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Greco-Roman Constructions of Sexuality, 2007.
A contrast between modern, Western and Greco-Roman concepts of sexuality.
2,372 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the variations in human sexuality between the modern era and the ancient Greco-Roman period. It discusses how, in the modern, Western society human sexuality is defined based on the gender, ethnicity, or social status of the individuals involved in the act. The paper then shows how, in contrast to Western society's concept of sexuality, Greco-Roman sexuality was characterized by a lack of interest in these individual characteristics and, instead, a concern with the role each individual played in an active/passive dichotomy.
From the Paper
"All of these historical examples exist in subtle contrast to the modern conception of sexuality. Elements of active/passive and power relationships still exist in modern, Western sexuality. However, the strict control of the active, powerful sexuality is no longer solely the domain of the elite men of society as it was in the Greco-Roman societies. Dissimilarly, the power relationships that exist in modern sexuality are somewhat more fluid and shift along lines such as gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and even personal fetish. Greco-Roman sexuality was characterized by a idealized adherence to power relationships in which men held sway over their wives, over women, over young boys, and sexual plunder in conquered domains. In all of these situations, sexuality is defined in terms of power as it exists between individuals of different social status."
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Greco-Roman Mythology and Christianity, 2004.
An examination of the impact and influence of Greco-Roman mythology on early Christianity.
3,019 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
Greco-Roman mythology has quite obviously influenced Christianity. These parallel myths are made evident throughout the Bible and are a testament to the ability of two cultures to meld their beliefs.This paper looks at the mythology's influence on Christianity and compares old Greco-Roman gods to the saints used in Christianity. It also compares old stories and myths from Greco-Roman mythology that were transformed and rewritten in the Bible.
Introduction
Influence of Greco-Roman Mythology on Christianity
Comparison of Saints, Stories and Myths
Bible Stories compared to Greek Myths
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The book, Hellenism and Christianity asserts that Christianity and Greco-Roman sentiment meshed and that this melding is evident from the very first Christian writings to the church of Thessalonica during the reign of Claudius. (Bevan and Allen 1921) The authors contend that the Christian writing takes the ?old body of ideas, emotions, and desires which made up the mentality of the Greco-Roman world.? (Bevan and Allen 1921) Ultimately, the authors argue, Christianity is nothing more than the fusion of the Greco-Roman world and a Christ based religion."
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Roman Slavery and Roman Comedy, 2004.
An analysis of Roman literature's comedic view of enslavement.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review of such works as Plautus?s two comedies, ?The Pot of Gold? and ?Pseudolus?, how Roman drama is not a seamless construction of slave identity, or even a seamless construction of a world of upside-down power relations between master and servant. It shows how it is an uncertain negotiation of real life tensions where harsh realities and punishments of slaves existed simultaneously with portrayals of individuals in the Roman media of the day who were clearly human.
From the Paper
"Clearly, slavery in the ancient Roman world was socially stigmatized. However, what is so fascinating about the Roman?s version of this ?peculiar institution,? as slavery was often called in the American South, was that slaves did not occupy a stigmatized racial class, as they did in the American South. That is to say that in the racist, antebellum South, a free black man was still stigmatized by his race. However, in Rome, an individual who was a slave might be highly regarded as well as treated like chattel, if he or she possessed special educational or artistic skills. Slaves were often captured prisoners of war, and valued for their social contributions as well as socially despised."
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Non-Roman Christians: Texts, 2004.
Examines how Roman Christian authors viewed non-Roman Christians through their writings.
1,081 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The view of non-Roman Christians as constructed by Roman Christians is examined in this paper through three texts. The first two are texts by anonymous authors, both translated by Kenneth B. Wolf and dated 750 and 850, respectively. These two texts represent two widely diverse views of the Muslim faith and the Arab people. The third text concerns the view of the Greek Orthodoxy and is translated by Ernest F. Henderson.
