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The American Health Care System, 2006.
A comparative analysis of health care systems across cultures, compared to the American health care system.
5,125 words (approx. 20.5 pages), 26 sources, APA, £ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a historical perspective on the American health care system. It compares health care systems across various cultures and analyzes the current state of health care in America. The paper then describes three distinct measures to reform health care without resorting to socialized medicine. It looks at regulatory reform, quality improvements and mandatory immunization programs.
Table of Contents:
History Of American Health Care
Health Care Abroad
The Current Situation
The Cost Of Poor Quality
Good Medicine
Payin' And Suffering
Conclusion And Proposal
Appendices
From the Paper
"Health care in the United States didn't begin as the complex system we grapple with today. The first health care market worked very well- patients with very low expectations paid "doctors" for cures that didn't work. While this system was often less than ideal for patients, it was ideal from an economic point of view. This practice continued as doctors began to offer effective services to patients who developed an appetite for care that often exceeded their ability to pay. As the Great Depression fell upon America, hospitals began to suffer from patients' inability to pay for care. Desperate for relief, hospitals lobbied states for a way to ensure bills were paid. The creation of the first modern insurance company, Blue Cross, resulted . Originally, Blue Cross was a non-profit organization that simply paid the bills, without getting involved in what type of care was provided. Once doctors realized the benefits of this system- primarily, fast and complete payment of bills- the insurance industry began to grow. Soon, the practice was so popular that employees began demanding that their employers provide insurance benefits- a practice encouraged by the government in the form of tax benefits. This change in how care was paid for meant that the burden of health care costs shifted from the general population to the government. In the years after World War II, the United States experienced dramatic leaps in medicine. In the 1960's, the US saw a major change in how health care dollars are spent when Medicare and Medicaid began . Since that time, the US has seen a rise in the percentage of health care dollars spent by the government from 24% in the 1960s to 60% in the 1990s. Including tax subsidies for health insurance, 51% of health care spending in the US is done by government- and paid for by taxpayers."
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Managed Health Care Systems, 2004.
Presents a new model of model of managed health care in the U.S. using a systems approach.
7,200 words (approx. 28.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 83.95
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Abstract
Health care in the United States has a long history; from the traveling physician who provided services in private homes and charity organizations, to government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid that proceeded hospital construction, and the relatively recent trend of managed health care. Along the way, innovation and competition facilitated new health care technologies and services that offered numerous approaches to prevention, treatment, and management of diseases. In a bold new health care policy, integration and collaboration between the public and private sectors of health care is not only an option, but a necessity in providing the most efficient and sound health care services and options. This paper examines health care in the U.S. from a historical and current perspective and concludes by introducing a new model of managed health care utilizing a systems approach.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Examination of Health Care
Public Sector Health Care in the USA
Private Sector Health Care in the USA
Types of Managed Care Organizations
HMO Models
The Merging of Public and Private Health Care Models
A New Universal Managed Health Care Model
Conclusions
References
Appendices
From the Paper
"The managed health care industry did slow the growth in health care spending. Moreover, by extending coverage to services provided in an outpatient setting, it reversed the artificial preference for in-patient care that was created by indemnity insurance benefit designs. By focusing on clinical variability in physician practices, the shift to managed care forced the elimination of some unnecessary care. It also provided a stabilizing force to professional fees and institutional charges."
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Minority Groups and the American Health Care System, 2002.
An assessment of minority access to the American Health
Care system, focusing on HIV-AIDS patients.
7,229 words (approx. 28.9 pages), 39 sources, APA, £ 83.95
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Abstract
Approximately 12 percent of America's population is without any formal health care insurance coverage, although some estimates of this proportion are higher. The research problem investigated in this study concerns minority access to health care. The central issue in the study is the determination of the best approach to improve such access, especially in relation to HIV-AIDS patients. The paper begins with a review of health care delivery problems for minority population groups, which is followed by a consideration of the HIV-AIDS issue among minority population groups. The primary focus of this assessment is on health care outcomes.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Minorities and HIV-AIDS
Interaction with Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Orientation
Structure and Method of Investigation
Minorities: Health Care Delivery Problems in the Community and Health Care System
Bioethical Issues
Failure to Address Racial Differences
Failure to Address Insurance Status Differences
Health Care Delivery and Accessibility
HMOs and Fee-for-Service Providers
Social Psychological Influences
Distrust of the Health Care System
Health Beliefs of Minorities
Social Identity Influences
Minority Status and HIV-AIDS
HIV-AIDS and Minority Population Groups
Origins
Ethical Issues
HIV-AIDS Health Care for Minorities
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access to Health Care
Proposed Initiative
Conclusions and Recommendations
Restatement of Problem
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Potential Solutions
Assessment
Recommendations
From the Paper
"In the 1990s, one initiative designed to broaden access to health care services needs for the nation's indigent involved the development of nurse-managed clinics targeting low-income persons. A nurse practitioner is a specially educated and trained nurse who provides some level of health care directly to patients without supervision by a physician.
