resource needs within companies have been fulfilled with an in-house paid employee, but in recent years there has been a shift to outsourcing many Human Resource functions."
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Human Trafficking: A New Era of Slavery, 2007.
A look at human trafficking, a modern day version of traditional slavery.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of human trafficking, focusing primarily on the issue of prostitution. According to the paper, this is just a modern day version of slavery as many are transported and sold against their will or without their knowledge, believing various false reasons for their movement. Many of the victims of human trafficking are underage minors.
From the Paper
"The human trafficking of women for the vice trades, mainly forced prostitution in a multitude of countries is a problem so monumental that most officials see no end to the problem. Resources are poor for the destruction of even the most large-scale offenders and most are under the false impression that the women arrive voluntarily, knowing the life they will follow when they arrive. It is a way to excuse the fact that all but the illegal immigration issues are perfectly acceptable and legal to many of the governments in the locations where the women end up. (Askew 328) Here are just a few statements from women who have been victims of human trafficking and forced prostitution."
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Human Resources Management, 2005.
This paper discusses in detail the various activities of human resources management such as recruitment, training, performance, job analysis and work environment.
5,730 words (approx. 22.9 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the first step in a human resources management policy is that of the recruitment of the company's employees and details this procedure. The author stresses that certain legally approved policies have to be kept in mind by the human resources department while selecting and hiring candidates for any post within the organization. The paper relates that a proper job analysis reveals the real reason for the job, the functions the employee must perform in this job, the setting in which the employee must work, and the qualifications that the employee must possess in order to carry out his duties efficiently.
From the Paper
"The purpose behind the entire process of recruitment and selection is to hire as well as to maintain a good workforce within the company that would bring immense benefit for the company in its working. The various core values of trust and co-operation and teamwork discipline and the staff of a company will maintain the maintenance of integrity and professionalism if the recruitment process has indeed been carried out well. Recruitment can also be of another method that of promotion of a person within the company to a higher rank than that he was in before. This decision ill have to be taken by the management of the company well in advance so that time will not be wasted on unnecessary recruitment processes. Another method would be that of 'lateral transfer' from within the company. Candidates can also be selected from a currently eligible list of people maintained on the company's database, and an eligible person can be chosen from among the persons on this list."
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