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Human Behavior in 'Crackhouse', 2005.
This paper discusses what crime theory explains human behavior in Terry Williams' 'Crackhouse'.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer examines Terry Williams' fine text, 'Crackhouse' and delineates the popular theories set forth to explain why people abuse and sell this destructive drug. The paper also examines which theory seems the most plausible in explaining the social scourge of drug abuse and will conclude with some basic recommendations that can both turn lives around and, in extreme case, save them.
From the Paper
"Criminal causality theories abound in America as elsewhere. The following paper will review Terry Williams' excellent 1992 text, Crackhouse and assess which of the following theories - choice theory, social structure theory, social disorganization theory, social strain theory or cultural deviance theory - best explicate why Williams' characters act as they do. To do this most efficaciously, the paper will be broken into three parts. The first part will outline some basic theories that may be put forward as illuminating why people choose - or do not choose - this kind of behavior. The second section will introduce the theory that seems to offer the greatest insight into crack abuse and what can be done to treat it, if not eradicate it."
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Adolescent Television Behavior and Actual Behavior, 2002.
Examination of adolescent behavior as depicted on television; compared with actual adolescent behavioral patterns.
4,838 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 20 sources, APA, £ 88.95
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Abstract
This study uses content analysis to examine adolescent television drama program behavior as compared to actual adolescent behavioral statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics. Issues of sexual behavior, alcohol usage and drug usage were analyzed. This work contributes to cultivation theory; the culmination of similar messages on fictional adolescent television drama programs re-enforces impressions that are not based on reality.
From the Paper
"Media can be described in many ways and forms. It is the dissemination of news, events, and information as well as a portrayal of America. It contains movies, sitcoms, dramas, comedies, news, and world events that all shape our reality of what the world is. Television more specifically is so popular because its function is to be a mirrored image of what America is, its beliefs, and ideas. Because it performs this function, it is considered entertainment. This industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that centers around two words: money and people. It does not necessarily have to be accurate for people to believe it. People will believe what they find to be interesting whether it is true or not, based upon no actual proof. This is why the media can get away with straying from the truth, because people do not care whether what they absorb is true. Truth is a very powerful concept that most people take too lightly. Most people will not admit that what they watch on television, hear on the radio, or read in the newspaper affects them. However, it has been proven through the cultivation theory that this effect is present, it does occur, and it subsequently affects the way a country perceives itself. This is how the media ultimately controls the power of thought."
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Peer Reinforcement and Punishment of Sex-typed Behaviors in Children, 2003.
An analysis of research on sex-typed behavior in children from a behavior analytic perspective. Reviews a number of studies done on this subject and interprets them using behavior analytic concepts.
2,857 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
A number of studies on sex-typed behaviors in children are summarized and analyzed using concepts from the psychological perspective of behavior analysis. Specifically, peer reinforcement and punishment of sex-typed behaviors is examined. It is argued that peers are an important factor in the socialization of children into gender-specific roles and that most gender differences are not innate, but rather are formed through the mechanisms of reinforcement and punishment.
From the Paper
"The question of how children learn to behave in gender-specific ways is one for which many different explanations have been offered. There are evolutionary psychological, social-cognitive, and numerous other approaches. In this paper, I will address this issue from a behavior analytic perspective. By applying the principals of behaviorism, the processes by which children learn gender-appropriate behavior can be better understood. Specifically, I will investigate how peers reinforce and punish sex-typed behaviors in children, and how different behavior analytic concepts can help explain the results of some of the studies done in this field."
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Behavioral Management for Early Childhood - Pre-K, 2008.
This essay discusses the issue of maladaptive behavior in the early educational setting. Specifically, it looks to identify maladaptive behaviors, apply current theories and correct these behaviors.
5,203 words (approx. 20.8 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper looks into the issue of increasing violent behavior among young school age children, while asserting that there is growing evidence that early intervention by schools to correct maladaptive behavior may result in decreased violent behavior as these children grow older. Furthermore, this paper looks at the issue from the view of early childhood professionals, stating the importance of recognizing these aggressive behaviors and managing them properly. The paper discusses the differences between normal maladaptive behavior from pathological behavioral disorders as well as the theories that govern a child's development of behavior and how these are applied to the current knowledge of managing behavior. Lastly, the paper discusses methods or models that are used to correct these behaviors.
