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Mikhail Gorbachev, 2008.
A look at the rule of Mikhail Gorbachev and the changes he made to the
international system in the 1980s.
4,072 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the era of the Cold War and in particular, the role played by Mikhail Gorbachev in influencing the course of historical events in the 1980s. The thesis is argued that Gorbachev initiated the processes that brought about the end of the Cold War not so much in response to international conditions so much as to the domestic situation in the Soviet Union - both economic and political. It also argues that he realized that immediate steps to reform were required if the Soviet Union were to meet the challenges of a new era.
Outline:
Introduction
The Soviet Union Before Gorbachev
The Domestic Climate of the USSR
Gorbachev's "New Thinking" and the End of the Cold War
Riding the Dragon of Reform
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While it is undeniable that Mikhail Gorbachev is the single most important Soviet figure during the 1980s, and arguably the personality most responsible for the end of the Cold War, his rise to power in the Soviet system represents a fascinating problem for students of Soviet history. Indeed, several years after Gorbachev had come to power George Kennan - the U.S. diplomat who had played a key role in the development of the "containment strategy" in the 1940s - was asked in a television interview how so unconventional a figure could have risen to the top of the Soviet system that had - during the long Brezhnev era - being characterized as moribund and extremely conservative. Kennan's response is illuminating: "I really cannot explain it." "
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Gorbachev, 1997.
An examination of U.S. - Soviet relations under Mikael Gorbachev, and the ending of the Cold War, including the reduction of nuclear weapons.
3,050 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to broker peace with the U.S. and it discusses his desire to see if not the complete destruction of nuclear weapons then at least a reduction in them, and a closer relationship with the U.S. that enabled a closer working partnership. Of importance, according to the author, are Gorbachev's summits held with Reagan in Reykjavik, Iceland, Moscow and in Washington D.C. The author discusses Gorbachev?s incredible popularity in the west. The paper also briefly touches on the theory that a hard line U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union was the factor in bringing about a change in the Soviet?s attitude.
From the Paper
"This theory that the U.S. forced the Soviets into reforms is a plausible, and convincing argument. However, it does not answer why that this policy had never worked before. Certainly after WW11 the Soviet Union was in a much weaker position to the U.S. both economically and militarily. The Truman administration took a hard line against the Soviets, yet they had not wavered, even though the U.S. at that time was the only nation with nuclear weapons. This theory also fails to take into account the role played by Gorbachev, nor give him the credit he deserves."
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Gorbachev and Soviet Nationalism, 1991.
This paper discusses the evolution of Soviet President Gorbachev's policy with respect to the nationalities issue from1988-91.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, £ 68.95
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From the Paper
"This study will contrast the policy of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev with respect to the nationalities issue in the Soviet Union as presented in his book "Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World" and the policy that has emerged as Gorbachev responded to turbulent events in the Soviet republics since October, 1990. The study will discuss the changes that have occurred in Gorbachev's thought and actions as a result of these events.
The first observation which even a casual reader must make with respect to Gorbachev's treatment of the nationalities issue in Perestroika is that there is so little of that coverage. It might be said that Gorbachev refers obliquely to the problems of the republics and their nationalities issues when he writes with some sense of threat in his tone on the "observance of law ... "
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Gorbachev's Perestroika, 1992.
A look at Gorbachev's Perestroika as of 1990 including shortages, disenchantment and Yeltsin's move to oust him.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
"Five years after Mr. Gorbachev came to power, the Soviet economy is visibly and catastrophically failing, and Soviets are running out of patience.. Shortages, always widespread, have reached the most basic of all goods--bread. In early September of 1990, a month after Muscovites had got used to standing in line for three hours for cigarettes, bakeries came mysteriously to a halt and bread production fell by a third. Even now in large grocery stores, fewer than a dozen pitiful goods are on sale. According to a state committee that monitors the availability of 1,000 products, 996 of them cannot regularly be bought in ordinary shops..
Shortages have long been a feature of all communist economies, but they are growing worse in the Soviet Union, and living standards are falling. In the Soviet Union ownership of..."
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Gorbachev's Economics, 1989.
Discusses economic initiatives, goals, possible success or failure, background of socialist approach, reform in Marxist, Leninist & Stalinist contexts.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 21 sources, £ 62.95
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From the Paper
" In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Central Committee, and Chairman of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Council of Defense. He was, at that time, already a member of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet. In the somewhat more than four years that he has been the nation's leader, he has introduced far reaching social, political, and economic initiatives. The economic initiatives are the focus of this research study.
