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Government Budgets, 2006.
This paper compares the government budgets of Clark County in Nevada, the State of Nevada and the White House's Office of Budget and Management.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that all the budgets of governmental agencies share the goals of significantly cutting costs, reducing their scope of operations through outsourcing and improving flexibility and responsiveness through the empowerment of management. The author points out that technological advances in information technology and information systems, supported by increased user expertise and familiarity with technology, have allowed budget management to break away from its traditional constraints but have forced many governmental agencies to establish management control mechanisms. The paper details each of the budgets from Clark County in Nevada, which is the smallest in terms of revenues and expenditures, to the larger budget of the State of Nevada and to the largest budget, which is the White House's Office of Budget and Management.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nevada's Clark County
State of Nevada
The White House's Office of Budget and Management
From the Paper
"In order to increase revenues, Clark County has instituted their Capital Improvement Program (CIP), a five year plan which is reviewed and updated annually in conjunction with the preparation of the County's operating budget. The CIP's mission is to finance infrastructure improvements, government facility construction, and equipment acquisition. The goals of CIP are to: 1) access capital needs; 2) identify funding sources for those capital projects/programs, which will provide the greatest return on investment in terms of meeting the increasing demand for infrastructure, public facilities and services; 3) establish priorities among projects to increase the utility of County resources; 4) improve financial planning through disclosure of future bond issues and assessment of fiscal impact."
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State Budgeting vs. Federal Budgeting, 2002.
This paper details, compares and contrasts the different processes involved in budgeting on the state level and on the federal level.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.
From the Paper
"The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "
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Budget Execution, 2002.
A look at what it takes to execute a government's budget.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This is a 5-page paper discussing the various elements of budget execution. It states that budget accounting system is an important base for the execution of the government budget agency.
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Flexible Budgets, 1997.
Asseses benefits of flexible over static budgets & describes budget development process.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
The budget process is one way in which companies determine how they are performing in relation to how they expect to perform. Calculating the variances of planned (budgeted) expenses against actual expenses and the variances of planned revenue toward actual revenue can help companies decide whether cutbacks need to be made or whether expansion plans are in order. Individual managers often devote a significant amount of their effort toward the budget process, and managers may well find their own performance (and compensation) tied to how well their projections match how their organization actually performs. Because of the importance of the budget process to an organization, companies must have accurate budgets which provide them with timely and useful information. Two types of budgets, static and flexible, have.."
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Welfare and the U.S. Government, 2005.
This paper discusses issues of welfare support of children by the U.S. government.
4,440 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the controversy surrounding the marked increase in the govern financial support of families with dependent children by such programs as Medicaid, food stamps, housing subsidies and child nutrition programs. The author points out that, although some people are under the impression that it is welfare that causes a major financial difficulty for the government, corporate welfare, such as tax reduction and write-offs, is a large and growing component of the federal budget. The paper recommends that these federal subsidies to corporations be removed or reduced and the funds used to promote programs to support and protect children.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Analysis
Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"No single policy of the government like no faults divorce or increased employment of women lead to this. The market economy now views individuals as producers and this makes occupational roles are more important than family roles. Some of the results of this can be seen directly in the father who sits in the office for extra time rather than taking his child to the softball game. This father is concentrating on the pay raise that will come the next time. This is what makes young people say that they can't afford to marry. Certainly their lifestyle will be worse than the common lifestyle of 1950 if they got married, but it is only that the young individual feels that he or she needs more."
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Budgets and Motivation, 2007.
This paper explores whether budgets motivate staff that work within an organization.
3,320 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that a budget is an essential part of the functioning of an organization. The paper further discusses how today, the better management is able to keep its employees motivated and satisfied, the better it is able to retain its valuable workforce, thereby saving large amounts of money that it would otherwise have to expend on the recruitment and hiring process. The paper shows how an aware and alert management would be able to assess and analyze the needs of its employees and conceive of appropriate motivational plans and ideas. These ideas need not be implemented at great cost to the company; they may come well within the budget.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Budgets and Employee Motivation
Role of Management in budgeting to motivate its employees
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A budget may be understood as a 'road map to profit', without which the company may have to face losses. A budget would allocate money, and it can be defined as a very realistic projection of what the employer expects to receive, in return for what he is ready to spend. In general, a budget can be formed from averages; an employer must be able to budget for a reasonable period of time, and therefore, be able to control costs, and perhaps increase revenues. (The Profit puzzle: Finance, Budget) The basic meaning and function of a budget that would motivate an employee is that it must meet the various priorities of the organization, while at the same time exercising spending restraint. (Meeting the priorities of the nation while achieving spending restraint)."
