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Human Differences, 2002.
Compares three "grand theories", namely, evolutionary theory, racial theory, and Marxist theory, and their sociocultural implications.
1,446 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the evolutionary theories of Darwin, Tyler and Leslie White, the "historical materialism" of Marx, and the racialist science of the late 19th century and early 20th centuries. The essay explores the three major theories and answers the question of whether one theory can be said to explain the broad, complex topic of "human difference" better than another.
From the Paper
"Whereas Darwin classified special progression over time, Tylor applied progressive thinking to cultures in such a way that classified some -- namely, Western cultures -- as more civilized than others. This type of hierarchical arrangement applied to human beings was a new interpretation of evolutionary theory, and one that influenced the Social Darwinist movement within anthropology and in Western culture, particularly in the United States. Tylor, in a sense, made a "leap" when he applied Darwinian ideas about special evolution to culture."
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Human Relations and Cultural Differences, 2006.
This paper examines how cultural differences impact on human relations both negatively and positively.
1,526 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper details the manner in which various values and cultural traditions can impact an individual's or group's beliefs, attitudes and actions with respect to their day-to-day existence. The writer contends and explains how cultural differences affect communication, interaction and actions amongst different people. In an environment where little cultural diversity exists, it is likely that cultural differences will have little or no impact on human relations. This paper also discusses the issue of cultural differences in the workplace. Cultural diversity can lead to conflict as well as collaboration within the workplace, depending on whether or not people are willing to embrace people that are culturally different. This paper examines the impact of cultural diversity in the classroom, where teachers are being asked to become more culturally literate so that they can better address the needs of all their students, rather than the few who fall into one or two categories. This paper also explores the issue of students with varying cultural backgrounds that have different perceptions of learning and communicating and the manner in which their needs are met.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis of Cultural Traditions and Human Relations
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"Cultural differences even impact students in the classroom. More and more teachers are being asked to become more culturally literate so that they can better address the needs of all their students, rather than the few who fall into one or two categories. Students with varying cultural backgrounds have different perceptions of learning and communicating, thus may have a difficult time achieving in a classroom that does not recognize their cultural differences and methods of learning. For students to be successful in a culturally diverse environment, teachers must work to improve communications and the methods they use to teach, to ensure that they are addressing the needs of a diverse population. To understand how cultural differences impact human relations one must also understand what culture is."
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Aggression in Human & Non-Human Primates, 1999.
Analyzes nature of violence, differences between humans & non-humans, biological, psychological & social causes, evolution, territoriality, survival and theories.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 13 sources, £ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Abstract
This paper is an investigation of the topic of aggression in both humans and non-human primates with an attempt to understand the causes of such aggression and what links exist between the aggressive behaviors of different primate species.
The literature on primate aggression is reviewed and a number of bases for aggressive behavior are put forth, including psychoanalytic, biological, evolutionary and learned. The validity of each of these explanatory paradigms is examined and the evolutionary and social learning perspectives are established as being the most useful bases on which to create theoretical models of primate aggressive behavior.
A substantial amount of attention is paid to possible evolutionary causes of aggression and evolutionarily based links between the aggressive tendencies..:
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Human Sexuality, 2005.
Summary and discussion of an article by D. Dyrne and M. Hogben on human sexuality, "Using Social Learning Theory to Explain Individual Differences in Human Sexuality".
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses an article about human sexuality that emphasizes an approach to studying the concept of human sexuality and human sexual behavior from the perspective of the social learning theory. The paper also explains and analyzes how the theory is applied to the study of human sexuality and behavior and examines contemporary research that supports this approach.
From the Paper
"Dyrne & Hogben (1999) in their work "Using Social Learning Theory to Explain Individual Differences in Human Sexuality" approach the concept of human sexuality and human sexual behavior from a social learning theory approach. This article is of interest because it presents a new model for exploring human sexuality and the reasons that humans act in a particular manner with regard to sexual behavior." The article analyzed is appended to the paper.
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The Ape and Human Consciousness, 2002.