From the Paper
"The initial Roman intention was to achieve peace by means of a marriage between Otto II and a Greek princess. Despite the fact that Liutprand arrives in peace as an emissary to conduct negotiations, by his account, his reception is nothing short of hostile and even barbaric: Liutprand and his companions were held prisoner without food or drink, and in terrible conditions (Henderson, 1910, p. 442). Things never improve throughout the narrative, and the Greeks; most especially the orthodoxy, are shown to be stingy and hypocritical: ?In all Greece - I speak truly and do not lie - I found no hospitable bishops. They are at the same time poor and rich; rich in gold, with which they play from full coffers; poor in servants and implements.? (Henderson, 1910, p. 475)."
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Gender Roles of Women in Greek and Roman Cultures, 2008.
A comparison of the feminist construct of gender in ancient Roman and Grecian cultures with a focus on the Greek female festival of Thesmophoria.
1,213 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the feminist construct of gender in the religious festivals and celebrations in ancient Roman and Grecian cultures. It examines the example of the Greek female festival of Thesmophoria and based on this examination it discusses how Roman culture also adapted such festivals in honor of women. The paper concludes that the Roman culture was far more patriarchal in its belief system, which negated the greater liberties that women had in Greek society and in government.
From the Paper
"This provides a similar foundation for the rites of women within the pantheon of Roman gods that had been passed down from ancient Greek culture, yet the practice of women within society as equal contributors to the religious and social experiences did not provide as many liberties from Greek to Roman gender roles. The primary role of women was respected at a level that was officially sanctioned by the government, yet the practicality of women's rights was often marginalized due to the role of men in dominating government and social policy. These are the means and ways in which a patriarchal society was much more prominent in Roman culture than it was within the religious and social institutions that the Greeks. For the most part, both cultures did not provide compete autonomy for women, yet the Greeks did provide a greater sense of ceremonial and religious roles for women that were practical and real for allowing women to bond and create social groups separate from men."
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Impact of Gothic Tribal Warfare on Late Roman Empire, 2001.
Foundations of Roman imperial security. Rome's Balkans' frontier. Origins of Goth migration. Roman-Gothic relations. Decline in effectiveness of Roman Army & victories of Goths.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 11 sources, £ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper examines the relations between the late Roman Empire and the Gothic tribes which pressed upon Rome's frontiers in the southeast Balkans in the late 4th century A.D. The focal point is the period covered by Ammianus Marcellinus in his The Late Roman Empire (A.D. 354-378) which culminated in a devastating defeat by the Goths of the Romans outside Adrianople in Thrace in 378. The vulnerability of the empire to barbarian pressures in this area was revealed by the Gothic wars of the mid-3rd century. Despite the efforts of its reforming Illyrian emperors of the late 3rd and early 4th centuries, which temporarily restored an uneasy peace on its Balkan frontiers, Rome found itself militarily overextended and internally weakened by a series of developments which rendered it incapable..."
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The Evolution of the Roman Theater, 2005.
The history and development of the architecture of the Roman theater building. An in-depth look at how the ancient Romans borrowed heavily from the Greek example, but improved upon it to create a building that was uniquely Roman.
2,698 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses in great detail the evolution of the Roman theater, beginning from the Greek wooden origins to the stone monuments that became iconic with Roman architecture during the Republic and the Empire. A brief history of theater is discussed in the beginning of the paper, with special attention given to the religious implications of how theaters were originally set up. The importance of the orchestra and "skene" are given historical background, dating back to early Dionysian worship. The layout of the early Greek theaters are discussed, with a complete layout included that describes the circular performance area, the seating arrangements, background adjustments and a rudimentary stage. The rest of the paper deals with how the Romans, eager to take the art of theater from being a religious practice to more of an entertainment value for the masses, incorporated their own unique designs to the Greek theater layout to create a more efficient and clearly Roman design. Heavy attention is give to Vitruvius and his work " De Architectura" which provides a step-by-step process in which Roman theaters were built. Improvements are discussed from eliminating the completely circular stage to a half-circle, as well as creating an official stage that persists in modern theatrical performances. The paper takes each part of the theater and discusses the area extensively in terms of what the Romans did to improve upon or change from the early Greek models.
