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Growing and Enumerating E.coli Colonies, 2007.
This paper concerns experiments within the field of microbiology and discusses growing and enumerating E.coli colonies.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The writer points out that the purpose of this laboratory was to acquire fundamental knowledge and experience in microbiological procedures, specifically in growing bacterial colonies on a nutrient medium under controlled conditions. In this case, Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were grown on nutrient agar, contamination was minimized by keeping the surroundings sterile, and all agar plates were incubated. The writer notes that the first part involved making five serial dilutions from a bacterial suspension in order to pinpoint colony numbers. The second experiment compared two methods of spreading bacteria across agar plates using streaks. The goal was to isolate single colonies. Lastly, the third portion of the laboratory involved replicating plates from a master plate in order to isolate strains of mutant bacteria onto different nutrient mediums and determine bacterial auxotrophy to these nutrients.
Outline:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
From the Paper
"In the streaking experiment, method B proved to be much more effective for isolating single colonies. The different streaking methods may have contributed to the morphological differences between the E. coli on the two plates. There were evident differences in the size and colour. Since method B was dominated by spaced out single colonies, the darker colour and larger size can be attributed to more nutrients being available to each colony, and more room (surface area) for growth. For the same reason, the more crowded groups of bacteria on the method A plate were a lighter colour and generally smaller. Aside from these two differences, the E. coli shared great resemblance, and based on morphology alone, should not be classified as different species. Nonetheless, the only way to determine whether or not two sets of visibly different bacteria are genetically different is to actually observe their DNA."
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The E-Coli Bacillus, 2008.
This paper discuses the e-coli bacillus, which has been responsible for a profusion of e-coli outbreaks in recent years.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the e-coli bacillus is a microbe about which much is known but has defied efforts to stamp out its unpleasant impact upon human health. The author points out that these extraordinarily tiny cells are invisible to the naked human eye and can accumulate in vast quantities in food preparation areas without individuals being aware of them. The paper relates that e-coli cells are prokaryotic and distinguished by a single, circular chromosome; such cells also contain DNA as plasmids. The author states that, in simple cases of e-coli poisoning, rehydration is essential; however, there is no evidence that antibiotics improve the course of the disease and/or expedite recovery and anti-diarrheal agents are strongly discouraged. The paper concludes that this tiny "bug" certainly seems resilient enough to cause human beings misery for some time to come.
From the Paper
"The living environment and the reproductive process of the e-coli cell are also interesting. Simply put, e-coli most commonly flourish in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. In terms of reproduction, the process is simply one of binary fission, with the circular DNA chromosome replicated. The cell splits into two identical cells with each cell having the same DNA; it should be pointed out that, during the fission process, the identical chromosomal material attaches itself to different parts of the cell membrane so that "replicate" material is firmly anchored where it needs to be when the cell begins to pull apart and halve."
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E. Coli, 2001.
This paper discusses using the bacteria E. coli for molecular genetic research.
4,215 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 80.95
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Abstract
This a detailed, and well researched paper discussing how e. coli can be prepared and used for study of Molecular genetics. The author looks at how e.coli lends is an ideal candidate for this area because it is such a simple organism. The paper also examines how scientists have been immeasurably helped in their progression of learning about the fundamentals of molecular genetics by the fact that E. coli can be induced into competence through a number of methods. The paper includes numerous illustrations.
From the Paper
"Most of us, when we think of Escherichia coli at all, tend not to have very pleasant associations with the organism. It is in fact among the organisms that are most likely to affect (and infect) households. While E. coli is actually an integral part of the normal gastrointestinal flora, certain strains can cause diarrhea, fever and vomiting by one of three ways: by giving off toxins, by directly invading the mucosal lining of the intestinal wall, or by adhering to the intestinal wall. A person infected with E. coli may also have malaise or overall weakness and abdominal cramps. And a new virulent strain of E. coli, which is passed to humans via contaminated and improperly stored or prepared food, can cause a fatal kidney condition ? a finding that has prompted public health and food industry officials to suggest changes in the meat-inspection process, including the irradiation of some ground beef. But the bad name that E. coli deserves as a very nasty bug that infects humans must be offset by the fact that study of this organism has vastly increased our understanding of the field of molecular genetics. This paper outlines some of the most important basic principles of this field by focusing on the specific findings that studying E. coli have allowed scientists to derive."
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Flagella of Salmonella and E.coli, 2003.
A study on the structure and assembly of flagella of Salmonella and E.coli, written in layman's terms.
1,476 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 36 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This report explains in detail the function, structure and assembly of flagella in E.coli and Salmonella, using plain language and a number of diagrams. Movement (chemotaxis) is the primary function of flagella but its design also incorporates efficient repair capability and antigenic variation. In Salmonella and E.coli the flagellar filament is a homopolymer of flagellin monomers, although other species (such as Helicobacter) build their flagella from mixtures of two types of subunit. All the properties of the functioning filament are reflected in the structure of the flagellin monomer, which has conserved and variable regions, regions targeted by chaperones and coiling enzymes and regions evolved specifically for interaction between monomers. Chemotaxis is driven by a proton motive force (as in oxidative phosphorylation) and the basal complex that converts this energy into rapid rotation of the flagellum is highly complex.