Outline:
Introduction
Normal Misbehavior and Disruptive Behavior in Preschool Children
Theories in Child Behavior Development
Management for Normative misbehavior among Preschoolers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the two cases presented by Goodwin et al (2003), these preschoolers were seen to manifest with behavioral problems due to reasons that could and were remedied by the Childreach program. Three-year old Kelsey had been acted out aggressively because of feeling of isolation. She appeared to have problems with excessive nasal discharge secondary to allergies. Breathing through her mouth made her drool as well. She also had a problem with controlling her urinary impulses as she suffered from toilet training delays as well. Because of this, Kelsey was isolated by her peers and she was often ignored. Kelsey began to seek attention by physically hurting her peers. This kind of reaction did not make her popular but it did get people's attention. The Childreach program helped her improve her hygiene and social skills. Addressing these two issues had allowed Kelsey to have friends. In another case, Richard was referred to the Childreach program due to defiance, opposition, and aggression. It had been found that Richard's language skills was delayed by 18 months and his aggression was rooted from his frustration from not being able to follow, or appropriately respond to his environment. Therefore, his inability to communicate properly was addressed, and both parents and teachers were taught better ways to communicate with him."
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Autism and Behavioral Assessment, 1999.
Describes the disorder and assumptions, process, scales and the effectiveness of behavioral analysis (not behavior modification).
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, £ 56.95
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Abstract
After providing a brief definition of the developmental disorder of autism, this paper examines the ways in which behavioral analysis or behavioral assessment has been used as a treatment strategy for this syndrome in children.
From the Paper
"Abstract
After providing a brief definition of the developmental disorder of autism, this paper examines the ways in which behavioral analysis or behavioral assessment has been used as a treatment strategy for this syndrome in children. Behavioral analysis sets aside questions of the complex and opaque etiology of this syndrome to attempt to provide effective treatment by altering the environment of autistic individuals so that they can in turn control their systems. This is a substantial shift in emphasis from earlier methods of treatment that attempted to directly affect or to control the autistic individual without altering environment stimuli in necessary ways. The literature on this form of treatment is reviewed to demonstrate that researchers believe such behavioral analyses are by far the most effective ways known current ..."
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Theories of Social Behavior, 2002.
Contrasts the primary theories of social behavior: behaviorism, functionalism and sociobiology.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The theories discussed in this paper represent most of the spectrum of materialist (i.e. non-mentalist) thought about human society. The paper contrasts the work of BF Skinner, Marvin Harris, and Edward Wilson in behaviorism, functionalism, and sociobiology, respectively.
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Ethical Behavior in Organizations, 2002.
An in-depth discussion of the importance of ethical behavior in the business world and how this should be the responsibility of every organization.
7,521 words (approx. 30.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 118.95
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Abstract
This analytical research report discusses the debatable issue of the much-needed ethical behavior in working milieu. The research paper highlights the fundamental characteristics, a well-drafted research design, a separate section of suggestions; a works cited page and an appendix featuring important data and relevant diagrams pertaining to the organizational behavior theory and the underlying ethical issues.
Ethics And Organizations
Ethics and Ethical Behavior: A Challenge for Organizations
Unethical Behavior in Organizations
Reasons for Unethical Behavior in Organizations
Prevalent Justifications of Unethical Behavior
Results from Baucus and Near?s Research Model
Social Systems and Behavior
Need for Organizational Behavioral Theory
What is Organizational Behavior?
Purpose of Organizational Behavior
An Overview of Organizational Behavior and its Cardinal Components
Basic Models of Organizational Behaviors
Pragmatic Suggestions for Amelioration
Future Direction
Works Cited Page
Appendix
Figures
From the Paper
"Individuals working towards a common goal for personal as well as combined benefits form institutions popularly called ?organizations? or ?associations?. These firms or companies formulating and providing a challenging and a learning working environment, also consist of moral, social as well as professional values, rules and regulations that all the employees at all levels have to abide by. This is essential for an efficient organization to remain profitable on long-term basis. For the same matter, an individual working for an organization must have the ethical and social values similar to that of the organizations in order to generate the desired result. Because if their values are incompatible, neither the organization nor the individuals working for it can benefit, paving way for the ethical issues to emerge and providing leeway for affected productivity to dominate the working set-up (Drucker: 65)."
