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The History of American Public Health, 2007.
A review of "Origins of Pubic Health in America: Selected Essays 1820-1855" edited by Charles Rosenberg.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at "Origins of Pubic Health in America: Selected Essays 1820-1855", which is a collection of four essays that discuss the rise of US institutions of public health throughout the early to mid 1800s. The paper explains that the central purpose of these four works is to show that there was not only a multitude of health problems within urban areas, but that there was a diversity of medical and social opinions about how to solve these problems. The paper critically reviews the book but concludes that it is a substantially enriching resource for teaching American medical and public health history.
From the Paper
"The book "Origins of Pubic Health in America: Selected Essays 1820-1855" at first glance would seem to be wide sweeping review of public health history within the United States. However, the title itself is a bit misleading, for the contents reveal it to be more limited and specific in nature. However, as a text on the historiography of American public health it is an exemplary expansion and welcome addition to the field. The work is a collection of four essays selected by the editors to discuss the rise of institutions of public health throughout the early to mid 1800s. Charles Rosenberg, the chief editor of this book is the Ernst Monrad Professor of the Social Sciences in the Department of the History of Science at Harvard University."
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American Public Health System, 2007.
An analysis of the improvements to American public health in the period between the Civil War and World War II.
3,164 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth look at American urban history as it pertains to public health concerns. It focuses on the period between the Civil War and World War II. It particularly looks at the history of public health in New York City, Chicago, Newark and Seattle and how conditions have been improved in these cities to improve the overall public health of the citizens.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Past
New York City
Chicago
Newark
Seattle
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In Seattle, for example, the city implemented something called a Chlorine Boat. It was a boat that traveled on Green Lake and deposited gallons of chlorine into the water in effort to purify the water supply to that area. At that time the Seattle Health Department and Water Department worked in tandem to try and provide the purest water supply possible in the interest of public health. For many years before World War II Seattle allowed the Public Health Department to supervise and monitor the water supply."
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Epidemiology and Public Health, 2007.
Discuses epidemiology and the debate about its service to the field of public health.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 34 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the scope of epidemiology and delineates the role of epidemiology in relation to public health. The paper relates that public health draws on epidemiology and many other scientific and nonscientific sources and, conversely, epidemiology contributes significantly to public health. However, certain definitions tend to confuse the relationship between public health and epidemiology. The paper then discusses why epidemiology should not be considered the sole scientific basis for public health and concludes that public health is far too complex to be considered merely applied epidemiology.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Epidemiology: Not the Basic Science of Public Health
Criticisms on Epidemiology in the Service of Public Health
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The persistence of obstacles to attaining scientifically sound information about complex cause and effect relationships is perhaps the major limiting factor in epidemiology's contributions to public health. Although raised primarily by basic scientists and clinicians rather than public health advocates, this criticism is directly relevant to enhancing epidemiology's public health benefits. More, rather than less, focus on methodological rigor is needed if the field is to continue producing knowledge that will help guide public health action."
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Public Health Partnerships, 2008.
Looks at various types of public health partnerships using examples of two public health partnerships, "Dangerous Decibels" and the UNAIDS "Phones for Health".
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper begins discussing the various types of public health partnerships. This is followed by an examination of two public health partnerships that have current projects underway. The first is "Dangerous Decibels", a partnership aimed at promoting education of hearing loss among grade school children. The second is the recent collaboration of UNAIDS (a joint United Nations project on AIDs) with several private enterprises for the purpose of fighting AIDS in Africa through a project known as "Phones for Health". A conclusion is then drawn regarding the differences between these two programs, followed by an overall assessment of the topic.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Types of Partnerships
Dangerous Decibels
UNAIDS-Phones for Health
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Such brick and mortar projects highlight land use and geographic considerations and therefore local politics. That makes involvement in party politics a highly salient and legitimate activity for community development organizations. Their claim to represent the interest of a geographic community further propels them into political involvement. They often find themselves mediating or directly involved in politics as partisans in inter- or intra-community conflicts. Many such conflicts mobilize local politicians who may use their control over public spending for community development to reward supporters and punish opponents."
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The Impact of Public Health Nursing, 2005.
An examination of the contribution of Lillian Wald, and the impact of public health nursing.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how public health nursing has made a large impact on society, from its very beginnings. The paper describes how, under the auspices of Lillian Wald, one of the originators of the field, public health nursing was first introduced to the poor and indigent population and in the schools. Today, public health nursing has an impact across the social strata. This paper analyzes the impact that public health nursing has had on American society both in the past and in the future. It will focus on the early history of the field, largely concentrating on the contributions made by Lillian Wald. In addition, it will offer some brief discussion of significant events in public health nursing from the time of Wald until today.
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Public Health Programs, 2002.
An analysis of financing public health programs.