In examining the contemporary economic developments in the Soviet Union, several factors must be considered. First, economic initiatives of Gorbachev are not unprecedented in socialist states generally, nor in the Soviet Union in (...)"
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Gorbachev and Yeltsin, 1993.
A comparison of leadership styles and the aims of the two reformist Soviet leaders.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, £ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Leadership - in the former Soviet Union and the current independent Republic of Russia - is a term that has only recently taken on a comparative meaning. Prior to the helmsmanship of Nikita Khrushchev (1953-64), the country was led by the institution of the Czarist empire (died 1917), then by the cults of personality centered around Vladimir Lenin (1917-1924) and Josef Stalin (1926-1953).. In the former case, imperial leadership was exercised primarily via bureaucratic momentum (or non-momentum, as World War I disastrously proved). Since that era, after the brief establishing rule of Lenin was succeeded by the long dictatorship of Stalin, leadership in the Soviet Union was reduced to the level of personal fiat. Policy dialogue with other national leaders, let alone political debate, was most definitely not a consideration. From Khrushchev through the..."
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The NEP and Perestroika: An Economic Analysis, 2005.
A comparison of the economic policies of Vladimir Lenin and Mikhail Gorbachev.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, £ 95.95
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Abstract
This postgraduate paper examines the NEP and perestroika. The paper discusses how Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy and Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika were similar in terms of their short term political and economic goals, for Lenin and Gorbachev both felt compelled to face economic realities. Both men were confronted by an enormous range of economic challenges, for Lenin not only had to rebuild an economy shattered by years of war and revolution he was intent upon replacing Russia's capitalist economic system with a communist economic system.
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Changes in the Russian Federation, 2005.
This paper analyzes the development of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, and primarily Vladimir Putin.
1,783 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper examines whether Russia, which had made significant progress towards democracy under Gorbachev, is slowly being led back to an authoritarian-like rule by Putin or whether Putin is hamstrung by his predecessor, Yeltsin. The author believes that Gorbachev made exemplary strides in taking Russia on the path of democracy. His successors' policies, however, caused Russia to take serious steps backwards in this process. The paper is especially critical of Yeltsin and Putin, citing their backgrounds and personalities as leading to the current backward trends in Russian attempts at democracy.
From the Paper
"Over the past century, the Russian Federation has undergone numerous changes in government. From a Tsarist regime in the early 1900s to a totalitarian state under brutal dictator Joseph Stalin, to its present, semi-democracy under ex-KGB leader Vladimir Putin, it's a wonder that Russia has been able to sustain its position as a world power for all these years. In the past decade, Russia had been making an effort to rid themselves of their totalitarian (and communist) past, by moving the government towards democracy, thanks to progressive leaders such as Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. However, in recent years, Putin has strayed from the democratic path. By taking such measures as jailing his main Presidential opposition, and with the Duma, Russia's parliament, practically controlled by his party, Putin has given himself more power than his predecessors ever had. This, combined with what many call an "anti-democratic culture", has outsiders questioning whether Russia is again veering off course. The main question is whether it's solely Putin's fault for the present state of the Russian government, or if his predecessors left him with little room to maneuver."
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Glasnost and Democratization, 2004.
An analysis of Mikhail Gorbachev's Glasnost and democratization under Boris Yeltsin.
2,518 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
The end of the Cold War found Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin seeking solutions for problems that needed to be solved. Their attempts to reform the socialist state are reviewed in this paper, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Gorbachev's Glasnost
Yeltsin and Democratization
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In many ways, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power during a period in Soviet history where things had been going downhill for some time, and the Old Guard was dying off; however, the primary catalyst for reform during Gorbachev period of glasnost, or "openness," was one of economics. For example, in their book, Glasnost, Perestroika and the Socialist Community, Bukowski and Walsh (1990) report that, "The impetus for reform in the Soviet Union came from a number of directions, but the factor of fundamental importance was the economic one. Gorbachev's economic reforms are meant to revitalize a stagnant Soviet economy that has been growing at only about 2 percent annually for a decade. The reasons for the slowdown are partly internal and structural, and partly external." "
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The Growth of Perestroika, 2002.
The rise of Perestroika and an examination of the main figure behind its spread - Mikail Gorbachev.
2,175 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
In this paper Ithe writer puts forward the reasons that account for the growth in Perestroika, such as the economic decline and social despair suffered by the populations of Russia and the countries of Communist Eastern Europe. It also looks at the man who was responsible for the introduction of Perestroika, Mikail Gorbachev and why he wanted to introduce Perestroika.