Nurse managed clinics for the indigent are prominent in the nation's inner cities. Nurse managed clinics such as those associated with the Kellogg Homeless Project in Washington, the Pine Street Inn in Boston, and the Los Angeles School of Nursing Health Center are delivering health care services to indigent persons at cost savings (compared to more traditional delivery venues) and in areas that would not otherwise be served by health care professionals (Sharp, 1992; Lutz, 1991)."
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Health Care Systems, 2006.
A discussion on the reasons for the need to improve health care systems.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion on the patient population. It claims that a high percentage of the patients are elderly people suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The paper explains that this disease demands many different kinds of treatment and with the growing number of patients the need for better health care is urgent. It continues to expand on the organizations that comprise health care systems. Finally, it mentions the mechanisms for financing care and the role of the government in solving this national problem.
Table of Contents:
Identification of the Patient Population Being Served
Organizations that Comprise the Health Care Delivery System
Mechanisms for Financing Care
Role of Government
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The role that the government plays in the healthcare model for this patient population has been alluded to in the above section. The need for a more equitable healthcare system is suggested in numerous studies. Government policy plays a crucial role in the in the healthcare models for these patients. In 1997 the Balanced Budget Act "...changed the reimbursement rules for Medicare home health benefits from a fee-for-service system to a prospective payment system (PPS)." ( Rock, B. 2005) This resulted in the fact that the coordination between the various healthcare professionals has become more important and vital in the treatment of dementia patients. "... coordination and collaboration among all members of the home health care team (that is, nurses, social workers, physical therapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist, and home health aides) is critical to provide home care for frail and chronically ill populations." ( Rock, B. 2005) "
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Comparing Health Care Systems, 2002.
Contrast and comparison of the health care system of the United States with that of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 17 sources, £ 41.95
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Abstract
My research compares and contrasts the health care system of the United States and that of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Without a doubt, the most noticeable difference between the two health systems is that the United States system works under the managed care model while the UAE system follows that used in one way or another by most of the developed nations: the universal health care system.
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HIV-AIDS Patients and the Health Care System, 2002.
An assessment of minority access to the American health
care system focusing on the HIV-AIDS community.
5,926 words (approx. 23.7 pages), 36 sources, APA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
Approximately 12 percent of the American population is without any formal health care insurance coverage. The research problem investigated in this paper concerns minority access to health care. The central issue is the determination of the best approach to improve such access, especially in relation to HIV-AIDS patients.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem
Minorities and HIV-AIDS
Interaction with Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Orientation
Structure and Method of Investigation
Structure
Method [Focus on Outcomes]
Minorities: Health Care Delivery Problems in the Community and Health Care System
Bioethical Issues
Failure to Address Racial Differences
Failure to Address Insurance Status Differences
Health Care Delivery and Accessibility
Delivery
Accessibility
HMOs and Fee-for-Service Providers
Social Psychological Influences
Distrust of the Health Care System
Health Beliefs of Minorities
Social Identity Influences
Minority Status and HIV-AIDS
HIV-AIDS and Minority Population Groups
Origins
Ethical Issues
HIV-AIDS Health Care for Minorities
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access to Health Care
Proposed Initiative
Conclusions and Recommendations
Restatement of Problem
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Potential Solutions
Assessment
Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"Decisions made by health care professionals in the conduct of practice typically are reached within the context of an ethical framework (Marty, 1992). Clinical ethics is defined as the systematic identification, analysis, and resolution of ethical problems associated with the care of particular patients (Zuckerman, 1994). The goals of clinical ethics include protecting the rights and interests of patients, assisting clinicians in ethical decision-making, and encouraging cooperative relationships among patients and those close to patients, clinicians, and health care institutions. Important in the definition of clinical ethics is an emphasis on clinicians, not only physicians, thus underscoring the fact that clinical ethics needs to be a multi-disciplinary endeavor that encompasses the range of clinician expertise involved in patient care."
