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Hostage Negotiations, 2004.
Discusses aspects of negotiations during a hostage situation, whether a domestic dispute or a terrorist crisis.
5,600 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how negotiators work with the tactical teams during a hostage crisis. The paper examines the negotiator's role in a crisis, negotiation strategies, the tactic of active listening, conflict resolution, kinds of situations encountered, and terrorist situations.
From the Paper
"Experience has shown that too many police departments continue to use a linear approach to crisis resolution. First they try to talk subjects out, and then they use force to take them out. This approach is still typical among action-oriented police or military establishments not used to having others dictate their actions. Police officers learn to identify a problem, solve it, and move on to the next one. As a result, they become frustrated when the actions of a criminal or disturbed individual become the controlling force in determining the outcome of an incident."
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Hostage Negotiations, 2003.
An analysis of the key issues leading to successful resolution of hostage situations.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the key issues leading to a successful resolution of hostage situations. It looks at the importance of the law enforcement specialty of negotiator, the structure of the negotiation and the personality of the negotiator and his/her active listening skills.
From the Paper
"One of the most important specialties in law enforcement is hostage negotiation, a process by means of which members of a law enforcement agency attempt to bargain with hostage-takers in hopes of securing the safety of hostages ..."
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Communication of Hostage Negotiator, 2006.
Looks at the importance of communication for the hostage negotiator.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the importance of communication for the hostage negotiator. It looks at different types of communication and how they are used in such situations. It looks at active listening, talking, acting, empathy, trust, and therapeutic communication.
From the Paper
"Effective communication skills are the most important asset for a hostage negotiator. Communication with the hostage-taker is essential and must be done in a very non-threatening and empathic manner to try and prevent harm to the hostages..."
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Hostage Negotiation, 2006.
A consideration of various options for handling hostage negotiations.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses methods and techniques for dealing with crises related to hostages. The author contends that adept handling by experts can lead to a peaceful resolution of the situation. Experience, expertise, sharp judgment and quick decision-making should be employed for a successful outcome.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Different Situations
Considerations in Negotiation
Team Building
Well Being of Hostage
Movement of Objects
Prolonging the Situation
Rapport Development
Deception Techniques and Lying
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Negotiation technique depends upon the circumstances. For example in case of kidnapping the situation can be assessed in four different ways depending upon the kidnappers. "Kidnappers fall into four different categories: the opportunist or novice criminal; the religiously or politically motivated individual; the mentally deranged individual; and the professional criminal" (Zandt, 1993). The situation can also be defined as planned or unplanned. Planned situation occurs in case of political and professional criminals while unplanned situation may arise in case of opportunist or mentally disable person."
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Hostage Negotiation, 2005.
An examination of the art of negotiation needed in hostage situations.
1,574 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there is a very specific mode of negotiation in hostage situations and a person in charge of the negotiation process has to be extremely skilled. The paper looks at different types of hostage takers and various hostage situations. It then discusses some famous hostage dramas.
From the Paper
"The art of hostage negotiation was initiated in 1972 with the New York Police Department - NYPD which evolved as a result of a bank robbery and hostage taking situation that inspired the movie, Dog Day Afternoon. The NYPD was to find an improved manner to bring these incidents to a halt. Together Harvey Schlossberg and Frank Boltz defined and evolved an entirely renewed approach, and gave shape to the basis of what we understand now as the Crisis Negotiation Team -- CNT. Another major player in the field, and now understandably the dominant institution on the subject, was the FBI. The Bureau's tactical resolution technique has the CNT being considered as the ears and mouth of the police; SWAT being considered as the eyes and muscle of the police, and the on-scene commander being considered as the brains of the police."
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Social Technologies in Police Work, 2005.
This paper discusses the application of social technology, such as crisis intervention and hostage negotiations situations, in police work.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the social technology of crisis intervention is recommended training for all law enforcement officers who are responsible for immediate management of a crisis situation; whereas, the social technology of hostage negotiations is recommended training for special teams where bargaining is required. The author points out that the immediate management in crisis intervention is essential to interrupt ineffective, maladaptive behavior brought about by stress and tension in an individual's life. The paper relates that both crisis intervention and hostage negotiations require a specialized training curriculum including special training for units working on terrorism and terrorist activities.
