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Art History: (The School of Athens), 2008.
An overview of the Renaissance period in art.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and explains the Renaissance period in the history of art. The author also provides a detailed account of Raphael's work: "The School of Athens" and provides ideas and substitutes for his own version of the painting.
From the Paper
"The master introduced the scene inside a temple of Roman inspiration, possibly following the projects of Bramante for the Vatican basilica, linking the idea of the temple of philosophy evocated by Marsilio Ficino. The figures are situated in several groups presided by the two great classic philosophers: Plato and Aristotle, representing the most important ethic doctrines of the Greek world: idealism and realism.
"Both characters dialogue and advance before a group of figures that form a hall. At the left Socrates conversing with a group of young people; on the first place Zeno. Over the steps Heraclites, taking Michael Angelo's figure, probably as homage to the decoration of the Sistine Chapel, Diogenes lying on the steps, Euclid with his disciples, Zoroaster and Ptolemy with the globe of the sky and earth. In those figures they represent the "Trivium" and "Quadrivium"."
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Ancient Athens: Delian League To An Empire, 2003.
A history and examination of how Ancient Athens, out of necessity of protecting its allies and lands, grew from a powerful city-state to an Aegean Empire.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a history of how Athens, originally looking for a united front against the invading Persian armies during the Persian Wars in antiquity, grew from an influential city-state to one of the world's first empires, stretching its power base across the entire Aegean sea. The paper begins by discussing how the Delian League, the pretext to what would become the Athenian Empire, came into being as a direct way to combat the invading Persians. The alliance was created out of necessity, as a united Greek front would be the only way to repel the massive Persian army under King Xerxes. A brief history of the Persian Wars is given, with Persia's invasion of Northern Greece and the burning of the Acropolis in Athens, but eventually their defeat at the hands of the Athenian general Cimon at the mouth of the Eurymedon River. After Persia was defeated and their troops driven back to Asia, Athens was firmly set as the predominant military and economic leader of all of Greece. The Delian League that was organized to fight against the Persians soon evolved into an Athenian Empire, with Athens collecting tribute and taxes from other city-states in exchange for protection and economic stability. Athens used their power to create a more safe and secure Greece, but was eventually corrupted by greedy politicians who abused other Greek city-states to the point of war. The second half of the paper goes into detail over how Athens was justified to create an empire, as it brought about prosperity for all involved. This includes the destruction of piracy and the opening up with trade routes to eastern Turkey. Ancient sources are heavily quoted to reinforce the argument that having a single dominant polis inevitably stabilized the once troubled area of Ancient Greece. This section also deals with Athens feeling morally obligated to spread their particular form of democracy to all of the other city-states, and their desire to see Sparta have their power limited. This ancient Cold War would eventually boil over into the Peloponnesian War, and the result ended in a weakened Greece that would not rise to prosperity again until Alexander The Great unified Greece.
From the Paper
"During the expansion of Athenian power, an economic concept developed that allowed a particular polis to form an economic alliance with a fellow Delian League member. This agreement would allow the two states to work together in transporting particular goods through their territories to a marketplace where the goods would be sold, and the profit generated from the selling of the goods would be evenly distributed between the two Greek states. Such an example of this economic unity can be seen in agreement between Athens and the polis of Phaselis, which held joint control over certain economic endeavors and even adopted the same coinage for a short span of history. Athens also made it clear that if the city-states were to live under the protection of Athens, then the economic system should be standardized."
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The History of Ancient Athens, 2002.
An analysis of the history of Ancient Athens, including a discussion of the wars won and lost.
2,186 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a historical account of the ancient Greek city-state of Athens. Its development from being a minor city in the small section of Greece known as Attica, to becoming one of the most important cities in the world, is portrayed. The paper examines the contributions made by Ancient Athens to modern society and government. Athens' success in the Persian wars is outlined. The paper illlustrates the city flourishing into an empire and analyzes her subsequent downfall in the Peloponnesian wars.
