| Papers [1-14] of 33 :: [Page 1 of 3] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 —> | Search results on "HIGGS PARTICLE": |
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Higgs Particle, 2004.
An overview of the theory of Higgs particle.
2,992 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theory proposed by British physicist, Peter Higgs, that the universe is a field made of disturbances created by particles that have allowed objects to have mass. It looks at how Higgs proposed a mathematical solution to explain the theory and how this concept became known as the 'Higgs boson', a subatomic particle being a very massive particle, heavier than most elementary particles. It also explores the attempts by scientists to actually find the Higgs particle and discusses its place within the field of particle physics as a whole.
Outline
Introduction
The Creation of a Theory
The Standard Model
The Concept of Symmetry
The Goal of Physics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Potential evidence for the Higgs boson existence recently turned up on the Large Electron-Positron (LEP) collider where research is conducted at the European Center for Particle Physics (CERN) located in Switzerland. To locate the Higgs, the CERN team smashed together two other fundamental particles commonly known as electrons and positrons using the LEP. Utilizing upgraded equipment known as the Tevatron collider at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is included in new plans to continue the search of the Higgs boson. However, at the beginning of September, scientists at LEP announced that they had observed several unusual events that could have been the signature of the elusive Higgs boson. A very powerful research machine, a Particle Accelerator, may soon create observable numbers of Higgs bosons."
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Wave and Particle Nature of Light, 2002.
A history of human knowledge of the wave and particle nature oflLight.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This essay will examine the historical development of human knowledge of the wave and particle nature of light in order to understand the crucial changes and reevaluations made in scientific thought.
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"Crisis and Leviathan" ( Robert Higgs ), 1992.
A summary of this work on the growth of the American government.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, £ 44.95
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From the Paper
"In his book, Crisis and Leviathan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), Robert Higgs suggests that American government has grown at a much faster rate during the country's second (and the beginning of the third century) than during the nation's first century. Government within the United States is now pervasive and permeates nearly every aspect of Americans' lives. While the circumstances that led to this tremendous growth in government are complex and could not be covered in a single text, Higgs takes the opportunity to set forth his theory on the growth of American government. When Higgs speaks of government, he refers to all types of government within the country, not just the federal government. State and local governments are also included in his analysis. This research examines this work and sets forth the primary arguments of its ..."
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Waves Versus Particles: Scientific Theories of Light, 2000.
A look at the evidence supporting the theory of light as a particle as opposed to the evidence in favor of the wave theory of light.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the two competing theories of light. The first part of the paper details the evidence supporting the theory of light as a particle, including both the most prominent scientists and the most conclusive mathematical data (Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, etc.); the second part lists the evidence in favor of the wave theory of light, including prominent supporters and the most concrete scientific evidence (Young?s double-slit experiment, Clark Maxwell?s mathematical equations). The paper concludes by detailing the newest theory to encompass both the particle and wave theories.
Particle Theory
Einstein
Isaac Newton
Scientific Evidence
Photoelectric Effect
Compton Effect
Wave Theory
Huygens
Scientific Evidence
Young?s Double-slit Experiment
Maxwell Clark?s Mathematical Equations
The Dual Nature of Light
From the Paper
"If it is part of the material world, it is certainly, by dint of its surpassing subtlety, the part that is closest to the spirit, said Johannes Kepler in his description of light (Holt, 1). As elusive and mystical as the Almighty, light has been a companion, rivaled only by oxygen, to mankind since men first trod upon the earth, an eternal, comforting friend. It terrified and was deified by the men and women of religion; it fascinated and frustrated the theorists, the scientists, and countless cracks; and yet for both it offered an enigma to be solved, a question worthy of an answer. Thus, from the foothills of Classical Greece to the stone castles of Italy and Germany, humanity found itself hounded by a question seemingly so basic: What is light? This question remains only marginally answered at the end of this century, three millennia after the Greeks first hypothesized about the subject. Although centuries upon centuries of labor and experiments have led to millions of dusty binders and folders, only two camps ever gained the blessings of science in a quest for a solution: those who believed light to be a particle and those who believed it to be a wave. "
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Acquisition of Japanese Case Particles, 2005.