A research paper discussing the similarities and differences between ape and human consciousness.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the word consciousness and questions whether chimpanzees and other apes do indeed possess all three traits that make up consciousness as we know it: language, self-awareness, and theory of mind. The paper gives examples from animal communication research which show that they perhaps do possess these traits. It then looks at the critics of this theory who claim that the difference between the human and ape consciousness is vast and that apes cannot really claim to possess language, self-awareness and a theory of mind skills.
From the Paper
"One of the original researchers using sign language with apes, Herb Terrace is now a critic. Terrace placed a chimpanzee named Nim in a community of people using sign language to see if he would pick up the language, but found that only by bribing him with treats did he learn (Wynne 52). Terrace realized that Nim was simply using signs that his trainers had used in their question, so in effect he was just echoing what had been said (Wynne 52). Regarding Washoe?s description of a swan as ?waterbird,? it is noted that perhaps she was simply naming two things she saw, water and bird. As far as Kanzi?s ability to pick up symbolic language from observation of her mother?s training, it must be noted that Kanzi was rewarded for her use of symbols and usually given the things that she named (Wynne 52)."
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Human Nature, 2006.
This paper explores the issue of human nature and focuses on the views and theories of philosophers Thomas Hobbes and David Hume.
2,540 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
The writer of this well-researched paper defines human nature as the full scale of human behavior that is believed to remain constant for long periods in time and does not differ in the context of the various cultures that are seen in the world. This paper examines various theories on human nature, in which each possesses a distinctive view on the subject, including that of Plato. According to Plato, there is an intellectual soul that is resident in the brain of an individual. This paper analyzes the topic of human nature by focusing on the opinions and theories of Thomas Hobbes and David Hume. Thomas Hobbes is considered one of the individuals responsible for the transition from the medieval way of thinking to the modern thought process in Great Britain. This paper touches on Hobbes' book "Leviathan" and his views on human nature which are very clear. Hobbes' conception of human nature is a mechanistic one. Hobbes contends that the study of the movements of the physical bodies would prove to be enough in explaining all that goes on in the universe. Hume's approach to human nature differs from that of Hobbes. Hume contends that we, as humans, can only make inferences on what would happen in the future by what we have experienced in the past. The writer contends that Hume progresses from there to say that we would be incorrect to believe that this knowledge and experience of the past is enough to justify what would happen in the future.
Table of Contents:
Hobbes
Limitations in Hobbes' View of Human Nature
Hume
Ethics of Reciprocity
References
From the Paper
"There have been several theories that have been put forward on human nature and each of them possesses a distinctive view on human nature. The earliest views on human nature of substance come from Plato, whose thoughts on life were influenced by Socrates. In the view of Plato there is an intellectual soul that is resident in the brain of an individual and an appetitive beast that is to be found in the belly and genitals of the individual. The role of the former was in keeping the latter in check and over a period of time escape from this uncomfortable cohabitation by welcoming death. This dualist theory of Plato did have immense on the thoughts on human nature and that time and this influence can be seen in Christian theology with the Gospel of John. The extension of these beliefs of Plato on human nature had their influence on Descartes and led him to formulate the theory that man is made up of a soul that thinks and a body that is an extension of it."
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Human Nature and Buddha Nature, 2002.
Looks at the differences and similarities between the Confucian concept of human nature and the Buddha concept of Buddha nature.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper is a comparison/contrast of the Confucian concept of human nature with the Buddhist concept of Buddha-nature. The two concepts are extremely different, but they still have much in common.
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Human Rights, 2007.
This paper discusses different classifications and types of human rights.
1,364 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the difference between civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. The writer maintains that the difference between various types of human rights is largely dependent on the various human and societal functions. However, the writer points out that a central difference lies in the classification of the classic and the social main groups. The writer concludes that notwithstanding the many issues surrounding human rights the one integrating factor is that all the various types and classifications of these rights are bound by the underlying foundation of all human rights; namely to promote and protect the rights of the individual in order to create a more equitable and just world.