Introduction
Early Period
The Persian Wars
The Golden Age
The Peloponnesian Wars
Aftermath
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The city-state of Athens was settled by the Ionian Greeks and was mentioned in the Iliad. It was however, a minor city. About 700 B.C., it started to become more important as it became a key trading center. A rudimentary democracy was also taking hold. Athens was the leading combatant in the Persian Wars, after which she formed an alliance that grew into a maritime empire. During this period, Greece in general and Athens in particular, enjoyed a golden age. Eventually, Athens? growing power brought it into conflict with Sparta, the other dominant city-state. The result was a series of wars known as the Peloponnesian Wars, which ruined Athens and led to her decline as a major power. Later, the city was dominated by Macedonia and then incorporated into the Roman province of Greece. But, for a time, Athens was one of the most important cities in the world and was the originator of many of our current concepts of government."
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Athens: Modernity versus Historical Preservation, 2008.
This essay looks at Athens, Greece as a city stuck between modern development and historical preservation.
4,722 words (approx. 18.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, with the pressures of growth, Athens has made some unfortunate development decisions that have altered the landscape of the historic city. Ultimately, the pressures of residential development, economic growth and the 2004 Olympics have forced Athens to engage in a losing battle over the past century to preserve its historic and cultural beauty.This paper asserts that the city will need to make difficult planning and aesthetic decisions in order to reverse this course.
Outline:
Introduction
Residential development
Economic development
Impact of the 2004 Olympics
Conclusion: Lingering Problems and Solutions
Residential development
Economic development
From the Paper
"While the polykatoikias did their part to alter for the worse the post-war Athenian skyline, there were many buildings constructed to facilitate Greek economic development that had the same effect. In truth, it is impossible to separate the polykatoikias from Greek economic development, because they were a big part of Greek industry in the decades immediately following the end of World War II. The polykatoikias were constructed by private enterprises, contractors who were receiving free land in return for constructing the buildings. But there were certainly many buildings constructed during the middle and latter portions of the 20th century that significantly modified the look and feel of Athens."
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The History of Athens, 2007.
A discussion of the history of Athens and the Delian League.
1,576 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that around the 9th century, Athens began to emerge as a Greek city state although it was a poor city, built on undesirable land. It became the city of the world's first democracy, and produced fine art and architecture in unprecedented numbers, and became the center of philosophy and literature. The paper describes the Delian League, which was a confederacy of cities designed to protect themselves from Persian attack. The paper explains that the Delian League began as an ancient version of NATO and matured into the Athenian Empire. After some thirty years of war, however, the Athenian Empire was defeated and although it founded a second empire, Athens would never recover the full extent of her power.
From the Paper
"In the beginning, the Delian League was a rather loose coalition of states, each independent and each sharing a common interest with the others (Ash 2000). There were numerous members of the league, including "Chios, Lesbos, Plataea, most of Acarnania, Ionia, the Hellespont, Thrace, and the islands between the Peloponnese and Crete towards the East, and all the Cyclades except for Melos and There, as well as Aegina and most of the Euboean cities" (Ash 2000). Combined, these states created a formidable force capable of achieving its objectives (Ash 2000)."
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Women in Ancient Athens, 2008.
This paper considers the theories of Frederick Engels regarding the position of women in ancient Athens.
1,216 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the limited rights of women in archaic Athens regarding ownership of property. The paper looks at Frederick Engels belief that women's oppression was an unnatural consequence of property relations and was essential for the survival and the privileges of men. The paper therefore shows how Engels' theory on the oppression of women confirms the formal and legal position of women in archaic and classical Athens.
From the Paper
"Law in ancient Athens forbade a woman from engaging in business transactions with money value in excess of five or six days' food for her family (Thompson 2005). Buying anything beyond that required the approval of a male guardian. Ownership of property was likewise complicated and frustrating to her. She might have owned and used a slave, clothing, furniture and jewelry every day but she could not sell or give any of them. She might have claim over land but had no right either to use or sell it. Her rights over property did not mean or include ownership (Thompson)."
