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Hildegard von Bingen, 2005.
An overview of the life and musical achievements of this twelfth-century Christian composer.
3,410 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
Hildegard von Bingen, born in Bockelheim, Germany in 1098, made a significant impact on the twelfth century church through leadership and writing, and yet she is perhaps best known for the amazing works of music that she produced. This paper examines influences that helped to shape von Bingen into the figure that many refer to as St. Hildegard. Through examining important events, celestial visages and important influences, the paper shows how von Bingen was inspired to create some of the most hauntingly beautiful pieces of music that have emerged from Christianity throughout its two thousand year history.
From the Paper
"von Bingen was deeply moved to create music because of her religious beliefs about what musical expression was. From von Bingen's perspective, music was one of the ways to most appropriately worship God. Before the fall of Adam, von Bingen surmised that Adam's voice was pure and would be lifted up in worship of God and would be joined by hosts of angels. After the fall, von Bingen concluded that musical instruments were invented to enable man to worship God in an appropriate manner. These influences were reflected in her music and helped to craft a musical style that was inspiring and moving. It is precisely the element of worship as a component of music that inspired her to write the lines of the Devil without music."
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Hildegard von Bingen, 2007.
This paper analyzes the biography and musical innovations of Hildegard of Bingen.
2,532 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the many differing musical innovations of the medieval composer Hildegard von Bingen. The paper discusses her biographical background as a woman in the Roman Catholic Church in relation to the spirituality of her music. The paper also looks at her status as a feminist innovator of her time. The paper shows how her spiritual music deviated from normative western religious music interpretations of medieval vocal chant.
From the Paper
"Hildegard von Bingen was born in 1098 into a family of German nobles from the courts of Sponheim at Bermersheim. In most historical evaluations of her life it was known that she was the 10th daughter and was found to be sickly and weak at birth. However, her family quickly sent her to be educated at the Disibodenberg monastery after her apparent recovery from illness at a young age. At the monastery she was brought under the tutelage of Jutta, a famous nun that played a crucial role in her educational development within the Roman Catholic Church. In many ways, religious education at the nunnery directly resulted in her acquiring the musical lessons and spiritual inspiration to understand the complexities of composing music within the Church tradition. Yet there is a contradictory historical perspective that tells of von Bingen never actually being taught composition, but that it was an act of God that gave her the gift of music."
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Hildegard of Bingen, 2003.
A discussion of women's place in 12th century Western society according to Hildegard of Bingen.
1,971 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
According to 12th century theologist, Hildegard, women were humans, certainly, but they were a sad and inferior brand of human compared to man, and it was their sad lot in life to suffer the consequences of the "Original Sin." In this paper, a thorough discussion of the interpretive essay, "Hildegard of Bingen: On Natural Philosophy and Medicine," is made and presented, along with the author's interpretation of the research. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Two concepts become abundantly clear after reading Hildegard's visions about natural philosophy and medicine: The first is that here we have one of the great women in history, a woman capable of organizing and capably administering a monastic complex for a large number of people, as well as orchestrating a means by which she could join the community of theologians who were permitted to write about what was important to them in the 12th century. The second concept is just how bad women had it in the Latin West during this period of history. The women's rights movement was not even a twinkle in anyone's eye yet, but Hildegard of Bingen managed to make a name for herself during a period in history in which the vast majority of women were consigned to dreary, short lives characterized by hard work, disease and hunger."
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Hildegard of Bingen, 2001.
Explores the spirituality of Hildegard of Bingen and her role as a visionary.
1,273 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a debate regarding the emphasis placed on Hildegard of Bingen's spirituality. The paper considers whether her spirituality was visual, theological, or both, and suggests that an understanding of Hildegard's spirituality can best be obtained from the perspective of the culture and society of the time in which she wrote. The paper also details her history, her visionary accounts, her art, and her early feminist work.
From the Paper
"Interest in Hildegard of Bingen has increased in recent times and especially interest in her role as visionary. Although Hildegard?s spirituality was based on visions, it was the very fact that she believed these visions were of divine origin that allowed her to be led to God through them and thus achieve spiritual satisfaction. Therefore, Hildegard?s spirituality did not give any more emphasis to either the visual or theological, but rather accepted a combination of both as each was dependent on the other for completion. It is also important to remember that religious writers such as Hildegard were often affected by the contemporaneous issues which surrounded them and they sought to address these issues in their writing. Thus, for a comprehensive reading of Hildegard?s spirituality, visions and theology, her work must be viewed through the culture and society of the time in which she wrote."
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Hildegard of Bingen, 2001.
The paper is an examination of the works and life accomplishments of an extrordinary Medieval Christian Abbess.
2,225 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 12 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the works and life accomplishments of Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179). Hildegard was a notable medieval Christian Abbess and founder of the convent at Rupertsberg. The author discusses her contributions to philosophy, theology and science.