Outline:
Introduction
First Generation Rights: Civil and Political
Second Generation or Social Rights.
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"These different areas fall under various categories such as civil rights, which includes the right to fair legal and trial. Another category aligned to civil rights is political rights, which includes the right to vote. In addition there are other rights that are included under the general rubric of human rights. These refer to economic, social and cultural rights which include, for example, the right to water and adequate housing. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a formal agreement which guarantees all these different types of rights in an international sense.
The division and categorization of the different types of human rights also has a historical context and foundation that helps us to understand the differences between these various categories. It should also be remembered that many of these categories are interrelated."
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Human Inequality, 2002.
A discussion of the philosophers Loyseau and Diderot?s different versions of human inequality.
1,061 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both the philosophers Loyseau and Diderot offer philosophies that posit the inherent inequality, rather than the inherent equality of all human beings. It analyzes how the instinctive reaction to both of these individuals? philosophies thus might be to conflate or equate their two different notions of the nature of humanity, blurring the distinction between these two contemporaries. However, although neither man posits a view of human nature that might be palatable to a modern, Western reader, both distinctly differ in the emphasis of the nature of human inequality and how this should translate into a philosophy of government. It looks at how Diderot is primarily concerned with the internal differences of the human spirit and sensibility, while Loyseau is concerned with advancing a particular philosophy of human government.
From the Paper
"Diderot?s disparagement of the common mass of humanity who are simply not made to either appreciate or promote the advancement of culture is itself a product of a society in which few individuals received a full education on the level of basic literacy. Literacy much less cultural literacy, was rare, much less a basic inculcation in what we might call high culture. Diderot observed individuals who were only interested in surviving, in a very brute physical sense on a day-to-day basis, and assumed that these individuals were somehow lacking in interest in the advancement of culture. He observed the symptoms of an unequal, class-bound society and judged its symptoms to be an exhibition of the inherent nature of the majority of humanity."
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Animal and Human Language, 2004.
This paper discusses that human and animal languages are not fundamentally different in type, but differ in degree.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the three elements of language ? abstractness, grammar, and cultural ramifications ? are not unique to human language, but merely more advanced or merely more evident from our perspective than the language of animals. The author points out that chimps and parrots in laboratory settings seem capable of grasping abstract terms (such as ?mad? or ?bad? or ?blue?), generating new combinations of words to express new ideas, and referring to distant events or objects. The paper relates that animals may be more driven by instinct than by learned behavior, yet they show a propensity, in many cases, to learn language.
From the Paper
"Grammar is one of the strictest supposed differences between human and animal languages. Grammar involves the organization of discrete words into complex sentences that have specific required orders and syntaxes. Even human sign language tends to require certain specific syntaxes. While animals appear capable of understanding syntax, there is little evidence that they use it in communication (though it is difficult to prove a negative). According to one influential chimp research, Terrace, ?No chimpanzee has learned sign language. They?ve certainly learned some gestures, but sign language is not just a system of gestures. It?s a full, grammatical language with its own systematic grammar, like Latin.? The lack of grammar is evident in cases such as that of Koko, one of the stars of the talking-chimp movement."
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The Human Person and Truth, 2008.
This paper explores Socrates and Friedrich Nietzsche's differing beliefs on the concept of truth, what constitutes true knowledge, and the human ability to understand it.
3,155 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the ideas of Socrates as passed on to his student Plato and then to Aristotle and compares these ideas to Frederich Nietzsche's beliefs. The paper explains that Aristotle sees truth as an interaction between our soul and the observable world while to Nietzsche, truth is a creation of the human mind.
Outline:
Socrates and Plato
Aristotle
Nietzsche
From the Paper
"One of the most important discussions of the nature of truth, knowledge and the human ability to understand it, comes from The Apology of Socrates, by his student Plato. The Apology is an account of Socrates trial in 399 B.C. Along with Plato's description of Socrates' debate with Meno, The Apology helps us understand both the Socratic method of inquiry and the world view which justifies this type of learning by discussion.