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Deficits and Balanced Budgets, 2006.
A question and answer formatted essay about the U.S. economy.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper provides brief synopses of the most important issues for the U.S. economy. Written in a question and answer format, the paper answers ten questions about deficits and balanced budgets. The questions are:
(1) Why is a balanced budget, and possibly a balanced budget amendment necessary...Or is it?
(2) What is macroeconomics, and does it really affect the average citizen?
(3) Why did we have budget deficits for so long?
(4) Is there a way to cut spending and still cut taxes, and keep the surplus as well as getting the budget balanced?
(5) Is there such a thing as a really "fair" taxation system?
(6) If it is sort of unethical to borrow money and not repay it, how can the government do it?
(7) What would you do if you were asked to create a fair and equitable budget strategy, what would you advise?
(8) You say there have been budget shortfalls for years, and now in the last couple of years, all of a sudden, there is a surplus. So, why am I and my family not feeling the benefits of this surplus?
(9) I keep reading about this new European currency called the "euro" and the problems in Japan and how it might affect the trade balance and the stability of the dollar. Is this anything I should be worried about? Or is it just another game for economists to quibble about?
(10) You had to consult a number of books and articles from so-called experts for this assessment of our balanced budget needs. Have you really learned anything?
From the Paper
"Americans are basically naive about economics. Politicians and Economists duel about surpluses, deficits, the fate of Social Security, interest rates, international trade, and so on. We see headlines that scream that 400,000 new jobs cause fears of interest rate increases, The next day, the headlines about the slowing of new jobs seem to indicate the same (or other) "fears". After more than a generation of budget deficits, now we have surpluses, and the arguments rage about what to do with them. The fact is, a very small, privileged few (Alan Greenspan, head of the "Fed" is one) know what is going on and why, and, furthermore, what to do about it."
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Local Government Financing, 2005.
An examination of the financial context in which Canadian municipalities function.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the sources of revenue for local governments as well as the expenditures. It also analyzes the annual budget of expenditures and revenues for a municipality in Ontario. The expenditure and revenue budget of the Region of York is compared with the figures for all Canadian municipalities in general and any significant differences are examined.
From the Paper
"This paper examines the financial context in which Canadian municipalities function. It looks at the sources of revenue for the local governments as well as the expenditures. It also analyzes the annual budget of expenditures and revenues for a municipality in Ontario during 2003. The municipality chosen is the Region of York. The expenditure and revenue budget of the Region of York is compared with the figures for all Canadian municipalities in general and any significant differences are examined. Provincial governments in Canada determine the structure and responsibilities of the local governments. The provinces even have powers to create or dissolve municipalities. "
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The Battle of the Budget, 2004.
This paper discusses the conflicting budgeting powers of the US government and of the President.
1,156 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at important court cases pertaining to the budget. The paper explores the role of the government in the budget, congressional spending and efforts to control and regulate federal spending. The paper shows how the separation of power between the executive and legislative branches is important to ensure that the "checks and balances" set up for the United States government remain effective.
From the Paper
"Congress has been given the power to control the federal budget. "Budgeting" has been imparted to this, the legislative branch, yet, the president and his executive branch (in charge of leading and executing law) have been known to try and "share" this power. However, both the constitution and the courts-operated by the judicial branch- see the necessity for a "separation of power," between these two branches, and thus, the court rules consistently in favor of the separation of the two branch's tasks. There is no "sharing of budgetary powers," rather it is a constant battle-the executive branch attempts to gain budgeting power from the legislative branch, and the judicial tries feverishly to maintain the separation of power."
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Standardized Testing and School Budgets, 2002.
An analysis of the relationship between standardized testing in public schools and special education programs.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the place of standardized testing in public schools with respect to special education programs. It raises questions about using these tests to "track" students into remedial or special ed classes, and about what the tests actually measure. It concludes by stating that standardized tests are only one set of data about students and schools, and that individual student assessment by teacher observations is the best way to determine of a student would benefit from special education.
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Uses of the Budget Surplus, 2000.
This paper looks at four possible uses of the American budget surplus (of 2000). The four possibilities are retiring debt, increase government spending, increase government transfer payments, or cut taxes.
