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History and Objectives of Tax Law, 2004.
Traces the history of taxes in the United States and explains their purpose.
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of taxes in America back to the days of British colonial rule and explains the reason government imposes taxes.
From the Paper
"Tax law is actually one of the very few fiscal measures that government has to control the financial markets. Apart from its main objective, which is revenue for the government, taxes also help in controlling economic activity in the country and are often used by the government to control the flow of money in the markets. During the colonial days, when British rulers needed money for their war with France, taxes were levied on poor colonies, which did not enjoy any representation in the government. This led to the famous ? no taxation without representation? debate."
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Making of U.K. Tax Law, 2006.
This paper offers a critical examination of the various steps that have been taken to improve the making of tax law.
2,334 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
After beginning by acknowledging that complexity is a major problematic feature of modern tax legislation, this essay proposes that the issue of reducing complexity and increasing simplicity be the main benchmark against which three discussion areas - The Tax Law Rewrite Project, The Tax Structure Review Programme and Parliamentary Reform - be critically examined in order to assess the extent to which they have improved, or could potentially improve, the making of tax law.
Outline:
Abstract
The Tax Law Rewrite Project
Tax Structure Review Programme
Parliamentary Reform
Conclusion
From the Paper
The suggestion that tax law should be 'simple and certain' is by no means a recent one; indeed it was one of Adam Smith's well known canons of taxation in his Enquiry into the Wealth of Nations of 1776 that this should be so . In spite of this, increasing complexity over the years appears to have been the norm for tax legislation. But what is it that makes it 'complex'? Adam Broke identifies it as manifesting itself as four individual factors: diversity (that the range of taxes is so broad that no one can claim to have an in depth competence with them all); volume (with the physical number of pages that make up the annual finance act growing significantly each year); drafting (with legislation being expressed in a way that is - at best - "unhelpful to the reader"); and finally, language (with the legislation being full of words that are not a part of modern ordinary vocabulary).
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American Tax Law, 2002.
An analysis of reaction to the complexities of tax law in America.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss how the public and press is reacting to the complexities of the new tax laws recently passed. By understanding how these laws make it harder for the common person to get breaks on taxes, we see that the language of lawyers seems to be preventing the people from utilizing their rights. This is the angle of the study, which will seek to understand how the public and the media is comprehending this confusing dilemma.
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U.S. and Egyptian Tax Law, 2006.
Compares the tax laws of the United States and Egypt.
1,164 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
Taxes are a necessary part of government policy, providing most of the revenue needed to make it run smoothly. A tax exemption is something that is free from taxation and is something that the government has either created for or allowed to be tax-free. Different countries have different policies regarding taxation and its components. This paper compares the Egyptian policy on certain tax exemptions to the United States' tax exemption code.
From the Paper
"The United States also has an exemption for interest on special accounts. Most employers of larger companies now offer 401(K) plans or similar types of savings account. This type of account allows the employee to have a certain set amount of his gross income put into the account every pay period. The tax on his income is then figured using the remaining money, resulting in a lower taxable income. These accounts are meant as retirement income, the theory being that taxes will be levied on this money when the owner is in a lower tax bracket."
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Business Tax Law, 1992.
A look at the role of "loopholes" in the case studies of RJR Nabisco, R.H. Macy, Hertz, Occidental and oil companies' foreign tax credit.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, £ 78.95
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From the Paper
"Business Tax Law
Introduction
Since the 1980s, a major topic for consideration in Congress and among the public in general has been that of taxation. Specifically, the issue of special treatment of taxes in certain business situations has received particular attention in the Reagan and Bush administrations. Generally, the trend has been to phase out "tax loopholes" aimed at specific industries and economic interests, and singular commercial situations.. Yet the more general ones survive, either because they are intrinsically fair and/or reasonable or because they are backed by powerful political forces (e.g., the mortgage interest deduction with respect to the real estate, construction, and banking industries..."
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History of the Oil and Gas Tax, 2005.
A look at the oil and gas taxes in the U.S. and in foreign countries.
1,563 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
In order to explain how taxes affect the U.S. economy, this paper examines the history of the oil and gasoline tax and how the fluctuation thereof impacts the economy.
From the Paper
"A fuel tax in the United States is one that is charged on the purchase of gasoline and acts like a sales tax. It is often used for transportation costs in America. The first state to tax gas was Oregon in 1919 at just one cent per gallon. The enactment of the Revenue Act of 1932 brought about a federal gasoline tax in the United States. Upon signing the act, Hoover stated, "While many of the taxes are not as I desired, the bill will effect the great major purpose of assurance to the country and the world of the determination of the American people to maintain their finances and their currency on a sound basis" (188 Statement on Signing the Revenue Act of 1932. June 6, 1932). As of 2005 this tax has gone up to 18.4 cents per gallon with the state gas tax averaging about 22 cents per gallon. When a consumer goes to a gas station to purchase gas the price displayed includes the tax within it."
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Zipf's Law and Benford's Law, 2007.
An analysis of the mathematical significance and applications of Zipf's Law and Benford's Law.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses both Zipf's Law and Benford's Law. It describes the theories of each law in detail and discusses how they can be applied to various situations. It describes Zipf's Law as not a theoretical law, but rather an experimental law. The paper then discusses the significance of these two laws to the field of mathematics.
From the Paper
"However, there is some lack of precision where this is concerned. Most items have to occur a number of times that is actually an integer (Li, n.d.). In other words, a word that is seen within a document cannot appear in that document 2.5 number of times. It either must appear, in this example, 2 times or three times, since there cannot be an area of the document where only 1/2 of the word appears. Despite the fact that there is some variation and lack of precision, however, when wide ranges are examined and one only desires to have a relatively close approximation, many of the natural phenomena that are seen in this world do obey Zipf's law (Li, n.d.). This is seen to hold true as long as the individual examining the issue is not looking for scientific precision and will accept the slight variation that is seen."