Table of Contents
Key Concerns that Differentiate Crisis Intervention and Hostage Negotiations
Tactics Differences Between Crisis Intervention and Hostage Negotiations
Training Similarities and Differences Between Crisis Intervention and Hostage Negotiations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Circumstances requiring hostage negotiations are more commonly publicized than those requiring only crisis intervention tactics. Hostage negotiations include such events as situations with a kidnapper in a known location, as opposed to an unknown location where control is not possible, hostage taking, barricade situations and suicide attempts.
The foregoing definitions differentiate crisis intervention from negotiation situations involving hostages in that crisis intervention focuses on immediate management whereas hostage negotiations "seek peaceful resolution of a dangerous situation" with time being a plus factor, in most instances, for negotiators."
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Pre-Negotiations, 2003.
Reviews the pre-negotiation phase of the negotiating process.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the pre-negotiation phase of the negotiating process. The four elements of the pre-negotiating phase and five important individual characteristics of negotiators are identified and discussed.
From the Paper
"Peterson and Lucas pointed out that an area of the negotiating process that has received less attention than is warranted is the pre-negotiation phase of the process. This paper addresses four questions related ..."
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Cultural Negotiations, 2008.
This paper examines cultural differences related to negotiations.
2,065 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that cultural differences can remarkably impact negotiations. The paper then examines and compares Western and Asian styles of negotiation as well as negotiation styles in Latin America and Germany.
Outline:
Introduction
The Negotiation Process
Differences in Negotiating Styles
American Style of Negotiations
German Style of Negotiations
Latin American Style of Negotiation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Characterizing any national or cultural approaches to negotiations is rather an intricate task although generalizations are often derived. However any generalizations are applicable or otherwise depending on a lot of contextual factors such as time, environment, circumstances, stakes, prior experiences in dealing between the parties, type of the problem, personal preferences, how interpersonal relationships work and temperament. Any sort of generalizations will be applicable to certain members of the group some of the time and therefore it is dependent on the changing situational needs. It is perhaps the reason why we defy simple categorizations and broad classifications. Concurrently it is essential to retreat and try to observe ourselves and others from an audience level so that the patterns and habits which are defined as standard in negotiation can be analyzed for what they stand for are culturally adhered and cultural defined common sense."
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Cross-Border Negotiations and Mergers, 2007.
An analysis of the effect of culture in cross-border negotiations, mergers and acquisitions.
3,379 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 25 sources, APA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, as the world has evolved into a global marketplace, companies are increasingly looking outside of their borders for business opportunities and how more and more companies are conducting business abroad to achieve their financial aspirations and growth. This paper examines how culture plays a major part in cross-border negotiations and mergers and acquisitions. Several ways that culture can affect negotiations are discussed and several types of training and awareness of different cultures are presented. Geert Hofstede's dimensions of culture are also explained. Finally, the paper examines four countries whose negotiating styles are vastly different from the negotiating styles of United States business persons.
From the Paper
"Although negotiations between the same or very similar cultures may be difficult, negotiations with a different culture are more difficult. Business environments differ, including differences in local laws, regulations, foreign exchange rates and government controls. International deals also cross cultures. Cross-border deals include both opportunity and risk. Factoring cultural differences into the negotiation process to increase the likelihood of success has long been a critical issue with international deals. Globalization has led to cultural differences to be more important (Cellich & Jain, 2004, p. 11). It is imperative that negotiators conducting business abroad be familiar with the culture of the country they are doing business with. "
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"Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations", 2008.
A chapter by chapter review of the content of "Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations" by D. Hendon, R. Hendon and P. Herbig.
1,746 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a chapter by chapter review of D. Hendon, R. Hendon and P. Herbig's 1999 book, "Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations." The paper discusses how the authors define negotiations and provides an overview of what they refer to as the "art of negotiations." It discusses the focus of each chapter and how the authors express and explain their arguments in each chapter.
Table of Contents:
Review Chapters 1-2
Review Chapters 3-4
Review Chapters 5-6
Review Chapters 7-9
From the Paper
"The authors also proclaim there are two primary forms of contract that can result from cross-cultural negotiations. These include an explicit and detailed contract that outlines every contingency contained within a contractual arrangement; a second type of contract is one that is "implicit" in nature, one that is often based on "oral arrangements" or agreements that allows parties to address problems through personal relationships and greater trust or intimacy (Hendon, Hendon & Herbig, p. 111). It is important for business people to recognize the significance a contract holds when signed; for example, from an American or Western perspective, a contract may represent a binding agreement that summarizes the collaborative negotiations achieved with a second or third party. For others a contract may symbolize an opportunity to create more intimate, personal relationships with members of other countries and cultures. Among the Chinese as noted, a contract symbolizes the start of, rather than the closing, of business negotiations with another party (Hendon, Hendon & Herbig, p. 112) Understanding these differences will lead to better success in the negotiation process."