2,927 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 19 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper was written for an Economics 102: Intermediate Macro class. It looks at four possible uses of the budget surplus that our country first saw in 2000. The four possibilities are retiring debt, increase government spending, increase government transfer payments, or cut taxes. Each possibility is looked at with great detail.
The paper looks at the pros and cons of each possibility. A number of government and independent organizations are cited including the Congressional Budget Office, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Committee on Citizens for a Tax Cut. In the paper I conclude that the best course of action would be to split the surplus between retiring debt and increasing government transfer payments. This paper covers all aspects of the budget surplus and possible uses.
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Health Care Budgeting, 2005.
This paper discusses the impact of government laws and regulations on budgeting by health care facilities.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that health care budgeting is one of the most difficult tasks that companies face because it must be modified regularly to reflect frequent and complex changes in government policies and Medicare and Medicaid rate changes. The author points out that the most dramatic affect that Medicare and Medicaid has on health care facilities is the ever changing reimbursement rates, which fluctuate every quarter and are not known to the company in advance so trying to budget for an intangible balance can be an uphill battle. The paper concludes that, until the federal and state governments are able to properly and effectively balance their own financial budgets, all health care companies must regularly take steps to be as prepared as possible for the changes that affect their company budgets.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Budgeting Process
Government Laws
Affects On Budgeting
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The budget for the health care industry can be greatly affected by government laws that can change frequently. These changes can have a negative as well as a positive affect on health care. The government is focused on balancing the budget, as well as, keeping the social and financial interests of the people in mind. As the Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid programs start to lose money the government must concern itself with how to keep the programs running. Lowering payments for health care is one option the government uses to stop the loss of money to fund the program. This action can affect the health care company's budget by giving the organization less money to work with then they originally budgeted. Another way to increase the programs is to increase taxes the company has to pay in order to raise the needed funds to keep the programs afloat. This can also increase the budget for organization and force companies to use previously allocated funds into the tax budget."
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Budget Deficits, 2006.
An introduction to budget deficits, what they are and their pervasive nature.
2,857 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that even since biblical times budget deficits have been a part of government financial policy and that once begun,they become a pervasive and destructive force on society. The paper also looks at how the current U.S. budget deficit began, explains just why budget deficits are problematic, examines the consequences of budget deficits and discusses what can be done to help address the problem. The paper also asserts that budget deficits can be controlled, if not eliminated, if society learns to live within the government's means.
Outline
Introduction to Budget Deficits
The Beginnings of Our Current Crisis
The Problems of Budget Deficits
Consequence of Budget Deficits
Distorting the Budget Decision-Making Process
Statutory Measures Just Won't Suffice
Social Security and Budget Deficits
Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs
Conclusions about Budget Deficits
From the Paper
"The idea of government deficit spending has been with humankind since the earlier times of the history of civilizations as recorded in the Old Testament of the Holy Bible. The first recorded political leader to generate budget deficits, although they weren't so labeled, was King Solomon. As recorded in the books of the Chronicles and Kings, Solomon issued promissory commitments of various kinds to the King of Tyre, the Queen of Egypt, and the King of Lebanon to assemble the materials necessary to build the Temple."
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The Budget Deficit, 2006.
This paper argues that the budget deficit does not actually have a significant economic meaning, at least when taken by itself.
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the budget deficit, defined as the amount the government borrows in order to fulfill the budgetary allocations in the federal budget, is at an all-time high, which is not that concerning because most often expenditures exceed revenues and the bridging of the gap between the two requires government borrowing from foreign or private entities. The author points out that, if the deficit increases 2.5% in one year, but GDP also increases by this same amount, the deficit as a portion of the federal budget has remained the same. The paper concludes that the examples show that the vast majority of current federal budget programs demonstrates that increased operating deficits do not necessarily mean poorer performance; in fact, the percentage of debt as a portion of GDP is a much better predictor of effectiveness in the federal budget mechanism.
From the Paper
"With these criteria in mind, we will turn attention to the current federal budget, which has been in deficit status since 2002, and seems destined to remain so for the next several years. The FY2006 proposed budget includes a $390 billion deficit, not including potential expenditures in Iraq and Afghanistan or any social security reform measures undertaken-a seemingly huge discrepancy between government revenue and spending. President Bush has vowed to reduce deficit spending by half in the next five years-and appears to be holding true to that promise, as the 2006 deficit is smaller than the $427 billion deficit in the FY2005 budget."
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