From the Paper
"Many bacteria are motile and exhibit chemotaxis ? migration through the extracellular medium towards attractants (e.g. carbon sources), and away from repellents (e.g. antibiotics). The majority move using flagella ?protein structures variable in number and position (Box 1) that generate thrust by rotating like propellers. Flagella are 15nm in diameter and can be observed under light microscopy after thick metal staining or using advanced microscopy techniques such as electron microscopy. Because of the competitive advantages of chemotaxis, there has been strong selection for efficient chemotactic apparatus and flagellar efficiency. The flagellum is based in the bacterial surface layers where a complex array of proteins forms the flagellar motor. Resembling the electric rotary motor and the membrane-bound F1F0-ATPase, and powered by a proton influx across the inner membrane, this highly efficient machine is merely 30nm in diameter. Its mechanism is the subject of ongoing research."
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Odwalla Inc. and E.Coli Outbreak, 2002.
Examines the 1996 E.Coli virus outbreak through the consumption of Odwalla Inc. juice and the steps taken by the company to reinstate its positive image.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the E.Coli outbreak that took place in 1996 when 70 children were found infected with the virus after drinking Odwalla's apple juice. The Court heavily penalized the company as it was revealed during FDA investigation that Odwalla was not following proper quality control measures and its products were not being tested for bacterial contamination. Douglas Levin had to take drastic measures to win back the trust of Odwalla's customers.
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The E-Coli Outbreak, 2007.
This paper discusses the 1996 outbreak of E-Coli 0157:H7 caused by unpasteurized apple juice.
1,038 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper relates the outbreak of E. coli that was found to have been caused by unpasteurized apple juice sold under the brand name of Odwalla. The paper discusses how the company did not shirk its responsibility and this ensured that the public perception of the company was a positive one. The paper highlights the CEO's notable response and illustrates how the first reaction by the company involved is of critical importance. The paper points out, however, that if the company would have exercised the same care beforehand, the company's losses and lessons from this experience would have been avoided and unnecessary.
From the Paper
"When this type of event takes place, the first response by the company involved is of critical importance. When Odwalla's CEO Stephen Williamson responded he did so with sincerity and sympathy that was quite notable."
"Not only was the recall handled in a professional and timely manner, but Williamson also initiated other reforms that were just as timely and they proved quite effective in the long run as well."
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E. Coli, 2001.
Effects on body of different strains or organism. Types of E. coli. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, treatment.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"Escherichia coli is a gram positive, facultative anaerobe that occupies a symbiotic relationship with the large intestine of several animals including that of humans. This mutually beneficial arrangement provides adequate nutrition and safe haven for the encapsulated bacteria while providing the host with vitamin K and B-complexes (Tierney et al., 1998). E. coli is rapidly introduced into the sterile newborn through food, water and as a direct result of the birthing process. The host?s colon is rapidly colonized by these and other bacteria that compete among themselves for position and acquisition of resources.
E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections and ..."
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E Coli Outbreak, 1996.
Examines causes, effects & response of Jack in the Box to 1993 hamburger contamination.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"The issue of quality is one that has dominated discussion in American business in recent years. Quality circles, quality plans, total quality management and similar topics have become popular topics for articles in scholarly and popular magazines. For most companies, poor quality in their products mean that their profits suffer, and their customers may endure some inconvenience, or even financial losses. In the food industry, poor quality can lead to sickness, or even death. This is the situation that confronted one of the nation's largest fast-food operators, Jack In The Box in 1993 when four customers died and hundreds of others suffered ill health effects from an outbreak of E. coli after eating contaminated hamburger at the restaurants. Since that time, Jack In The Box, which is owned by Foodmaker, Inc., has tried..."
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E. E. Cummings, 2002.
An analysis of the literary style of the author E. E. Cummings.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the form and function of E. E. Cummings's work in relation to his symbolic message, unique visual writing style, and suggestions on interpretations.
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E.E. Cummings, 2002.
Examines the opinions of poet E.E. Cummings on technology and man's alienation from nature.
664 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
Poet E.E. Cummings considered any force that threatened what is natural and instinctive to be an antagonist of life, an adversary that men must confront before they completely lost their ability to feel and respond as individuals. The paper shows that Cummings thought mankind obsessed with technological advances and flashy advertisements promising the American ideal that he renounced the natural condition by developing needs for unnecessary things. The paper examines Cummings' contempt for man's alienation from his true self in the poems "pity this busy monster, manunkind," and "when serpents bargain for the right to squirm," which scorn what organized society has proudly developed.