From the Paper
"Ancient Rome's concept of art and architecture was heavily influenced by the cultures that the Romans had conquered, but were in no way identical copies of the art that existed in those subjugated areas. The Romans excelled at taking artistic ideas from other civilizations and molding them into a form that could undoubtedly be identified as uniquely Roman. This technique can easily be seen in practice when one examines the Roman theater building. Roman theaters can be found throughout the area that used to be the Roman Empire, with remnants of theaters all over Europe and the Mediterranean. These theaters have details and building techniques that are exclusive to Roman designs, but when they are viewed in comparison with ancient Greek theaters, one can clearly see where the Romans received their inspiration."
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Ancient Roman Literature, 2008.
A discussion of the worth of Roman literature and a comparison of the meter and themes of Roman literature to Greek literature.
851 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the value of the works of the great Roman poets and prose authors. The paper specifically discusses how Roman literature and poetry is criticized because it lacks originality, being greatly indebted to the Greek texts. It describes the meter and themes of Roman literature and discusses how these, and even the mere details, are most of the times only imitations of the Greek writings.
From the Paper
"Thus, Roman art can be characterized by the lack of spontaneity and speculative power. The Romans were a logical and practical people, usually engaged in political affairs or warfare. The greatest conquerors of the antiquity, the Romans were also the greatest civilizing power. Their systematic and disciplined spirit laid the foundations of the Western civilization. As it is obvious from the lyric, dramatic and epical works of the Roman writers, they Roman people was certainly not inclined to philosophy as the Greeks had been. Indeed, the only writer who can be said to have contributed meaningfully to the realm of antique philosophy is the multidimensional Cicero, who is the only Roman methodological philosopher: "Philosophy was not a natural growth at Rome: indeed, it was regarded by the average Roman with definite mistrust, and we hear that philosophers were banished from the city in 161 B. C....The Roman, essentially a man of action engaged in the practical business of war or politics, was not given to pausing on his way to reflect deeply on the nature of the world or the ultimate meaning of human life."(Bailey, 183) The Romans were thus less preoccupied with the ultimate meaning of the universe and of life, as the Greeks were, but rather with the world of action and human behavior. Usually associated with imitation rather than creation, Roman art had nevertheless its own force precisely through its absolute conformity to classicism."
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The End of the Western Roman Empire, 2002.
An overview of the downfall of the Western Roman Empire through a review of Edward Gibbon's "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire".
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper is written about the end of the Western Roman Empire. The classic work in the field is provided by Edward Gibbon in "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". Gibbon's essential argument was one that attributed the "fall" (the use of this term today being itself a source of controversy) to "Christianity, which he claimed had undermined the ancient warrior traditions of the Romans and, through the influence of monasticism and asceticism, turned them away from earthly things".
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"A Scandalous History of the Roman Emperors", 2002.
A review of Anthony Blond's book, "A Scandalous History of the Roman Emperors", characterizing the Roman era.
1,988 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book, "A Scandalous History of the Roman Emperors" by Anthony Blond, who seems to have written a history of Rome for the current tabloid age. The paper illustrates the book as both a history of the Emperors and a characterization of the age. The paper describes the picture created by the author of the Roman era, and the stories he tells of the emperors, from Julius Caesar to Nero. This is followed by a discussion of Rome as a city and an empire. The paper claims that although the author of the book states that there is nothing original in his book, the paper shows that the approach he takes to the material is original.
From the Paper
"One monument that Blond gives special attention, as did the Romans, is the Colosseum, notable for the money, effort, materials, and time spent on construction. This space was central in Rome, providing an arena for the Games and so far watching the slaughter of men and beasts. The base of its pillars consist of blocks of seventy cubic feet of stone, each weighing five tons. Some 50,000 wagonloads of tavertine were brought to the site."
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Pragmatics - Grammatical Constructions, 2007.
A discussion regarding construction grammar and grammatical constructions.
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses construction grammar. According to the paper, construction grammar (CxG) is a usage-based framework, and it endeavors to treat all types of expressions as equally central to capturing grammatical patterning.