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Health Care Systems, 2007.
A look at the arguments for remaining with the current American health care system.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate how, despite all the recent hype, the current health care system is the one most appropriate for the United States. It looks at how once one considers geographic, demographic and cultural factors, it becomes clear that universal health care is not, and cannot be, a solution that is viable in the long-term for America. It also discusses how the current system provides superior care at superior cost and how it does so using uniquely American values.
From the Paper
"In addition, we should recognize that while universal health care might have institutional value in countries with more socialized economies, the rugged individualism that has fueled American hegemony since World War II should not be so quickly brushed aside. At the end of the day, our country can be only as strong as our values, and we have, for as long as this country has existed, prioritized the capacity for Americans to self-rule, to be free to make decisions about how to run their lives, even if those decisions turn out not to be the best ones. We value that sort of liberty, because we recognize that each intervention, no matter how loving or enlightened it appears, paves the way for another intervention, and then another intervention, and so on, until that thing we called liberty is but a phantasm of what it once was. "
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Health Care Systems, 2002.
A compare/contrast paper on the health care systems of the U.S. and Mexico.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 12 sources, £ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the health care systems in the U.S. and in Mexico. The paper discusses how to improve them, which is better, amount of money put into them, the benefits towards the economy and the the economic consequences. It also contrasts and compares different parts of the different systems.
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British and American Health Care Systems, 2004.
A comparison of British and American health care systems, with particular focus on medical malpractice.
2,279 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the commonalities between American and British cases of medical malpractice. The paper notes that the major points of similarity of both countries tends to be the legal system's hands-off attitude toward physicians and an unwillingness for some of the judiciary in both places to take control, even when the issue of responsibility is placed before them. The paper also looks at what has caused the general decline in the health care systems of both countries and the current push for reform being seen in both countries.
From the Paper
"In the case of Elam v. College Park Hospital, Elam had originally complained that her podiatrist had performed negligent podiatric surgery at College Park Hospital to correct bilateral bunions and bilateral hammer toes, despite the hospital's coadmission procedure, requiring a hospital doctor to assume responsibility for the overall medical care of each patient. But a California appeals court reversed a lower court decision that had found for the defendant, College Park Hospital. Ruling on June 25, 1982, California's Fourth Appellate Court noted that the original case revolved around "whether a hospital is liable to a patient under the doctrine of corporate negligence" when independent surgeons who are staff members use hospital facilities."
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UK Nationalized Health Care System, 2004.
This paper discusses the survivability of the UK nationalized health care system by reviewing its history, organization, and programs, and by comparing it to three other nationalized health services.
13,850 words (approx. 55.4 pages), 31 sources, APA, £ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the NHS was established on the principle of the collective responsibility of the state to implement a comprehensive health care system designed to meet the health care needs of the total population, in which all UK citizens would have equal access to health care services at no charge. The author points out that it was assumed, as health care improved, demand would decrease; but, within a very short period, the government found itself faced with too little funding to meet the persistent demand. The paper contends that Japan, Sweden, and Canada appear to have incorporated better provisions to insure that equal access is guaranteed to constituents as compared to the UK's NHS. Table.
Table of Contents
Historical Perspective
Organization of the Study
Summary of 2000 NHS Plan
Current and Future Health Status and Healthcare Needs in the UK
Alternative Health Care Systems
Review of Healthcare Systems in OECD Countries
Japan
Sweden
Canada
Comparison of NHS with the Healthcare Systems of Japan, Sweden and Canada
World Health Organization and Health Care Funding
Current Trends in Healthcare Privatization
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The Plan, as reported by the Department of Health (2000), is also designed to insure that the needs of the elderly are better met. The Plan includes the incorporation of national standards for caring for older people to ensure that ageism is not tolerated and personal care plans for the elderly and their caregivers will be provided, with nursing home services made free by 2004. There also will be an additional L900 million package of new intermediate care services to allow older people to live more independent lives. The NHS Plan also includes further efforts to insure that inequalities amongst patients are targeted, with a focus on increasing and improving primary care in deprived areas; the introduction of screening programs for women and children; the provision of step up smoking cessation services; and the provision of free fruit in schools for 4-6 year olds."