From the Paper
"Many of the works of Hildegard stand as examples of primitive attempts to derive a rational explanation for the world in which she lived. She strove to provide a coherent philosophy of the material universe within the context of the Middle Ages. Her life was a time when matters of science, philosophy and theology were thought of as inexorably interdependent. Although her conclusions may appear grotesquely incorrect in comparison to modern standards, we must be careful not to underestimate her intellectual merits. There is great beauty and power to be found within her ecstatic mystical works, despite the absence of any modern scientific foundation."
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Hildegard of Bingen & Elisabeth of Schonau, 1997.
Examines the lives and careers of these women, looking at religious & political influence of these 12th century female mystics.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 3 sources, £ 56.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to examine several related topics concerned with women mystics of the Middle Ages, focusing especially on Hildegard of Bingen and Elisabeth of Sch?nau. One key issue is whether these women mystics were using their experiences as a way to claim authority and power that would otherwise have been denied to them during this era of European history.
Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) was many things: abbess, preacher, prophet, poet, composer, playwright, cosmologist. Long forgotten, her works have in recent decades been rediscovered and republished. Her music has been transcribed, performed, and recorded since about the early 1980s. Her mystical writings have been published in modern editions, and are regarded as being among the most important such writings ever produced in the Wester.."
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Hildegard Of Bingen, 1999.
Examines the life, career, visions and writings of this 12th Century Catholic mystic.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, £ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) was one of the most unusual people of the twelfth century. She was the first of the long tradition of female visionary mystics who constituted one of the most singular phenomena of the Middle Ages. And, at a time when women had almost no access to public life, Hildegard was famous for her writings, corresponded with the pope and many of the most important men in Europe, headed her own convent, traveled and preached orthodox Christianity against various heresies, and composed liturgical music. From a twentieth-century point of view Hildegard might seem like a distant predecessor of the fully enfranchised woman who is today's ideal. But in order to understand her life and works it is necessary to view them in the context of her own times. For, in spite of the unusual nature of her gifts of vision and prophecy, Hildegard was a staunch ..."
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Hildegard and Sex Complementarity, 2008.
A discussion of equality of the sexes in Sister Prudence Allen's article "Hildegard of Bingen".
1,920 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a close look at Sister Prudence Allen's article on Hildegard of Bingen, entitled "Hildegard of Bingen" (1985). The paper maintains that the article's main point is that Hildegard was the very first person to articulate the theory of the complementarity of the sexes. The article claims that this complementarity theory was original to Hildegard; thus Hildegard made a significant contribution to the history of the concept of woman in relation to man. The paper agrees with the article, concluding that Hildegard did indeed succeed in vindicating the equality of woman with man by presenting a cogent, comprehensive and multifaceted argument for the complementarity of man and woman.
From the Paper
"However, the important point is that Hildegard balanced this notion with a defence of the quality of woman and man, based on a metaphysical framework of sex complementarity in heaven and in the world. For example, in procreation, while man deposits the cold seed, it is woman's warmth that must grow the seed. Similarly, in heaven male saints are equal to but different from female saints; while on earth woman and man have equal access to both the private and public spheres of activity (Allen, 1985)."
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Franz Von Papen and Theories of Personalities, 2006.
A review of the life of Franz Von Papen, analyzed using Dr. Earnest Hartmann's theory of personalities and boundaries.
2,438 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the life of a Nazi diplomat, Franz Von Papen, who was a lifelong apologist for the Nazi regime, through his autobiography. The writer applies Hartmann's theory of personalities to an analysis of Von Papen's life, in particular to various apologetics and excuses that Von Papen offers for his actions. The paper shows Von Papen to have "thick" boundaries in Hartmann's usage, and shows that this application is corroborated by one of Maslow's theories. In conclusion, the writer shows that Von Papen was culpable for his own actions, despite any excuses or apologies he might have made to the contrary.
From the Paper
"The key to understanding people like von Papen, who were high-born, a sort of non-royal elite, was that the Germanic trait they inherited was obedience to authority. Von Papen considered himself a Monarchist who ended up serving a non-monarchist government. Dr. Earnest Hartmann, whose theories define much of personality in terms of "boundaries", would consider von Papen as having a "thick boundary": "people who strike us as being very solid and well organized... They seem rigid, even armored; we sometimes speak of them as 'thick-skinned'."
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Baron von Steuben, 2004.
This paper discusses Baron von Steuben, who is remembered to this day as a hero and the main force behind the creation of the Continental Army.
3,580 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Baron von Steuben, known as Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von Steuben in America, and as Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand, was born in Magdeburg fortress in 1730. The author states that, in February 1778, Baron von Steuben reached York, Pennsylvania, volunteered his services free to the Americans, and teamed up with Alexander Hamilton and Nathaniel Greene to develop an army training program, which remained the basis for many similar training programs for many the years to come. The paper relates that von Steuben's method of training included simplified drills, which were repeated numerous times until the soldier became quite proficient, and officers who demonstrated a mutual respect and love in dealings with their men.