From the Paper
"Cummings further expressed his fear of the degradation of man's natural state three years later when he wrote "when serpents bargain for the right to squirm," an Elizabethan sonnet that satirizes society's blind adherence to decorum and regulation. Here, Cummings demotes man from being a monster, a word that at least implies animalistic qualities, to being an unnatural unanimal. When such legalese as bargaining, striking, and signing on the dotted line is applied to creatures and events of nature, the effects are preposterous, and yet society accepts such irreverent behavior in man, once a natural creature. Despite the child-like language and nonsense comparisons in the poem that add a touch of innocence to the poem, Cummings? message is clear: nature is being ?separated from its most essential qualities?, left to exist ?simultaneously with his horror of a society seriously awry? (Marks 60)."
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E-Commerce and E-Business, 2004.
A paper that deals with four pertinent topics in the form of questions and answers relating to e-commerce and e-business.
1,507 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper answers four discussion questions concerning various electronic marketing concepts. First, the difference between e-commerce and e-business is discussed. Second, details are given as to why B2B has greater potential than B2C. Third, the concept of disintermediation is discussed and the type of business that could benefit most from this concept. Finally, reintermediation as a concept is discussed, along with the type of business could benefit most from this concept.
From the Paper
"When one thinks of thinks of the two terms ?commerce? and ?business?, little difference is found, and in many cases they are transposable when discussing business. However, there is a specific difference between e-commerce and e-business. E-commerce, which is short for electronic commerce, is in the simplest of terms business transacted electronically that involves money. The obvious example of e-commerce is selling products via the web, such as Amazon.com has been successful in doing."
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E. E. Cummings' "Advice", 2007.
An analysis of the persuasive technique of E. E. Cummings' "A Poet's Advice to Students".
2,410 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how E. E. Cummings, in his essay "A Poet's Advice to Students", advises that the best way to write poetry is to be a poet, and how his most persuasive explanation of what it is to be a poet is his explanation itself. The paper looks at how the perpetual enactment of Cummings' own demonstration of 'pistis' utilizes complex rhetorical strategies, which are artfully veiled by simple words and appealing rhythm to make his 'feeling' accessible to the reader. The paper asserts that, while Cummings' words are characteristically his own, their seeming simplicity echoes Aristotle's observation that the most persuasive art is the appearance of artlessness.
From the Paper
"The title functions to both introduce the ethos, or character, of the speaker and establish the kairos, or occasion, of the text's reception. Ethos refers specifically to the character of the speaker as presented in the text, intended to establish the trustworthiness of the argument's presenter. Here, the title positions the speaker as a 'poet', who is therefore qualified to offer the instruction to follow. By prefacing the text as the 'advice' of an established poet to 'students', the title also serves to construct its own kairos by positioning the reader as one who may be educated by that which is explained. Thus, the title itself performs the rhetorical function of establishing the speaker's trustworthiness while simultaneously engendering receptiveness in the reader. "
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E-Commerce and E-Business in the 21st Century, 2006.
A discussion regarding e-commerce, focusing specifically on Office Depot, Ford Motor Company and Amazon.com.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 3 sources, £ 95.95
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Abstract
This document discusses the underlying principles of e-commerce and e-business. It examines such e-commerce functionalities as customer relationship management applications as a way to illustrate how effective e-commerce and e-business principles can be across all industries. Additionally, the paper utilizes three radically different businesses to illustrate how e-business and e-commerce has elevated business performance measures: Office Depot, Ford Motor Company, and Amazon.com.
From the Paper
"Corporations the world over have utilized e-business or some aspect of electronic commerce (e-commerce) to either act as their sole business model or to enhance the productive performance in some way of their existing traditional business models. E-commerce might be considered as a type of business transaction where the parties to the transaction conduct their commerce electronically where electronically has come to be considered the Internet (Epstein, 2004). Yet, technically speaking e-commerce could just as well be considered to be transacted by phone, fax, or other electronic form of media. Such definitions evade the true essence of electronic commerce, which in practice has become one of those rare cases where changing needs and new technologies have come together to revolutionize the way in which business is conducted over an entirely new medium; commonly termed the Internet."
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Communication Technologies in E-Commerce and E-Business, 2000.
An investigation in new and emerging technologies and their influence on commerce.
1,362 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the new and developing technology used in communication, not just socially but in the world of e-commerce. It examines the current state of technology and the latest developments and then the barriers to implementation of these new technologies. The cost, as in fiscal cost and quality of life, is also considered before looking at the impact of new technologies and communication on commerce.
Outline
Introduction
Current Communications Technology
Mobile and Wireless Technology
Cable Television and Internet
Satellite
Television
Latest Communication Developments
Wireless Local Networks
Broadband
High Definition Television
Social Aspects and Decision Making Issues
Barriers to Implementation
E-Commerce and E-Business
Convergence of Technologies
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The increase of communications and its convenience provides much scope for dataveillance. The monitoring and storing of personal data may breach the privacy rights of individuals. However the combining of surveillance sources such as CCTV, bank records, and location tracking using mobile telephone signals bring surveillance to a new level. By pooling together all information sources, information gathered on an individual is so personal and provides such a three-dimensional picture into one?s life and habits."
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