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The Great Merger Wave, 2005.
A review of the article "Factory Size, Economies of Scale and the Great Merger Wave of 1898-1902" by Patrick Anthony O' Brien.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the article "Factory Size, Economies of Scale, and the Great Merger Wave of 1898-1902" and looks at the author's point of view concerning the economic history of the time. This paper discusses the many factors that contribute to factory size, explaining historical perceptions of factory size. The writer points out that these factors have a direct relationship with economies of scale and structure determining changes due to new technologies available at the time.
From the Paper
"There are many factors that contribute to today's economic global status. Economic evolution did not happen over night and one can look to history to analyze trends and practices as proof. It is unfair of historians to try to pinpoint one deciding moment in history that influences today's business world. One should see today's market as a reflection of past trends and business practices, a build up of many moments of time full of mistakes and successes. It is fair to say that much of where we are today has much to do with what has been learned already but also what has yet to be learned. It is the notion of possibility that makes the present economy rich and multifaceted. It is the ability to think outside what is already known and break down barriers that makes the future of business very exciting. This type of attitude is warranted, as the world becomes a much smaller place in which to live and work."
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The Merger Wave: The History of Branch Banking, 2003.
A look at the history of branch banking in the U.S. and how the banking industry became what it is today.
1,849 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the merger wave in retail and commercial banking, covering the history of banking in the United States and leads into the merger wave of the last twenty years. This paper also discusses the basis for the merger wave, criticism thereof and what may lie ahead.
Contents:
Introduction
History of Banking in the United States
The Merger Wave
The Merger Wave; Reasons and Criticism?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While banking may date back to the early days of man the concept of branch banking in the United States dates back only several hundred years. If you were to look back at the history of banking in the United States you would find a long and winding road that started out with a general consensus against the branching we see today. Fact is like any other centralized structure in the early days of our great nation, a centralized bank was frowned upon. So what happened over time?"
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Waves and Their Properties Analyzed in Light and Sound, 2002.
This paper examines the phenomenon of waves, looking to understand how waves work.
1,874 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper first defines and categorizes waves, looking at the different media that can carry waves, such as liquid with waves in the ocean, solid with sound carried through a wall, or gaseous with light traveling through the atmosphere. The writer then gives the mathematical formulae for defining and understanding the way in which waves are formed and travel through space.
From the Paper
"There are a number of ways to categorize waves. One method is to categorize them according to the direction of the movement of the individual particles of the medium relative to the direction in which the waves travel. Three categories result: longitudinal waves, transverse waves, and surface waves. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves. Sound waves are an example of longitudinal waves. In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves. Transverse waves require a relatively rigid medium in order to transmit energy due to the interaction of the particles that creates the perpendicular movement. As a result, only longitudinal waves flow through gas and the majority of liquids, even waves in the ocean."
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Distributive Justice and the Issue of Corporate Mergers and Takeovers, 2002.
The paper discusses several theories of economic justice and examines the topic of distributive justice in relation to the conflicts that arise within corporate mergers and takeovers.
3,391 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
The writer looks into the consequences of the merger wave and how those consequences will eventually impact the allocation of private and social goods and services to individuals in our communities. The paper defines the terms and analyses the potentially dangerous outcome of the growth of large corporations.
From the Paper
"Several philosophers have gone beyond merely considering the foregoing concepts of justice and principles of distribution, to develop alternative theories of justice in economic distribution in which these concepts and principles " . . . can be assessed and then modified, discarded or defended." Let me now begin a discussion of these economic theories, namely, the views of utilitarianism and libertarianism, as well as John Rawls's ideas about distributive justice. Thereafter, I will examine Rawls's theory of justice more closely and consider the arguments in favor of and in opposition to his primary propositions."
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Mega-Mergers, 2004.
An extensive analysis on the merger and acquisition phenomenon in the financial services industry.