This paper is a complete research project to explore the acquisition of Japanese case particles by English speaking learners.
20,285 words (approx. 81.1 pages), 30 sources, APA, £ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Japanese case particles, which are morphological markers that indicate the relation of the noun phrase to the predicate, are crucial factor for both comprehension and production of the language; however, it is a very difficult area for adult learners to master. The author points out that the subjects for this qualitative study were selected at random from students whose native language is English and who were currently taking a third semester of a formally instructed Japanese course. The paper recommends instructional techniques based on the findings such as the use of diagnostic tests for recognizing the natures of learners' confusion and creating productive lessons to clarify the confusion. Many charts, tables and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Difference and Difficulty
Literature Review
Definitions of Japanese Case
Research on Acquiring Case Particles by Adult English Speakers
Verbal Protocol: An Effective Mean of Obtaining Valuable Information
Research Questions
Methodology
Research Design
Subjects
Test Survey
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
The First Question: Why are Some Particles Troublesome?
Second Question: Does Subjects' Confidence Reflect the Accuracy in Use of The Particles?
Third Question: How do the Subjects Determine Which Particle to Use?
Discussion
Pedagogical Implication
Teach schema: What Goes with the Particle
Diagnostic Test: To Know What They Don't Know
Provide Meta-Linguistic Instruction: Teach Semantic Role of Particles
Make the Lesson Memorable
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An interesting fact is that the other two problems with 100% accuracy have somewhat similar properties as well. The verb, imasu 'to exist,' is also a stative verb, which is means existential. The adjective, daisuki desu 'to be favorite,' is usually translated into English as "I like something." This verb and adjective also take a semantic object accompanied by the subject marker ga. However, in these questions, subjects had no confusion over use of o and ga. It turned out that the first two uses of ga are very familiar ones to the subjects, and they seem to have almost memorized the combination. This fact will be illustrated and discussed in a later section."
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Prions: Proteinaceous Infectious Particles, 2004.
A discussion of prions, the proteins that are typically expressed in brain tissue and that may exist in a normal or abnormal shape, and prion diseases.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains what prions are and how degenerative brain diseases result from abnormal prions. The paper discusses professor Stanley Prusiner's discovery of prions and pediatrician Carleton Gajdusek's contributions to this discovery, as well as the prion diseases themselves. Additionally, the paper explains the infectious nature of the prion protein and explains the progression of prion diseases and tests used to diagnosis the disease.
From the Paper
"Recent cases of Mad Cow Disease have focused the public attention on prion diseases and the small proteins that are believed to cause them. The scientific community has been slow to recognize this mechanism of disease, since prion-caused encephalopathies can demonstrate diverse symptoms, and share characteristics with other disorders, such as dementia."
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Time Travel, 2005.
This essay discusses the theory of time travel, using references ranging from the science-fiction to the reality of particle acceleration and modern research.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that going back in time to visit historical times in real life may sound like the work of an H.G. Wells novel, but physicists are getting surprisingly closer to actually being able to travel in time, as demonstrated by the theory of relativity, light speed, paradox theories, and the work of modern scientists as they search for the secrets to the 4th dimension. The author points out that Dr. Stephen Hawking's theory and the recent discovery of black holes show the potential for an area where the laws of relativity may not exist. The paper relates that Dr. Ronald Mallett at the University of Connecticut has developed an idea that present-day people can communicate with the past by sending electrical particles through a spiral series of laser beams to accelerate them to the speed of light.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What Is Time Travel?
The Fourth Dimension?
Time and Space
Theories Past and Present
What Is Matter?
Applicable Relativity Theory
We Cannot Get There from Here
Modern Research of Time Travel
Newton
Einstein
Stephen Hawking
Paradox Theories
Time Travel Mutual Fund
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Theory of Relativity states that fundamentally our ideas of space and time. We must accept that time if not completely separate from and independent of space, but is combined with it to form an object called space-time. Newton developed laws of motion that until Einstein were not contested. Einstein expanded this law in his special theory of relativity, which states that mass increases as speed approaches the speed of light. We must remember that the more mass we have the larger that mass will become as light speed is reached. The speed of light and time space is closely related. It has been said that light speed is the key to time travel. At this time the theory of relativity limits our ability to move mass at the speed of light, but as I will explain, there are current theories that will allow moving electrical energy in the form of data back in time."