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Why Solon Left Athens, 2002.
A look at the reasons of for Solon's departure from Athens through an analysis of Homer's "Iliad".
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss why Solon left Athens and chose not to be a tyrant. Homer's use of the Iliad will be a device to emphasize a comparison for the reasons of his departure. Achilles and his code of honor will be used as an example, as well as Agamemnon's theories of rule that Solon so much opposed to reveal why this great lawmaker left is home country and chose not to become a tyrant in his cultures traditions. The cultural conditions and other factors will be contributed to this essay to better reveal the sources o Solon and his departure from his home country.
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Raphael's "School of Athens", 2006.
An observation and analysis of Raphael's "School of Athens" as a classical and Renaissance work.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
Addressing multiple interpretations of the piece, this paper identifies and discusses the importance of the content's of Raphael's "School of Athens." It analyzes the figures and architecture in the piece in relation to the philosophy, religion and schools of thought of both the classical and Renaissance time periods.
From the Paper
"Raphael's School of Athens, a fresco located within the Vatican, depicts a gathering of figures that appear to be philosophers and other important thinkers and innovators within an architecturally Classical structure. School of Athens contains many references to the art of the world hundreds of years before, but is also a distinctively Renaissance piece. Detailed observation and analysis provides more information on both the subjects of the painting and details of its setting, as well as insight into the ways Raphael was able to seamlessly blend Classical times with Renaissance times. Further study of the work and its subjects reveals the complex symbolism used by Raphael and reveals multiple levels of interpretation. The work contains so many references, both obvious and slightly hidden, to philosophy, religion, and architecture (and the relationship of these subjects to the culture and thinking of the Renaissance and Classical worlds) that multiple ideas and interpretations of the work are common. In a piece of such depth and detail, one must be able to understand the range of notions about the work and the areas of emphasis placed on certain aspects of the piece in order to truly understand Raphael's accomplishment in School of Athens."
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Women in Athens and Sparta, 2006.
An analysis of men's views towards women in the ancient cities of Athens and Sparta.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the situation of women in Sparta and Athens and explains that they come from opposite cultures. Sparta women were free citizens and held the same privileges as the men. Athenian women were considered property and virtually no rights at all. It points out that Spartan women trained in athletics like men, while Athenian women were forbidden from even attending athletic competitions as spectators.
From the Paper
"This differed greatly from Athenian women who rarely even left the confides of the women's quarters. Women in Athens were servants to their men. Their duties were "to produce children for the oikos, and to guarantee its integrity by cooking, weaving, childrearing, and the supervision of the household goods" (Foley, Helen. Refelctions of Women in Antiquity. Gordon and Breach: New York, 1984. P. 150). Aristocratic Women in Athens were forbidden from even doing shopping. This was the duty of the men. In fact, Athenian women hardly ever left the house. To the Athenian mind, "Spartan women served as the "Other" vis-a-vis Athenian women. For example Spartan women spent their time out-of-doors and spoke freely to men; Athenians ideally stayed indoors and scarcely spoke to their husband" (Fantham, Foley, Kampen, Pmeroy, and Shapiro, Women in the Classical World, P.63)."
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Athens and Sparta, 2002.
A comparison of the Greek cities Athens and Sparta.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta in terms of their respective origins, political structures, and societies. The basic similarities and differences between them are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn from the facts ascertained.
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Early Athens, 2002.
An overview of Athens, Greece in the Fifth Century B.C.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 14 sources, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Athens in the Fifth Century, B.C. and the advantages and disadvantages the city-state then faced.
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Art In Ancient Crete and Athens, 1995.