7,864 words (approx. 31.5 pages), 37 sources, MLA, £ 115.95
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Abstract
This study, while focusing on mega-mergers, examines the merger and acquisition phenomenon and proposes an explanation for the same. This research evaluates why stakeholders support mergers when the post mortem data suggest that most mergers are failures. Where applicable, the paper points to other industries that have parallel issues to the financial industry but the financial services industry seems to be ahead in the merger mania.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE - Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypotheses
Purpose of the Study
CHAPTER TWO - Literature Review
Mergers on the Rise
Is There Actually a Problem?
Why We Undertake Mergers
Globalization
Deregulation
Technological Changes
Scale Economies
Mega-Mergers
Bank Mergers and Acquisitions
What Can Make Mergers Fail
What Happens When Mergers Fail
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER THREE - Methodology
Data Gathering Method
Limitations and Validity Issues
Validity of Data
Originality and Limitation of Data
References
From the Paper
"For various reasons, continuous growth is esteemed a desirable goal by company decision-makers. It seems to be very nearly a universal law that biological life begins to end when an organism's period of growth ends; it's all downhill from there. It follows that continuous growth will ensure a firm's eternal life. In other words, no firm can succumb to countervailing forces if it is always growing. Whether this is actually true is debatable; however, it seems true, and this is what makes it an important motivator for management. Growth itself can be undertaken not only for its own sake (the company should always be growing, no matter what) but also to solve certain business problems."
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Merger and Acquisition, 2008.
A discussion on the impact of mergers on organizations and organizational cultures, specifically in the case of the Sears-Kmart merger.
2,496 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This article discusses mergers and acquisitions relative to their impact or effect on organizations and organizational cultures. It describes the need for organizational leaders to devise an effective strategy for mitigating the negative effects that mergers or acquisitions have on one or both organizations prior to the combination, as well as the effect on the resulting single organizational entity. The paper presents the case of the merger between Sears and Kmart and relates its discussions to that merger.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Merger and Acquisition: Combination Cultures in Combined Organizations
Overview
Product Life Cycles and M&A
Organizational Complexities
Sears-Kmart Merger
Conclusion
From the Paper
"With its long history and many mall anchor locations, Sears, prior to the merger, was increasingly suffering from a drop in traffic and had already been experimenting with off-mall locations, such as the Sears Grand concept: "Several hundred premium Kmart stores...will be converted to stand-alone Sears stores. Sears has been interested in locating stores away from its traditional mall sites and moving closer to customers" (Smith, 2004, para.9). Clearly, Sears' leadership, even prior to the merger, recognized that its department store format and business model was, while perhaps not dead, not particularly relevant in a global economy that had changed the way the retail industry transacted business."
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Mergers and Acquisitions, 2008.
This paper discusses value creation through mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry.
5,800 words (approx. 23.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 94.95
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Abstract
This research examines mergers and acquisitions in the United States banking industry involving the formation of mega banks. It uses event study methodology and accounting performance techniques to determine the valuation effects of structural changes that are the result of the merger. When a merger is announced, it often causes abnormal stock price jumps for both the acquirer and target company at or around the date of the announcement. Acquisitions that concentrate on increasing the diversity of the business earned the highest abnormal returns. The writer notes, however, that other types of mergers neither create nor destroy shareholder value. Stock return alone does not paint the entire picture of the value created by the merger. This research study assesses the mergers using accounting performance techniques as well as stock price analysis to understand the likelihood that the value creation is stable, and not simply reactionary on the part of the shareholders.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background of the Study
Rationale
Hypothesis and Research Questions
Importance of This Study
Case Synopsis of the Mergers to be used in this Study
JP Morgan Merger/Chase
JP Morgan Chase and Bank One
Bank of America/Fleet Boston
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Some mergers and acquisitions are strategic and nature. Perhaps the acquiring company may need the production capabilities of the other company. There are some mergers and acquisitions that take place so that supplier relationships can be established. Sometimes a merger or acquisition may take place so that a company can gain access to a new niche market. This was found to be one of the primary reasons for mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry."