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Nuclear Power, 1983.
This paper presents a step-by-step description of the various stages in the creation of nuclear power, beginning with a description of atomic particles through the creation of nuclear fission.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, £ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Atoms are the basis of matter. At the center of the atom, unchanged by the physical and chemical transformations of the whole, the nucleus is found. The nucleus is comprised of protons, positive particles, and neutrons, uncharged particles of the same mass. Since the nucleus is positively charged, the protons repel one another. Despite this negative attraction, a short-range nuclear force holds them together. This has been described as an "immensely powerful short-range attractive force acting equally between the protons and the neutrons" or as a "new kind of short-lived nuclear particle, called meson". Whichever image is used, this force holds the nucleus together. Lighter nuclei, containing fewer numbers of protons and neutrons in equal number are more stable than heavier nuclei, which require more neutrons than ... "
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Acid Rain, 2002.
A discussion on the effect of acid rain on forests and the way in which the deposition of acid rain and particles make plants and trees more susceptible to disease.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines why environmental scientists are concerned that the level of acidity in rain and snow has increased beyond its normal levels in the United States. The writer discusses the ways in which this has had a serious impact in several areas, including forests in the northeast and many of the country's most valued monuments.
From the Paper
"Munton (1998) expresses the same concerns. He notes that emissions have already been reduced by 50%. That is an impressive improvement, but perhaps still more than delicate ecosystems can stand. He suggests that we may need even more restrictive interventions in place, and points out that modern society?s effects on the atmosphere goes beyond acid rain, which may also affect human health, but to breathable particulates, effects on the ozone layer, and regional haze making particular areas periodically more vulnerable to the effects of airborne pollutants.
"In conclusion, it may be too soon to be satisfied with our efforts so far. Given the tremendous amount of pollution released into the air, a 50% reduction may be a result that looks good on paper but that is still significantly damaging to our environment."
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String Theory, 2005.
A look at a theory within the realm of physics known as string theory.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains string theory, which has been put forth by physicists in an effort to develop a theory of gravity that can be incorporated into the quantum understanding of nature. The paper explains that string theory hypothesizes that classical point particles are actually infinitesimally small lines or, perhaps, loops and that the theory supports the concept that all quantum particles, including the messenger particle of gravity, or graviton, are components of a single, master superfield.
From the Paper
"Generally speaking, considering the enormous amount of matter that was concentrated in a tiny space after the Big Bang, the setting for unification is contained by almost unbelievable energy levels. Efforts to achieve this "mathematically" have been reasonably successful and are termed Grand Unified Theories, or GUT. So far, physicists have managed to unify the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions into one formalism."
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The Human Papilloma Virus, 2008.
An exploration of the etiology of human papilloma virus (HPV) and whom it affects in the general population.
1,511 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper summarizes three articles on the topic of the human papilloma virus (HPV): "Quadrivalent HPV Recombinant Vaccine (Gardasil) for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer" by Angie L. Goeser, "The Effect of Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus L1 Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine on Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2, Grade 3, and Adenocarcinoma in Situ: A Combined Analysis of four Randomized Clinical Trials" by S. Kjaer M. Lehtinen G. Perez and L. Villa and "Efficacy of a Quadrivalent Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus L1 Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine Against High-Grade Vulval and Vaginal Lesions: A Combined Analysis of Three Randomised Clinical Trials" by Mauricio Hernandez-Avila and Elmar A. Joura, Sepp Leodolter and Cosette M. Wheeler. The paper
discusses the articles' tremendous implications for health care and community health education. The paper then explains that cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and resulting cancer death in women worldwide. The paper explains further that since the yearly Pap smear given to women cannot detect certain types of cancerous cells or lesions, the need for this type of vaccine to prevent HPV-related diseases is sorely needed.