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Collaborative Negotiations, 2003.
Examines trust as a key to successful negotiations.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the concept of principled negotiations and the application of the concept in the conduct of negotiations. It discusses the early win-win concept of conflict resolution and the new term of principled negotiations.
From the Paper
"COLLABORATIVE PRINCIPLED NEGOTIATIONS: A MATTER OF TRUST
Introduction
This research reviews the concept of principled negotiations and the application of the concept in the conduct of negotiations. An objective of this review is to develop an answer to ..."
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The Iranian Hostage Crisis, 2005.
This paper analyzes both Carter and Reagan's Iranian hostage crisis policies.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, £ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that comparing and contrasting the Iranian hostage crisis policies of the Carter and Reagan administrations, reveals a veritable host of contrasts between Republicans and Democrats. This is especially in terms of their contrasting political ideologies, foreign policy agendas and respective self-images. The paper discusses how the responses of Carter and Reagan to the Iranian hostage crisis also demonstrated the significant impact foreign crises have on domestic electoral politics. The paper stresses how both men understood that the responses they advocated would have a decisive effect on the 1980 presidential election.
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The Iran Hostage Crisis, 2008.
This paper discusses the Iran hostage crisis and looks at the effect it had on the Carter presidency.
2,422 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the 'Iran hostage crisis' refers to the events following the seizure of the American embassy in Iran on November 1979 by militant students during which 52 U.S. diplomats were held hostage with the Iranian regime's consent for 444 days in contravention of all diplomatic norms. The writer notes that the crisis had a profound effect on US-Iran relations reverberations of which can still be felt today in a highly strained relationship. The writer discusses that it also influenced the domestic politics of both countries in no uncertain terms: helping the radical Iranian clergy led by Ayatollah Khomeini to consolidate its power in the early days of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, and contributing to a large extent in the decisive defeat of President Jimmy Carter in the November 1980 US Presidential elections. This paper gives the background and a brief overview of the crisis, analyzes its causes and explains the effect it had on the Carter Presidency.
Outline:
Background
The Embassy Take-over
Surprise for the Americans
Options for the Carter Administration
The Effect on Carter's Popularity
The Disastrous Rescue Attempt
The October Surprise
From the Paper
" The actual seizure of the American Embassy took place on the morning of November 4, 1979 that had been proclaimed as the National Students Day to honor the students who had been gunned down by the Shah's police the previous year. Thousands of students gathered outside the embassy shouting the customary anti-Shah and anti-US slogans and at first, it seemed to be a customary demonstration which had become a routine since the Iranian Revolution until a large group of students poured through the main gate of the compound and started to scale the embassy walls. Despite the best efforts of the embassy staff to prevent the takeover, the students soon overwhelmed the sixty-five Americans inside the embassy and took them hostage. Even though both the captors and the hostages had expected the seizure to be a short-term affair, the crisis proved to be a long-drawn out affair that lasted for more than a year and was mainly responsible for reducing the Carter presidency to a single term."
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Vietnam War Peace Negotiations, 2002.
Insight into the peace negotiations at the end of the Vietnam War.
5,778 words (approx. 23.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, after more than a quarter-century after the end of American military involvement in Vietnam, the Vietnam War remains a great unsettled question in American public life. It focuses in particular on the peace negotiations that eventually bought the war to an end when agreement was finally reached, in 1973, in the form of the Paris Peace Accords. It analyzes how the United States in effect accepted formal victory with the likelihood of deferred defeat, while North Vietnam accepted formal defeat with the likelihood of deferred victory.
Outline
Looking For a Way Out
The Options
Early Negotiation Efforts
From Johnson to Nixon
Endgame
From the Paper
"Thus, in the case of Vietnam, when the United States signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, it did so in the face of two alternative options that resembled each other only in being undesirable. One option was continuing direct American military involvement for the foreseeable future; the other was withdrawal of American forces without negotiations. The first entailed an indefinite continuation of American combat casualties and consequent (and probably growing) domestic unrest and political dissension. The second implied the probable near-immediate collapse of South Vietnam (as well as possible abandonment of American prisoners of war), with its own set of international and domestic consequences."
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