"Large scale mergers eliminate competition and secure a greater market share. In some cases, an acquisition may take place so that one company can acquire its competition. Regardless of the primary reason for the merger or acquisition, one can be certain that at least one company will benefit from it. In many cases, there will be a mutual benefit and the combined company will be more profitable Some companies were created to be sold, providing quick cash revenue for their owners, as opposed to the long-term gains that are the typical reason for starting a business."
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Coastal Processes of the Great Lakes, 1993.
A look at the causes and effects of coastal processes of the Great Lakes, including water levels, human influences, erosion, waves, currents, shorelines and storm surges.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 13 sources, £ 37.95
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From the Paper
"Coastal Process of the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a series of giant tubs linked by rivers and smaller lakes (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). The flow starts in Lake Superior (the largest and deepest of the chain) and then passes through the St. Mary's River to Lake Huron and Lake Michigan (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Because these two are joined by the broad Straits of Mackinac, they behave as a single sea (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Their waters are connected to Lake Erie by the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River; the Niagara River connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Eventually, much of the Great Lakes' water egresses to the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence River (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). In recent years, this system of waterways has attained some of the highest water levels recorded this century (Cobb, 1987 ...."
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Merger Activity, 2001.
This paper discusses reasons why firms may find it advantageous to merge and consequences of merger activity.
2,099 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates and explains why firms find it advantageous to merge, and also provides the consequences of merger activity. A definition and types of mergers are discussed along merger motives and there disadvantages. The author provides examples of different companies in different industries throughout the paper to support the arguments.
From the Paper:
"In order to discuss why firms find it beneficial to merge, as well as looking at the potential consequences, it must be understood what the term merger means along with the different types in existence. The term merger is loosely used to indicate any combination of two companies. However a more detailed definition would be that a merger allows the assets and liabilities of the selling company to be transferred to and absorbed by the buying corporation. Mergers are a significant part of corporate strategy."
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Three Waves of Social Movements, 2005.
Discusses the three waves of social movements in the history of the American people, focusing on the third wave of civil rights.
1,571 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the first wave, which began at the end of the Civil War and included many moral reform movements, such as the abolition of alcohol and public restraint. The second wave of protests took place between 1890 and 1920 and attempted to reform the amount of political corruption and the economic power of corporations. The paper then moves to discuss the third wave of protests, which included the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s with the "Brown vs. Board" case in 1954 and continued up until the 1980s and 1990s.
From the Paper
"The Civil Rights movement set the tone and style for what the sixties progeny was to consist of. Not only did the Civil Rights movement challenge the basic American values but it also targeted a distinct enemy in segregation. The timing could not have been more perfect. The post world war two generation was fast to associate the ways of segregation with that of hated Hitler's Germany, and the Civil Rights movement captured the attention and imagination of a public that was fed up with conformity."
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Sprint and Nextel Merger, 2007.
A analysis of the implications of the merger of communications companies, Sprint and Nextel.
2,111 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the merger of the two telecom companies - Sprint and Nextel into Sprint Nextel - a major communication provider. It describes the merged company's aim to offer a wide-ranging array of innovative products of both wireless and wire line services to consumers, business and government customers. The paper also discusses the reasons for the merger and its expected outcomes and describes the financial implications of the merger for the companies involved.
Table of Contents:
Merger Acquisition Of Sprint And Nextel And Current Partnership
The Reason For The Merger And The Expectations They Had And The Outcomes Of The Expectations
Companies Financial Position
Financial Position Before Merger
Financial Position During Merger
Financial Position After Merger Which Is Its Current Position
Appendix
From the Paper
"The merger between the two companies augured well which was reflected in the second quarter of 2006. During that period, the combined revenue earnings were reported to be $10.0 billion which is a rise of 76% on a reported basis compared to the corresponding figures for the previous year. The consolidated adjusted OIBDA of $3.2 billion went up 10% compared to the second quarter of 2005 pro-forma results. During the quarter, the company recorded robust sequential and year-to-year improvements in the adjusted OIBDA margins in wireless and long distance businesses. The year-to-year consolidated free cash flow provided by continuing operations was $1.6 billion. During the quarter the diluted Earnings per Share -- EPS from the existing operations were 10 cents as against 22 cents per share for the second quarter of 2005. (Sprint Nextel Reports Q2) The financial highlights of the merged Sprint Nextel showing Sales, Income, Net Profit Margin, Return on Equity, Debt Equity Ratio & the Revenue earnings are stated in Annexure -'A'.(Sprint Nextel Corporation Highlights)"
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Mergers and Acquisitions, 2002.