From the Paper
"In order to understand the extent of the achievement of Baron von Steuben, the condition and the working of the soldiers during a war or battle in the eighteenth century must be understood. Warfare in those days was a general free-for-all wherein the emphasis was on firing as quickly as possible, and at the closest ranges possible. It was, in fact, a mass fire combat, where the soldier on one side would find it of utmost importance to fire before the soldier on the opposite side could; he would always try to get the first shot across, before the other could. The rules and regulations for the soldiers were dealt primarily with drill, and firing arms. The sole emphasis was on the conduction of drills for the soldiers whereby they would become more and more proficient at handling the arms, and it would finally become nothing that would take up any sort of effort of concentration; the process of loading and firing a firearm would become totally automatic."
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The Trial of Baldur von Schirach, 2003.
An examination of the circumstances and impact of the war crimes trial of Baldur von Schirach at Nuremberg in 1946.
4,569 words (approx. 18.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Baldur von Schirach was among the major war criminal defendants at the first Nuremberg trial. He was a Nazi politician and former head of the Nazi youth movement. It looks at how, while some of the defendants were acquitted, and others sentenced to death, Baldur von Schirach was among four of the defendants whose sentences ranged from 10-20 years, with Schirach receiving a 20-year sentence. In order to determine whether Baldur von Schirach received a fair trial, it provides an analysis of the events that led up to Schirach?s prosecution at Nuremberg and an assessment of the proceedings of the trial, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Baldur von Schirach was among the four defendants who were sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years; the others included Karl D?nitz , Albert Speer, and Konstantin von Neurath. Three of the Nuremberg defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment (Rudolf Hess, Walther Funk , and Erich Raeder) and twelve others were sentenced to death by hanging; ten of them (Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick , Julius Streicher, Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart, were hanged on October 16, 1946. Martin Bormann was tried and condemned to death in absentia, and Hermann G?ring committed suicide before he could be executed) (Penrose 2003)."
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Erich von Stroheim, 2002.
Examines the life and career of movie director, writer and actor, Erich von Stroheim.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
Erich von Stroheim's financial excesses and explosive temperament were condemned by many movie studios. Von Stroheim was known for his eccentricities and his life full of excessive misguided energy. He was not only a passionate director, but a writer of many films and a magnificent actor that took on many difficult roles.
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Psychiatric Nurse Hildegard Peplau, 2006.
This paper discusses the life and contributions of Hildegard Peplau, awarded "Psychiatric Nurse of the Century".
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Hildegard Peplau transcended her traditional role as a nurse to show her superiors---male doctors---what was needed and what was lacking in the field of psychiatric nursing. The author describes Peplau's evolutionary theory of interpersonal relations between the psychiatric nurse and her patient, which encouraged nurses to discover their own competencies in seeking out what was healthy in the psychiatric patient. The paper relates that she was devoted to psychiatric nursing education, served on training committees of the National Institute of Mental Health and contributed to the development of policies for funding through the advisory boards of other governmental agencies.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Historical Background
Theory Development
Applications
Conclusion and Summary
From the Paper
"Hildegard Peplau's career was grounded on a scholarly quest for knowledge and an overwhelming interest in the development of a theory upon which clinical actions could be undertaken. Her teaching was based on the acquisition of knowledge of established theory and the systematic development of theoretical concepts and processes from clinical observations, which could lead to the development of a nursing theory. She focused her specialty field on her pursuit of knowledge but was not limited to it. Her basic preoccupation was education."
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Otto Von Bismarck, 2002.
A discussion of the role of Otto Von Bismarck in the reunification of Germany in 1871.
2,274 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the German unification of 1871 occupies a significant place in the history of this great European power and how Otto Von Bismarck, once the prime minister of Prussia, is responsible for single-handedly engineering this unification through clever strategies and creative tactics. It gives a biography of his life and political career and shows how although he was one of those leaders who led Germany to glory, at the same time displayed some cruel traits. He cannot be considered a perfect ruler as he believed immensely in the powers of aristocracy and monarchy and thus wanted to rule Germany with an iron hand.
From the Paper
"Whether we admire or despise this leader, one thing cannot change: he was the man solely responsible for first unification of Germany. Very few leaders have been able to attach such glorious victories and achievements to their name. He almost single-handedly devised a clever plan to crush his enemies in two vital wars, which resulted in unification of Northern and Southern German states and turned Germany into a mighty force. Though Bismarck certainly led to the unification of Germany, he cannot be considered a perfect ruler as he believed immensely in the powers of aristocracy and monarchy and thus wanted to rule Germany with an iron hand."
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