Outline:
Three Literature Reviews:
Article One
Article Two
Article Three
Implications for Health Care and Community Health Education Based on the Studies' Conclusions
From the Paper
"Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been "identified at a higher rate in the tissue of women diagnosed with cervical cancer than among nonaffected controls (citing Salmeron et al, 2003; Balmes, Ritz, & Tager, 2005, p. 245). The disease can cause pathologies including, but not limited to, pain during intercourse, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, genital warts, and penile, anal, cervical, and vulvar carcinoma (Immerman & Mackey, 1997, p. 443; Lytwyn & Sellors, 1997, p. 113). The disease is believed to be sexually transmitted and is the "second most common cause of cancer and cancer death in women worldwide, with 80% of cases occurring in the developing world...95% of cancers of the uterine cervix are caused by certain types of human papillomaviruses" (citing Franco 1994; Lytwyn & Sellors, 1997, p. 113). Although Papanicolaou (Pap) tests have led to the decrease in mortality rates caused by cervical cancer, approximately 230,000 women per year die from the disease worldwide (Kjaer, Lehtinen, Perez, & Villa, et al, 2007, p. 1861)"
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Nikola Tesla, 2005.
This paper looks at power projects by Nikola Tesla, in particular the production of electricity from the Niagara Falls.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Nikola Tesla's production of electricity from the Niagara Falls. The writer looks at Tesla's invention of the Tesla coil. Further, the writer examines the inventions of neon and fluorescent lighting and x-rays. This paper also discusses the creation of the "death beam" - a charged particle beam weapon.
From the Paper
"Americans had longed dreamed of harnessing the power of Niagara Falls, but schemes for extracting power from the Falls never materialized. Tesla had dreamed since childhood of harnessing the power of Niagara and this dream came true when Westinghouse was awarded the contract for creating a powerhouse there. The Niagara Falls Power Project came as a result of a failed competition led by the Niagara Falls Commission, charged with planning the power project. They had solicited proposals from experts from around the world but rejected all ..."
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Quantum Tunneling, 2007.
An analysis of the theory and uses of quantum tunneling, specifically the Esaki diode.
2,194 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses quantum tunneling, which is a function of quantum-mechanical activity in the instance where a particle moves against potential energy and appears on the other side of the energy barrier. The paper describes the theory behind quantum tunneling. It focuses on the Esaki diode and looks at its potential uses now and in the future.
From the Paper
"While the Esaki diode has not been widely used, its application is nearing widespread use in computers. The diode circuits have been developed and crash programs have been implemented by major computer makers in order to apply it to communications equipment. Yet there still is resistance to the use of these phenomenal little circuits, where currents may be reversed. Some designers and engineers prefer transistors. Proven circuits and solid-state technology that is already acceptable seem to be sufficient, they say. But interest in the diode is so great that they are being forced to try to apply this not-so-new technology to obtain ultra-high speed and ultra-low power consumption in the computer industry. The diode phenomenon dominated 1960 Physics Conferences."
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Sintering, 2004.
Examines the sintering of Cu and Cu-Zn pellets and recrystallization of brass.
2,750 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
Sintering, which is a stage of powder metallurgy, is a thermal process that creates inter-particle welds. It is where powder compacts are annealed in a controlled atmosphere to a temperature at which solid-state diffusion occurs. On the other hand, recrystallization is the process of the formation of new strain-free grains from initially cold-worked grains. This paper examines an experiment that had, as its objectives, the intention of examining of the effects of sintering and recrystallization on the microstructure and the hardness of the specimens. The samples used are copper and copper-zinc powders for sintering and brass for recrystallization. The paper shows that the copper and copper-zinc powders are compacted and are sintered in a nitrogen-containing atmosphere at different temperature and time settings. The brass samples are cold-worked and are annealed at different temperature and time settings. The paper includes tables.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Section
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"When a polycrystalline metal is cold worked, the grain boundaries act to interrupt the slip processes that occur in the crystals. The lattice adjacent to the grain boundaries is much more distorted in the center of the grains. Decreasing the grain size increases the grain boundary area and, as a consequence, the volume and the uniformity of the distorted metal. This effect decreases the number of possible sites of nucleation and, therefore, the smaller the grains of the metal before cold work, the greater will be the rate of nucleation and the smaller the recrystallized grain size for a given degree of deformation."
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