4,720 words (approx. 18.9 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how current administration is spending money on public health programs and evaluates whether it is really enough. It analyzes whether spending money without restructuring the process in America is really going to have the sort of outcome that the country needs. It examines how the nation is becoming more focused on the ?what ifs? of public health care than on focusing on the state of public health as it currently exists due to factors such as biological warfare. It discusses the need for public health programs to prepare in case such attacks occur, but also the need of public health and safety to assist us with the world that we are living in today. A world where people are dying because they do not have access to funds, because programs and cutbacks are shutting the doors.
From the Paper
"Governmental agencies may be advertising grant programs that may at first not necessarily look like public health type block grants. For example the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development offers grant opportunities often that end up keeping the public health infrastructure complete. The Department of Housing and Urban Development the Indian Community Development Block grant (ICDBG) program. ?The Indian Community Development Block grant program provides eligible grantees with direct grants for use in developing viable Indian and Alaska Native Communities, including decent housing, a suitable living environment, and economic opportunities, primarily for low and moderate income persons. Eligible applicants include any Indian tribe, band, group, or nation including Alaskan Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos or Alaska Native village, which has established a relationship to the Federal government as defined in the program regulations."
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Public Health Issues in Urban Areas, 2004.
An examination of the public health care system in urban areas and measures that can be taken to improve it.
1,991 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 17 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the issues and problems related to public health that tend to be exclusively found in urban areas and how several cities have implemented programs to address the health care needs of affected residents. It looks at how, since urban areas tend to have more people with lower incomes, the unique problems of public health that exist include a higher percentage of people without health insurance, lead paint and asbestos in homes, AIDS and HIV, tuberculosis, and mental health issues. Furthermore, this paper discusses how different cities, with the help of the states and federal government, implement programs that will improve their public health system. These government-funded programs are often the only access these people have to health care.
From the Paper
"There are numerous programs in Jersey City that are offered to assist people with mental health related problems. The most common services associated with mental health include, the Jersey City rape crisis center, bereavement groups, support groups for new parents and child abuse and domestic violence prevention services. These programs and services are offered by the Jersey Medical Center hospital and are available to people who need them. The goal of these mental health services is to help these people overcome the problems they are facing and to prevent these issues from getting worse by addressing it early on. The primary sources of funding for these programs are grants from the State of New Jersey and Federal government."
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U.S. Public Health Care, 2008.
This paper discusses public health action that addresses prevention of cardiovascular events, early detection, treatment of risk factors and early identification and treatment of heart attacks and strokes.
883 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the United States Public Health Service (P.H.S.) has taken the responsibility to find a solution with the growing epidemic of cardiovascular disease in our country. The writer notes that the success of the program depends largely on communicating to the public of the urgent need to prevent heart disease and strokes. It also relies on the nation's public health infrastructure to collaborate in supporting the necessary actions for its goals. The writer points out that prevention is believed to start from disseminating information regarding the consequences of poor diet and lack of exercise, and the truth on cardiovascular disease. The writer concludes that the success of this mission can only be attained if there is complete involvement of all community members, policy makers, and various sectors of our society.
From the Paper
"The CDC seeks to protect the health of the general public by disseminating information and implementing ways to prevent diseases and infection. The NIH is the country's primary agency for biotechnical and medical research. Along with several departments and institutions, the US PHS aims to promote and preserve the general well-being of all Americans.
"The US PHS has taken the responsibility to find a solution with the growing epidemic of cardiovascular disease in our country. In 2003, under the leadership of CDC and NIH, the US PHS launched A Public Health Action Plan to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke, an umbrella program which aims to reduce the incidence of heart disease and stroke among Americans of all ages. The Action Plan based its goals on the objectives of the Healthy People 2010, a program that has been ongoing for 2 decades. It aims to increase the quality and number of years of healthy living individuals, and it further aims to eliminate risk factors for heart diseases."
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in Public Health, 2008.
A review of the concerns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in public health.
1,668 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) describes an array of healing modalities whose time for serious consideration and integration into the present healthcare system may have arrived. The paper states that homeopathy is the most controversial form of CAM and discusses the biases claiming that homeopathy treatment is an an implausible treatment, but affirms that homeopathy is an important topic for public health. This is due to the affordability, accessibility and efficacy of homeopathic remedies.
Outline:
The Perception of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Conventional Medicine
Homeopathy: Medicine of the past and the future
Implications for CAM in Public Health
From the Paper
"It is possible that unfounded accusations of quackery and the like are but a smokescreen that has been thrown up to blur certain facts about CAM's increased appeal. It is also possible that conventional health practitioners and the pharmaceutical industry are striving to monopolize treatment in the US. It is more likely however, that evidence-based research, which has become the pinnacle of standards for excellence in testing the efficacy and safety of treatment with drugs, is an improper testing method for CAM (Novella et al., 2007). CAM uses few, if any pharmaceutical treatments, and should be held to appropriate contextual standards for what CAM in general, and each therapy in particular, claims. Homeopathy, for example, displays effects that are vastly different than the action of drugs, and requires fundamentally different protocols from which to study and gather evidence."