Outline:
Fillmore's approach to Construction Grammar
More cognitive approaches to Construction Grammar
Towards a "Fluid" Construction Grammar
From the Paper
"A. Radical Construction Grammar (Croft): all constructions are language-specific; all categories are defined by constructions; constructions are the primitive units of language. This kind of CxG takes into account cross-linguistic factors, dealing with the internal structure of constructions. Radical CxG is non-reductionist: constructions are not derived from their parts, but the parts are derived from the constructions. Radical CxG is opposed to the idea that syntactic categories, roles, and relations are universal. Moreover, they are not only language-specific, but also construction-specific. Instead of syntactic relations, Radical CxG rather talks about semantic relations. Indeed, it is closely related to cognitive linguistics."
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The Roman Empire, 2004.
This paper discusses the Roman Empire from the period of 6000 BC to its collapse in 476 AD, focusing on the more ancient period.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, after the Stone Age, the earliest known Bronze Age culture of Europe and the Mediterranean was the Minoan, an ancient civilization on what is now Crete in the Mediterranean prior to classical Greek culture. The author points out that the advances in building construction led to the widespread use of the arch by the Romans and to the invention of durable cements and concrete for structures that have survived to the present times. The paper clarifies that, although Rome possessed a collection of tribute-states for centuries before the autocracy of Augustus, the pre-Augustan state conventionally is described as the Roman Republic; the difference between the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic lies primarily in the governing bodies and their relationship to each other.
From the Paper
"In discussing history over such great spans of time, historians rely on what is known as the classic three-age system. The system divides early human history into three distinct phases based upon the level of technology developed and the materials used in forming tools. These three ages and their exact placement in time vary according to geographic region; some regions developed the use of bronze and iron before others. Indeed, there are still Stone Age cultures extant on the planet, although that is becoming more and rarer as the years pass. Other ages than the ones mentioned are used by archaeology to delineate ?sub-ages? that distinguish when a particular material (usually a metal) began to be used in tool-making and industry (examples include the Copper Age, the Silver Age, or the Gold Age)."
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Roman Republic Power, 2002.
An examination of the lack of central power in the Roman Republic.
1,616 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer argues that if Rome had not transferred power to one man it would have fallen far sooner then it did. The writer discusses the lack of centralized power in the rapidly expanding Roman Republic. It examines the reasons for the fall of the Roman Republic and why it was necessary for the Roman Republic to become the Roman Empire.
From the Paper
"The ancient Roman Republic, which was established with the expulsion of the last Etruscan king in 509 BCE and ended around 31 BCE with the start of the Roman Empire, was generally very successful, but especially toward its fall was plagued by internal and external conflict which would lead to the necessity of an Empire. When looking at an achievement of the Roman Republic such as its expansion of great amounts of territory, one can see that one main element the Roman Republic lacked was centralized power. This lack of a central power would eventually lead to great unhappiness among the masses and to the downfall of the Republic and the creation of the Roman Empire."
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Tacitus: An Interpretation of Roman History, 2003.
An examination of the writings of Roman historian, Tacitus, focusing on his work, "The Annals of Imperial Rome".
2,935 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the validity of the work of Tacitus in "The Annals of Imperial Rome" and his bias on the government of the Roman Empire. It explains that, as a former official within the imperial regime, Tacitus had a bird's-eye view of the goings-on within the Roman Empire, beginning with the reign of Augustus Caesar; his experience within the Empire, however, influenced his opinions on the history of Rome. Tacitus had a tendency to change the speeches of Roman leaders to enhance his arguments about the effectiveness of leadership within the Roman Empire. This leads to many questions about the nature of his interpretation of Roman history.
From the Paper
"Modern historians constantly grapple with the dilemma of accuracy and objectivity, or the lack of it, in the antiquated documents that their predecessors painstakingly devised for future examination. While many written documents of antiquity do not survive to reveal their obligatory tales, those that do are often miserably translated or fail to elaborate upon the subjects with which modern historians are concerned. However, these invaluable primary sources are, in some cases, the only evidence available of the events occurring during periods that have been obscured by contemporary affairs. The era of the notorious Roman Empire has fallen prey to this occurrence; the remaining documents of this period are few, and some are simply portions of the original works. Tacitus? work, The Annals of Imperial Rome, is especially intriguing since it is one of a few surviving reports chronicling a group of individuals who rule during the early empire. Herein lies the unavoidable question: because his work is one of a scarce group, against what scale may its exactness be measured?"
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