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Economics of Health Care Information Systems, 2002.
Looks at the importance of information systems in the health care industry in the United States.
2,059 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
Stakeholders in the U.S. health care system include private and public purchasers of health plans, physicians, hospitals, clinics, health plans, consumers, and public health programs. Each stakeholder wants quick access to information for a variety of reasons. The paper shows that, in light of these important issues, information systems in the health care environment is no longer a luxury; it is a necessity. The paper examines the benefits as well as the disadvantages of the health care industry's move towards dependence on IS. It also presents information on proposed legislation to protect medical records and patient confidentiality.
From the Paper
"The intertwined issues of security, privacy, and confidentiality have drawn increased attention to and public unease with the growing use of technology in health care. In 1996, HIPAA mandates included the enactment of federal laws and regulations against unauthorized access to electronically stored or transmitted patient records and misuse of personal health information. These new security standards were designed to protect all electronic health information from improper access, alteration, or loss. The proposed regulations include technical guidance and administrative requirements for those who use, maintain, or transmit electronic health information."
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Health Care Delivery Systems, 2005.
A discussion on care delivery systems in the US.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, £ 13.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the health care delivery systems in the United States. Firstly, it gives an overview of how health care is delivered to the patient. Next, it points out some of the flaws that have been occurring in this system. Additionally, the author explores some of the factors a patient looks for when rating a health care delivery system.
From the Paper
"The U.S. health care delivery system was thought to be the best in the world but lately people have started to question this once unchallenged assumption. Some experts have said that our health care delivery system needs to make major improvements. Throughout this paper I will give an overview of the health care delivery system of the U.S. I will discuss the good qualities of our health care delivery system as well as the flaws that occur in it. Additionally I will discuss how health care delivery systems are evaluated. Lastly I will discuss some factors which are important to a patient when it comes to a health care delivery system. The means by which health care is delivered to U.S. patients is changing. The U.S. health care delivery system is comprised of many components including hospitals, outpatient facilities, transitional ..."
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The Health Care System of Puerto Rico, 2004.
An analysis of the health care system in Puerto Rico.
2,056 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that health care systems across the world are experiencing critical problems. The paper focuses on the health care system of Puerto Rico. Population characteristics are investigated, as well as the economy, health status parameters, financial parameters, access and availability, accountability, planning, patient autonomy, and satisfaction. The paper determines how these factors influence the effectiveness of the overall health care system on the island of Puerto Rico.
From the Paper
"Puerto Rico is an island located east of the Dominican Republic. As a result of the Spanish American War Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States and its citizens were granted U.S. citizenship in 1917. The island has been at the forefront of political and economic debate for quite some time. The island was inhabited by aboriginals but after 400 years of colonial rule, the original people group that inhabited the island was nearly extinct."
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Health Care Information Systems and Communication, 2008.
An analysis of the importance of wireless communication in the infrastructure of health care organizations.
3,923 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of communication in the health care system. It particularly focuses on the role of information systems in communication within health care. The paper looks at three communication strategies that will help change a health organization's information system. The paper then focuses on the need for a deep penetration of wireless communication to be embedded into the infrastructure of health care organizations.
Table of Contents:
Current ICT status
Scope of Proposed Strategy
Objectives of Proposed Strategy
Technologies, Platforms and Systems
Process and Organizational Implications of Proposed Strategy
Implementation Plan
From the Paper
"Currently there is a definite lack of standards in the mobile and wireless technology industries. Wireless technology almost becomes obsolete as soon as it is implemented. This is the biggest barrier that health care organizations have when it comes to integrating wireless technology with existing work systems. There is no question that wireless technology is here and in our lives for good. What the question is, is just how long it will be before the needs of a wireless world are seen in a big picture. The need for health care organizations to exploit wireless technology while maintaining patient security is the most important view of the future of medicine (Merrill, 1991)."
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