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Cognitive-Behavioral Modification Program, 2002.
Presents a cognitive-behavioral modification program designed to modify "couch potato" behavior.
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
"Couch potato (cp)" behavior is operationally defined as sitting and watching TV. The goal of the program presented in this paper is to modify this behavior towards participation in an exercise program. A self-observation log demonstrates "couch potato" behavioral antecedents, an operational definition of the target behavior and behavioral consequences. Cognitive-behavioral modification is discussed and the program is stated. Effectiveness of the intervention is then discussed.
From the Paper
"Week one would consist of new thoughts such as "TV is not the only way to relax, this is a lie, the truth is that TV is contributing to my fatigue." Positive affirmations were to be employed as immediate and continuous reinforcements, such as "I'm feeling better each day with my new activities. I'm doing a great job." TV watching was to be cut down to half hour periods per week day and two hour periods for weekend days. Stimulus control was employed and junk foods were to be removed from the premises to avoid visual cues leading to poor eating behaviors. New foods were to be purchased, such as fruit juice in place of alcoholic beverages, nuts and fruits in place of chips; actual changes in meals would be dealt with later. Lifestyle changes for the first week would include using the stairs at work and school instead of the elevator, since walking up stairs is found to burn twice the calories of jogging behavior and it would serve as an aerobic exercise activity."
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Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), 2008.
This paper explores the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by reviewing a journal article that modeled this theory and by applying TPB to the activities of American soldiers at the Abu Gharib prison in Iraq.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of a journal article that modeled the theory of planned behavior and used an experiment-related exercise to show the facets of the theory. Also, the paper uses a very public example that was presented in the media to show the applicability of the theory of planned behavior to explain human behavior. The example chosen was the activities of American soldiers at the Abu Gharib prison in Iraq. The paper concludes with an interpersonal example that is linked to the major hypothesis of the theory of planned behavior.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Journal Article Analyzed: Modeling the Theory of Planned Behavior and Past Behavior
Mass Media Example of the Theory of Planned Behavior: Abu Ghraib Prison Behavior
Personal Interpersonal Example of the Theory of Planned Behavior
From the Paper
"According to Stannard, Zimbardo's study showed that prisons are an institution that are designed to change the psychological make-up of the occupants; what is not clear, is how it affects other occupants, that are their by choice, most notably the guards. Stannard uses Zimbardo's study to state that prisons present an environment where the power differential is so uneven that it presents an environment for abuse, which is prisoners are powerless, while, guards have complete control and complete power."
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Human Behavior in Organizations, 2004.
Considers human behavior in organizations by examining the link between people's behavior and organizational processes and actions.
1,584 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how human behavior impacts organizations and how organizations, in turn, impact human behavior. The paper details this reciprocal influence by analyzing the manufacturing company, Jurox. The paper first describes the behavior of managers, including an explanation of why managers behave as they do, followed by a consideration of how the behavior of managers impacts both organizational processes and actions and other employees. The paper then provides an overview showing how behavior of managers, organizational characteristics, employee behavior, and organizational processes and actions are all linked.
From the Paper
"The first step is to consider the specific behaviors of managers. This consideration begins with the general manager. The general manager?s behavior involves having a strong focus on the organization?s operations by constantly reviewing facts and figures, while having little focus on understanding actual operations. This essentially involves a desk-management approach where the general manager constantly reviews the company?s operations and then responds when problems are noted. This approach does not include having a practical understanding of operations. The general manager also has an approach where he demands that action be taken, rather than asking for explanations. This includes that if he is given explanations, he reacts by suggesting that managers are making excuses. The impact of these actions on the managers is that they have no means of responding well when problems occur."
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Behavioral Contracting, 2004.
This paper discusses the relationship between the use of behavior contracts and student?s ability to stay on task.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper defines behavioral contracting as a written contract containing behavioral obligations a student and his teachers, and often his parents, must fulfill, which usually involves incentives given to a child when he meets his behavioral obligations. The author points out that the aim of behavioral contracting is to modify ?inappropriate?, ?abnormal?, or ?undesirable? behavior by gradually accustoming a child to a particular pattern. The paper stresses that the goal of developing a student?s focus and attention is the essence of a behavioral contract, thus obligating a student to keep his focus on his task whenever necessary.