From the Paper
"The Soviet Union and its satellite countries were on a continual downward spiral from the late 50?s and 60?s. Ruled from Moscow, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was suffering a very poor economy and social conditions such as housing, welfare and food supply. Leonid Brezhnev, who became Secretary General of the Soviet Communist Party in 1964, reinforced the strict regime of communism. All private ownership in Russia was ended, a mass programme of industrialisation was started and the Soviet military strength was significantly enhanced."
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The Collapse of the Soviet Union, 2008.
An analysis of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Union and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to stem the collapse.
2,141 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the main causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union, focusing on the role of the United States in its collapse. The paper looks at the final phase of collapse in the 1980s when Leonid Brezhnev died and the other factors that impacted the collapse at that time. The paper also discusses the efforts of Gorbachev to try to stem the collapse of the Soviet Union and how his efforts failed.
From the Paper
"Gorbachev realized that perestroika was bold and risky and that only time would determine its ultimate success or failure. Like Lenin, Gorbachev believed that, "sometimes you have to retreat, and then advance." But he ran out of time, in part because the new openness in the Soviet press under glasnost revealed to the Soviet people for the first time that conditions across the entire Soviet Union were shockingly bad.
"Ever since the days of Lenin, the average Soviet citizen knew that economic conditions were bad in their own village, city, or region, but the communist-controlled media prevented them from knowing that conditions were just as bad everywhere else if not even worse. Glasnost confirmed this harsh reality beyond any doubt, and created a political environment across the Soviet Union in which people were not going to tolerate communism much longer."
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Breakup of the Soviet Union, 1993.
A look at the history, ideology, leadership, politics, economics, Gorbachev's reforms, republic's sovereignty and the failure of communism.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 16 sources, £ 62.95
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From the Paper
"The Breakup of the Soviet Union
This paper will discuss the dissolution of the Soviet Union, focusing particularly upon the nature of the communist government and the effects of Mikhail Gorbachev's economic, political, and social reforms in the 1980s.
The Soviet Union was established in 1917 as a result of revolutionary developments in Russia dating back to the 19th Century. At the beginning of the 20th Century, Russia was essentially a feudal society, lagging economically and politically behind the countries of western Europe. A few individuals had been inspired by the American and French revolutions in the 18th Century to attempt to change the autocratic government of the Tsar, but had little support within Russia (Gooding, 1992, 38-39). The movement towards a more..."
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End of Cold War & Superpower Relations, 1996.
Historical context, causes & effects, reformist policies of Soviet ruler Gorbachev, military issues, failure of communist economy.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper explains what is meant by the end of the Cold War and how and why it ended. The end of the Cold War encompasses a combination of events, the most important of which was the cessation of the confrontation and competition of the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and their allies, including nuclear disarmament, the withdrawal of Soviet military powerfrom Central Europe, the toppling of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, the breakup of the Soviet empire and the collapse of the Soviet communist government and economic system. Many internal and external factors contributed to this result, but the most important were the internal centrifugal forces unleashed by the policies of the last Soviet ruler, Mikhail Gorbachev."
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History and Perestroika, 2004.
An exploration of the importance of interpretations of history during President Gorbachev's Perestroika in the U.S.S.R..
2,646 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in the Soviet Union, interpretations of history were used to promote the various political agendas of the day by successive Soviet governments. It looks at how various historical figures were condemned or rehabilitated in line with the changing political climate and how history was also manipulated to help create a stronger sense of shared national identity in the Soviet Union and to promote patriotism. It shows how in this way there developed a tradition of imposing historical interpretations from above and how during Perestroika the government continued this policy of manipulating history to its own ends although there were a number of important developments. It also examines how the expansion of Glasnost in the Soviet Union led to open questioning of official interpretations of the past and increased calls for new investigations of the key events in the history of the Soviet Union.
From the Paper
"?The Week of Conscience? was an event organised by Memorial and members of Moscow?s intelligentsia in November 1988. During this week people came to pay tribute to the victims of Stalin?s terror in an act of remembrance. The event also served to attempt to fill in ?gaps? in the history of the Soviet people by sharing information about the Gulag camps and victims of Stalin?s persecution whose fate is not officially known. This event marked the emergence of an unofficial ?public? history which attempted to fill in the ?gaps? in official accounts of the era. The huge success of the event shows the importance for the Soviet people of finding the historical truth."
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