Examines how cultural differences affect the success of business mergers.
7,452 words (approx. 29.8 pages), 23 sources, APA, £ 111.95
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Abstract
Many mergers fail to integrate cultural differences successfully in today's global economy. This paper examines what can be done to help them succeed. It shows that one of the most neglected aspects of planning mergers and acquisitions, and one of the leading causes of their failure or success is the performance or neglect of cultural due diligence. The paper shows that Microsoft and Great Plains Software, and Cisco?s merger with Cerent are examples of what to do right when merging two companies. It discusses how successful mergers employ specific and detailed approaches for pre-merger planning, which include methods for communication of vision, changes and purpose, involvement of employees, establishment of strategy, leadership, due diligence and potential process and system conflict.
Paper Outline:
Executive Summary; Introduction; Microsoft Acquires Great Plains Software; About Microsoft; About Great Plains Software; Combined Strategy; Culture Integration; Communication; About AOL and Time Warner; Recommendations; Cisco Corporation Acquires Cerent Communication; The Cisco strategy; Due Diligence ? Pre Merger Phase; Culture Perspective; Communication; Leadership; System Conflicts; Process Conflicts and Staffing Issues; Quality and Continuous Improvement; Recommendations and Observations; Future Acquisitions; Hewlett Packard and Compaq Merger; The Values of the New HP; Due Diligence Phase; Recommendations and Observations; What HP/Compaq could have done differently; Conclusion; References
From the Paper
"Companies who have experienced successful mergers have found that integration of corporate cultures in an M & A environment includes the establishment of the strategic direction of the merged entities, developing a shared vision, careful scrutiny of management styles, communication to employees, suppliers, customers and shareholders, and identifying and resolving important cultural differences early and having a plan to integrate the cultures (Miller, 2002). The communication of the rationale behind the decisions, future goals and objectives, new roles and responsibilities, and managerial expectations through constructive dialogue and feedback, are vital to build trust and ensure credible leadership. In fact, this communication is more important in the period leading up to and following closure of a deal. The more dissimilar the cultures, the greater the cultural shock, particularly if the M & A was not voluntarily chosen."
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Cross-Country Mergers, 2002.
Examines the cultural variables of cross-country mergers, using Gilette as an example of a successful merger.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 23.95
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Abstract
Cross-country mergers occur when a company acquires another company that is based overseas. When this occurs, it becomes necessary for the company that is coming into the foreign country to learn about the local culture and adapt to it in as many ways as possible. If a company ignores local culture, it is courting failure. Gillette is a prime example of a company that has been successful with cross-country mergers and has created international success for itself. By adapting to local cultures and promoting Gillette as a local company in whatever areas it does business, Gillette has followed the principles of international success, and its worldwide brand name recognition and billions of dollars in annual sales are proof that this strategy works.
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Hewlett Packard-Compaq Merger, 2002.
A look at the merging of two companies - Hewlett Packard and Compaq Merger.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the merger of the aforementioned companies. It looks at the history behind the merger and opposition to it. It mentions the corporate staff involved and lists the events leading up to the merger. It deals with the position of stock holders and lists the benefits of the merger. The paper concludes with a look at how the merger has been accepted by the market.
From the Paper
"Hewlett Packard is a Houston based corporation that has a reputation for selling computer accessories, such as printers, calculators, electronic notebooks, computer software, etc? Compaq headquarters is a Dallas based corporation, headquarters in Plano TX, that sells mainly computers. Carly Fiornia, HP?S CEO, decided that in a rapidly changing economy, the company would be more productive by merging together and combining into one big company."
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