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Public Health Issues, 2004.
An analysis of public health issues through an examination of empirical research.
3,120 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how to design empirical research and evaluates the research of others. The paper discusses the philosophy of social sciences and several other theoretical approaches in public health. The main details of public health research design are explored, giving the strengths and weakness of various designs.
From the Paper
"Indeed, one may design empirical research in a bioethical milieu, for example, which delves into the diagnosis of a life-threatening illness, the empirical results of which "informs deliberations about the extent to which it is morally important..." for researchers to share "comprehensive information" to patients in various cultural contexts. Moreover, that specific empirical research, Sugarman continues, "can help to describe cultural beliefs about the appropriateness of providing health-related information (such as that data in the above-mentioned "life-threatening" malady). Further, empirical research can be designed - and later evaluated - with an eye towards a theoretical approach to defining contemporary attitudes which are tied to hot-button health issues such as abortion, cloning, doctor-assisted suicide and stem-cell research."
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Public Health Law, 2004.
A discussion about the Public Health Law as it relates to medication and inoculations.
1,629 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by describing the history of the Public Health Law. It then discusses how this law relates to alcohol use and inoculations. It discusses the misuse of antibiotics due to lack of public education and suggests ways to encourage education initiatives within the community.
From the Paper
"Hygienic and cleansing laws were the initial public health procedures. An early documentation of these laws is in Leviticus. The Romans built-up the regulation of sanitary engineering--building water mechanisms, as well as drains (Westel, 1924). The subsequent progress in public health was the quarantine of disease-carrying ships, as well as their passengers, organized in reaction to the ailments brought back by the Crusaders. The word quarantine drawn from quadraginta, meaning "forty." It was initially used amid 1377 and 1403 when Venice, as well as the other chief maritime cities of the Mediterranean assumed and imposed a forty-day custody for all ships ingoing their ports (Westel, 1924)."
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Historical Epidemics and Modern Public Health Care, 2003.
A look at the impact of historical epidemics on modern public health care policy.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how historical epidemics like the bubonic plague in Europe in the fourteenth century, the influenza outbreak of 1918-1920, smallpox during the 1960s and AIDS have impacted modern public health care policy and protocols.
From the Paper
" Jonsen and Stryker argue that both historically and in moderntime's epidemics have been responsible for having a monumental impact on the following social institutions. The public health system ..."
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Public Health and Obesity, 2007.
An analysis of the epidemiological principals of obesity and the case for deeming obesity a public health issue.
896 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses epidemiological principles in identifying who is affected by obesity. It also looks at what constitutes obesity, its changing trend over time and where obesity is most prevalent. The paper analyzes the literature regarding the epidemiology of obesity and examines the case that is made for deeming obesity a public health issue worldwide.
From the Paper
"As there are many diseases associated with obesity as a risk factor, causality must be determined between obesity and the disease. For example, obesity is one component of metabolic syndrome, which is a syndrome comprised of insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. In a cross-sectional study by Yoo, Niklas, Baranowski, Zakeri, Jau-Yang, Srinivasan et al (2004) attempted to explore the relation between metabolic syndrome risk factor acquisition and diet in young adults. 1181 young adults aged 19-38 were risk-stratified (no risk, 1-2 risk factors and 3 or more risk factors) and their dietary habits recorded using a self-administered food group consumption questionnaire, where the group with no risk factors tended to consume more fruits, fruit juices and vegetables than those with 1-2 risk factors (3.30 +/- 0.09 vs. 2.99 +/- 0.07 servings per day; p < 0.05) (Yoo, Niklas, Baranowski, Zakeri, Jau-Yang, Srinivasan et al, 2004). In addition, this study also found that sweetened beverage intake among whites with one or more risk factors (1.45 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.77 +/- 0.07 and 2.22 +/- 0.15 servings per day, respectively, in men; 1.26 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.62 +/- 0.05 and 1.78 +/- 0.13 servings per day, respectively, in women; P < 0.001) was significantly higher compared to subjects without risk factors, and was not significant in African Americans (Yoo, Niklas, Baranowski, Zakeri, Jau-Yang, Srinivasan et al, 2004)."
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Nigeria's Public Health System, 1990.
This paper examines public health problems in Nigeria especially malaria and measles: Cultural factors, population, prevention and eradication, environmental conditions and recommendations. Chart.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, £ 44.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine public health problems in Nigeria. Specifically, this research explains the following: (1) how malaria and measles are or are not public health problems in Nigeria; (2) how nutritional deficiencies, and cultural and agricultural practices influence public health problems in Nigeria; (3) what needs to be done to eradicate malaria and measles in Nigeria; and (4) what can be done to improve the country's health care system.
MALARIA AND MEASLES AS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS
Malaria "is the world's most important infectious disease, affecting more than a hundred million people each year. In some areas, it kills nearly 10 percent of the population in childhood" . Malaria, along with blindness, yaws, ... "
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