Table of Contents
An Introduction to Behavioral Contracting
Knowing a Child?s Individual Needs to Achieve a Successful Behavioral Contracting
General Instructional Principles for a Successful Behavioral Contract
Refocusing Strategies to Keep a Student Stay on Task
Summary: Relationship Between Behavioral Contracts and Student?s Ability to Stay on Task
From the Paper
"Provide Advance Warnings. Letting students know of the proceedings of a lesson or activity, such as telling them that the current lesson is about to end and a new one will be introduced, will keep their focus and attention on learning. Unlike when they are only aware that a lesson is to end, they might be eager waiting for that time and might expect or think of fun things to do like playing. Hence, their focus to learning will be lost."
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Reducing Aggressive Behavior in the Elderly, 2002.
A study of behavioral management training in an effort to reduce aggressive behavior in dementia patients.
3,147 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
This study examines the effects of behavioral management training in reducing the occurrence of aggressive behavior among elderly patients diagnosed with dementia. Forty-five involuntary elderly patients in a residential care center were observed by certified nurses assistants (CNA) and licensed practical nurses as to the number of aggressive behaviors displayed before nurses completed a month of behavioral training and after completing training. Results show no significant differences in the occurrence of aggressive behavior in Pre and Post training.
From the Paper
"Few would argue that our elderly are a primary concern when special care is needed. Special care often results in the need for outside assistance such as nursing care residential centers or what is commonly known as nursing homes for the elderly. Unfortunately many of the elderly residents in these residential care facilities are diagnosed with dementia making care a challenge. Dementia is classified as an impairment disorder effecting the vascular or neurological structures of the brain. In same case, dementia is treatable as in cases with brain tumors or dementia due to a metabolic cause."
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Behaviorism: A Work in Progress, 2008.
An examination of individuals and theories of Ivan Pavlov, John Locke, John Watson and Burrhus Frederic Skinner and their impact on the theory of behaviorism.
3,121 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and defines the theory of behaviorism and how it relates to present day therapy. The paper examines many historical scientists' theories and ideas which provided the needed information so that behaviorism could be born. It also explains how John Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism even though the theory has been documented back to the times of Aristotle. The historical roots of behaviorism and present day uses are also examined in this paper.
Outline:
Abstract
Behaviorism
History of Behaviorism
John Watson: Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
John Locke: Tabula Rasa
B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Aristotle
Current Use
From the Paper
"Throughout history, many scholars have theorized that environment plays an important role in defining the outcome of an individual. Aristotle first hypothesized that the mind of or psyche of a person existed because of external factors. Other theorist expounded on this premise until John Watson made it a focus of his studies of behavior. Behaviorism projects that individuals are products of their experiences and have become who they are because of conditioning. John Watson, who is credited with Behaviorism made the comment that he could take twelve healthy infants and take any one of them and mold them into any given occupation regardless of genetics, race, talents and/or abilities. Watson believed that all "healthy" individuals are the same at birth but are only differentiated by the specific stimuli in their own experiences throughout their lives."
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Impact of Schools and Family on Deviant Behavior, 2008.
A discussion of risk factors for adolescents and the development of antisocial behavior and the role of school and family in the development of deviant and criminal behavior.
2,583 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of schools and family on future deviant or criminal behavior and discusses the proven correlation between negative school and family environments and future deviant or criminal behavior. It describes risk factors for adolescents and the development of antisocial behavior. The paper looks at the role of escape conditioning during family interactions in the development of aggressive and antisocial behavior and discusses the application of the social learning theory.
From the Paper
"According to Williams (2000) Long Beach school officials found that in the year following implementation of the school uniform policy, overall school crime decreased thirty-six percent, fights decreased fifty-one percent, sex offenses decreased seventy-four percent, weapons offenses decreased fifty percent, assault and battery offenses decreased thirty-four percent, and vandalism decreased eighteen percent. Unexpectedly, fewer than one percent of the students have elected to opt out of the uniform policy."
"Some school systems have allowed students to decide whether to wear uniform clothing, but others have determined that a mandatory school uniform policy with no opt out provision is necessary to address a disruptive atmosphere. According to Cruz (2001) a Phoenix, Arizona school, for example, adopted a mandatory uniform policy requiring all of its students to wear school uniforms, or if they choose to defy the policy, attend another public school. Encouragingly, this Phoenix school uniform policy was recently upheld by a state trial court."
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