Compares the "Bull Leaping" fresco from 1500 B.C. in Crete and the horsemen frieze from 500 B.C in the Parthenon in Athens. Discusses themes, styles, cultural and religious aspects, aims and subjects.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, £ 50.95
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From the Paper
"Two works of ancient art with a similarity of theme present very different approaches to the rendering of their subjects. In The "Bull Leaping" or "Tauromachy" fresco from the Minoan palace of Knossos, depicts a ceremonial game, an athletic event with religious overtones. The detail of horsemen from the sculptural frieze on the north side of the Parthenon in Athens shows the men and horses as part of an extended depiction of the procession in the greatest of Athens' religious festivals. The aims of the two works of art are similar. Each is a depiction of a religious event and an animal is included. Despite great differences in the media and the final effect, each work aims for a feeling of spontaneity and fluidity of movement combined with a certain amount of solemnity. In its own way, each work achieves these ends and the differences between them make an interesting ..."
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The Peloponnesian War: The Defeat of Athens, 2004.
A discussion of whether the Athenian Sicilian Campaign of 415 to 413 B.C. was a good idea, badly executed, or a bad idea.
2,536 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the military force that the Athenians fielded in the Sicilian Campaign was unprecedented in the Peloponnesian War. It attempts to determine why it was it utterly defeated. It looks at how a series of failures of command from the political and military leadership exacerbated the likely failure of the campaign. It also explores how the end result was a greatly weakened Athens, how there were numerous defections from the Delian League, and how the myth of Athenian invincibility on the seas was shattered.
Outline
Introduction
Discussion
Hubris Within Athens
Hubris Within the Expedition
The Athenian Failures of Command
Counterpoint
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The war-time footing on which the Athenians found themselves was difficult for them to maintain. The destruction of their lands and homes outside of the walls of Athens, the plague, and gradual breakdown of the structure of Athenian society led a shift away from Pericles? strategy for victory and away from the unity of purpose and common good within Athens and towards private ambition and gain. By the Melian dialogue, a year or so before the Sicilian Campaign, the Athenians had given up Pericles? conservative approach and limited war aim, the defeat of Sparta, when an Athenian acknowledged that of gods and men, ?by a necessary law of their nature they rule wherever they can.? Though not universal, by 415 B.C., the dominant theme among Athenians was the overbearing belief in their abilities and the growth of the empire."
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Virtue in Ancient China and Athens, 2004.
An examination and comparison of the way Confucius and Aristotle viewed the concept of virtue.
1,136 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
Although both have present-day renown as ancient apostles of the virtuous life, in truth, the Chinese philosopher, Confucius, and the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, cannot be strictly and coherently contrasted in their points of view on virtue in a traditional sense of comparison. This paper explains that both philosophers have such substantially different definitions of what ?virtue? may be defined, as within their respective historical, political, and societal circumstances, one cannot elide ?virtue? within the same definitional framework of ancient China and ancient Greece. It shows how both philosophers conceptualized the notion of what constitutes virtue in completely different ways. For Confucius, virtue was a code of conduct, a law or rule of life that ought to be obeyed to create a more harmonious and perfect society. For Aristotle, virtue was a philosophical ideal that attempted to provide human beings with a definition that enabled them to conceive of their lives in a more philosophically efficacious way.
From the Paper
"The different definitions of virtue between Confucius and Aristotle arise not simply because of difference of temperament or even translation, but of what both saw as their roles as thinkers. Confucius was primarily preoccupied with improving government and society. He was convinced that the problem with his current government and the current state of Chinese society was what he defined as a lacking of virtue or a lack of obedience to the rule of what was good. A truly good public servant, for instance, ?who on confronting danger is prepared to lay down his life, who on confronting gain concentrates on what is right, who when sacrificing concentrates on reverence, who when mourning concentrates on grief should definitely be all right,? as opposed to a self-interested or non-virtuous public servant, only interested in self-gratification. (19:1, Analects) The absence of good public servants in China had led to an absence of good governance."
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