"Socrates was charged with corrupting the youth of Athens and of not believing in the Gods of Athens. Plato sets the scene with Socrates opening statements in which he asks to be allowed to speak to the judge and jury. Socrates explains that he is an old man and that this is how he teaches. He asks, "...think only of the justice of my cause, and give heed to that: let the judge decide justly and the speaker speak truly. (Jowett, 1)"
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Human Rights Law, 2003.
An analysis of the protections of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as they apply to human rights law in the United Kingdom.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the history of the Council of Europe and The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, commonly known as the ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights). The paper analyzes the history of human rights in the UK beginning with the Magna Carta of the 13th century, and continuing into the 20th century, when legislation was developed to coordinate British law with the original ECHR of 1949 and its subsequent charters and protocols expanding European protections of civil rights. The paper reviews various sections of the ECHR and compares them to English Common Law and provisions of the UK's Human Rights Act of 1998. The paper discusses the difference between non-derogable rights and derogated rights, citing several relevant sections of the ECHR. It also examines several points of the ECHR and considers their acceptability under UK law. In conclusion, the paper finds that the ECHR laws are quite complex and that new British legislation only furthers the dissonance with their applicability to the UK.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Council for Europe had been originally established at the end of the Second World War and had an objective of the protection of Europe against totalitarianism and atrocities that were witnessed during the war. This council had the convention as a treaty within the actions it took. (European Convention on Human Rights) The United Kingdom was one of the founder members of this convention and also involved in the design of the law. It was also one of the first countries to approve the treaty. It has also appeals to be made to the European Commission for Human Rights since 1966. The influence of the Convention has been growing in the UK during the past ten years as the European Court of Human Rights are now taking quicker action about the appeals that are being made to it. (The European Convention on Human Rights)"
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Human Genome Sciences and its Corporate Culture, 2000.
A look at the differences between biotechnology companies, blue chip companies, and Silicon Valley computer companies in terms of their organization and workforce.
1,827 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 10 sources, £ 41.95
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Abstract
Biotechnology is one of the fastest growing fields in the world. This is evident by how interested the stock market has become in any company that deals in this field. Biotechnology firms have a different organizational culture than companies that are traditional ?Blue Chips.? They are also different from ?Silicon Valley? companies because a majority of the employees at biotechnology firms are scientists. Biotechs differ from ?Blue Chip? companies because most of the ?Blue Chip? employees are in strictly business-related fields, such as finance or marketing. Biotechnology firms are different from ?Silicon Valley? companies because their employees are mostly computer programmers. This paper will discuss these differences by using Human Genome Sciences as the example.
A Brief overview of biotechnology
Why Biotechnology Firms are Different
An Overview of Human Genome Sciences
Organizational Culture in other Industries
The Culture of Human Genome Sciences
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The Human Resource Department, 2007.
This paper discusses the human resource department and its function of creating and controlling the quality of work life (QWL), which individuals enjoy in a company especially in the areas of ethics, laws and discrimination.
3,540 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since the human resource department often makes the rules, it needs to be sure that these rules are the most current, given that local, state and federal laws change frequently. The author points out that generational differences and the way that individuals are being taught are affecting how human resource departments react to and deal with issues that they had previously not suspected would concern them. The paper stresses that, if no trust exists between the human resource department and the employees at all levels, violations of ethics and other problems will often go unreported for fear of losing one's job, which, in turn, will greatly lower the quality of work life (QWL), which employees want and deserve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is the Human Resource Department?
How Human Resource Personnel Affect the Company's QWL
History and the Human Resource Department
Human Resources and Changing Times
The Bridge between Employer and Employee
Affirmative Action and Discrimination
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There have been different eras in politics throughout the years that this country has been around. Politics often greatly affects the Human Resource department of any company because it affects the rules and regulations that companies have to abide by. The poor reaction to Big Government that was going on in the 1980s is only one example of the political upheavals that have been faced in the not too far distant past. It may seem odd that what happens in the political arena would affect what happens in the Human Resource departments of companies."
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