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American Law and Jewish Law, 2003.
Discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha).
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha) in terms of change, obedience and morality. It discusses each legal systems' approach to obeying the law, law and change, and the nexus between law and morality.
From the Paper
"In discussing the idea of law legal scholar Dennis Lloyd stated that contemporary law in Western society is very much the product of influences emanating from the ancient Greeks and Hebrews who individually brought a ..."
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Federal Income Tax Receipts and Overall Tax Rate, 2008.
An analysis of the significant relationships among the individual income tax rates and the federal income tax receipts.
2,533 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates whether and how the federal income tax receipts change given the overall tax rate for individual income taxes. The paper also investigates whether the tax receipts exhibit a diminishing return as marginal tax rates increase. The paper concludes that there exists a meaningful relationship between the marginal income tax rate and the marginal income tax receipts.
Outline
Introduction
Model
Model Results
Initial Model
Alternative Model
Alternate Model End Notes
Initial and Alternative Model Results
Data Mining
Data Mining Results
Conclusion
Appendix A: Figures
Appendix B: Data Sources
From the Paper
"Now, disregarding all the statistical minutia that may or may not be relevant the author will make the following observations regarding the alternate model. This model is depicting the predictive power of the variance of the marginal individual income tax rates among all five income quintiles to the income tax receipts at the federal level. It is apparent from the model that nearly a quarter of the variation in the marginal tax receipts can be predicted through the marginal tax rate, ceteris paribus."
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Flat Tax & Tax Reform Act Of 1986, 1996.
Compares specifics, effects, benefits of 1995 Congressional flat tax proposals & 1986 tax format.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"This research compares, contrasts and critiques the U.S. Congress 1995 flat tax proposals with the 1986 tax format. The research also discusses the benefits and disadvantages of each for taxpayers. The Armey-Shelby flat tax, the most well known of the flat tax proposals, is based on the supply-side economics of former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Jack F. Kemp, who co-authored the Reagan tax cuts in 1981. Most of the flat tax proposals are similar in nature. All make major changes to the current tax code, which is based on the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The flat tax propositions are the first major proposed revisions of the Tax Code since that act.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 was the first significant revision of the tax code since World War II, when the tax code was converted into a broad-based tax (Snow, 1992, p. 139). It..."
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Case Law and Statute Law, 2005.
A theoretical comparison of these two sources of English law.
834 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to define the differences between England's common and statute laws. It looks at how the laws are formed as well as their fundamental purpose. It examines how statute is interpreted and acted upon by the courts and how it follows that precedents are formed as new cases arise. It also demonstrates how over time, statute will become part of common law as judges follow previous decisions in new cases where applicable.
From the Paper
"For political bills or proposals to become statute, that is to become Acts of Parliament, they must first be debated in the House of Commons (this is made up of elected representatives of the wider public, Members of Parliament or MPs). However, this is just the start if the process: the proposed legislation must then be accepted by MPs by way of a successful vote and further ratified by acceptance in the House of Lords. The House of Lords is the supreme court in Britain and may refuse to pass the law; but a bill can be forced through using the Parliament Act if such action is deemed necessary for Parliament to fulfil its obligation to make laws in the best interests of the nation. "
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Flat Tax and Sales Tax, 1999.
Examines pros and cons of the fairness and effectiveness of two consumption-based reforms to correct deficiences and injustices in the tax system.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 17 sources, £ 56.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper examines the potential advantages and disadvantages from a public policy standpoint of various types of consumption-based taxes which have been proposed to remedy the deficiencies of the current federal tax system. A flat tax, rigorously applied, would be far superior to the present system because it would be simpler, fairer, a more efficient way of collecting public revenues and consistent with optimizing economic growth. However, it would benefit disproportionately higher income individual taxpayers, certain property owners and business generally and impose crushing burdens on lower income and many middle income taxpayers who depend on personal services income for maintaining their way of life and who consume most of..."
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Social Law and Statutory Law, 2006.
An overview of the juvenile justice system in the U.S. and how it deals with juvenile delinquency.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the juvenile justice system in the United States, explaining the reasons why it is separated from the regular crime system and how it is influenced by the political and social conditions of the state. Particular attention is paid to the juvenile justice system in California and how the system has increasingly focused on incarceration rather than rehabilitation. Finally, the paper discusses evidence indicating that mental health services at an early age are highly effective in treating potential juvenile offenders and turning them away from a life of crime.
From the Paper
"The main object of separating the juvenile justice system from the regular crime system had been on the assumption that minors were different from adults in their ability to make decisions and understand consequences, "The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveniles who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults" (Roberts, 2005). It was observed that the younger the offender, the more likely that a repeat offense would be stopped and a change in behavior would be observed. It was, therefore, thought that youngsters should be given the benefit of the doubt and should not be treated as adult offenders."
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Competency to Stand Trial in American Law and New York Law, 2000.
A brief look at the notion of competency or fitness to stand trial, as the notion has been shaped and changed since the 1960s.
2,235 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 14 sources, £ 49.95
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From the Paper
"The history of the doctrine of competency to stand trial arose in English common law out of a concern for fairness in the trial of accused persons who, if found guilty of criminal charges, would suffer deprivations of liberty and other penalties. One of the earliest United States Supreme Court cases (Dusky v. United States,1960) determined that a defendant's competency to stand trial depended on "whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding" and "whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him"."
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