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Being a Good Consumer of Psychological Research, 2008.
This paper looks at the article "New Autism Study Shows Effective Treatment" by Adrienne Murphy published in the Irish Times.
816 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer critiques an article published in the Irish Times on March 20, 2007. The title of the piece is 'New Autism Study Shows Effective Treatment' and it confidently asserts that applied behavior analysis can help autistic children overcome their condition. This refers specifically to children who receive ABA out-strip in behavior and, in cognitive performance, those who receive "eclectic" treatment.
The writer concludes that the article falls short of what it could be because it is uncritical, short on methodological specifics, and exhibits a general lack of concern about the notion that the individuals cited in its body may be individuals who have a vested interest in seeing ABA given more credit than it warrants. The article itself is appended to the paper.
From the Paper
"To begin with, there are some positives to the manner in which the aforementioned study is described in the article. For one thing, the article is lucidly-written, so novice readers will not find the text inaccessible or confusing. Further, the writer or writers of the report wisely eschew technical terms, thereby allowing the reader to focus his or her attention upon the important thing in the piece, which is that ABA intervention really does work. Finally, the article does a commendable job of capturing at length the sentiments of two scholars - study author and noted professor Bob Remington of the University of Southampton and Dr Geraldine Leader, chairwoman of the Psychological Society of Ireland's division of Behaviour Analysis - who staunchly support the idea that ABA intervention is the approach to take when dealing with autistic children. Unfortunately, this is where the good things to be said about the article draw to a close."
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Consumer Psychology and Marketing Performance, 2005.
This paper is an extensive research paper on the effect of consumer psychology on marketing performance using a case study of Altuwairqi Group of Companies in Saudi Arabia.
45,360 words (approx. 181.4 pages), 49 sources, APA, £ 178.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, although relationship marketing is now popular, many of the relationships businesses have with their customers are actually rather troubled and complex, even though the businesses often do not realize this; it is important to understand why this is the case so that consumer psychology and consumer behavior make more sense. The author points out that little information about the Altuwairqi Group of Companies is available in any kind of verifiable form; however, this does not mean that a study cannot be done, only that this issue must be recognized as a limitation of the study. The paper indicates that there is a positive relationship between listening to what the consumers want and the success of the company.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Validity and Uniqueness of the Data
Significance of the Study
Researcher Biases
Summary
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Research Design and Rationale
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Summary
Analysis of the Data
Summary, Recommendations, and Conclusion
Summary of the Findings
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Research suggests that many consumers develop coping strategies that they utilize to deal with some of the problems that the marketplace brings on for them, but these strategies do not always work that well for everyone. These various strategies are important, however, as they are designed to minimize, eliminate, or otherwise find a way to control many of the quality of life issues that these consumers feel are caused by the marketplace in general. These consumers then develop rules of purchasing and consumption that help to get them through the day and keep them from focusing on the problems that they have which are related to businesses."
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Consumer Psychology, 2001.
A detailed description of the psychological aspects of consumer behavior.
4,195 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 9 sources, £ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed analysis of the dynamics underlying consumer behavior. The author provides an in depth explanation about what consumer psychology involves, emphasizing perspectives on how advertising works , consumer-based response measures and present state of knowledge about measures of advertising effectiveness.
From the Paper
"Consumer psychology is the study of the dynamics underlying consumer behavior specifically concentrating on the use of psychological concepts and methods to explain, predict and influence behavior (Assael, 1992). Consumer psychology perspectives on how advertising works therefore puts much weight on the psychological dimensions of individuals as consumers and how advertising effects them. In other words, consumer psychology attacks the subject of advertising from a psychological point of view. The behavior outcome of advertising (the consumption of produce or a service) is therefore a complex interplay of many aspects. This is because humans are complex individuals and the process involves many levels of psychological functioning on behalf of the individual."
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Consumer Goods and Foreign Society, 2005.
This paper discusses what role taxation and imitation of foreign goods played in the development of a consumer society.
2,351 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the why the 'consumer revolution' occurred in the eighteenth century. It looks at what exactly a consumer society was and then how it occurred. The writer focuses on how the factors of taxation and the imitation of foreign goods affected both the British economy and society.
From the Paper
"Neil Mckendrick made reference to a consumer revolution in 'The Birth of a consumer Society' first published in 1986. He noted that there had been a consumer revolution in the late seventieth and early eighteenth century which accompanied the industrial revolution, with new and increasingly more diverse commodities becoming available to a broader spectrum of society, with more men and women than ever before enjoying the experience of acquiring consumer goods. This consumer revolution gave birth to a consumer society in Britain in which privileged possessions of the rich now became legitimate aspirations of a large part of society. In the third quarter of the 17th century the consumer boom reached revolutionary proportions in which an unprecedented amount of people were able to indulge in getting and spending coupled with never before seen levels of prosperity and production. The desire to consume was by no means an eighteenth century phenomenon, with it roots running back many centuries, it was the ability to do so that was."
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Psychology and the Psychological Study of Human Aggression, 2000.
A look at various psychological studies and opinion on human aggression.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, £ 38.95
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From the Paper
"Psychology is a science dealing with behavior and mental processes. It concerns the hows and whys of individual human behavior. Psychological research employs the scientific method, which utilizes the techniques and procedures of naturalistic observation and experimentation to deal with facts, data, and their interpretation according to certain principles. In a given study, the dependent variable under study is considered to be a function of the 'independent variables. Typically, one independent variable is manipulated - the experi-mental variable, while the other independent variables are controlled. Statistical methods are then employed to anal, the research data to ascertain if the findings support or refute the experimental hypothesis......."
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Community Psychology And Traditional Psychology, 2002.
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 9 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology. Community as grounded in roots of ecological psychology & the social sciences. Traditional as based upon principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism & humanistic psychotherapies. Uses actor Robert Downey, Jr. and his chronic substance abuse problems to illustrate how both schools of psychology would analyze his difficulties.
From the Paper
"Community psychology is a specialization within a larger realm encompassing psychology and the social sciences that is grounded in the roots of ecological psychology (What is community psychology..., 2000). Traditional psychology, on the other hand, is based upon fundamental principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychotherapies (Garfield & Bergin, 1986). The two approaches differ in terms of views, values, and focus. The purpose of this report is to examine the differences between these two schools of psychology with reference to a specific individual seeking help for a life problem. The individual selected is the well-known actor, Robert Downey, Jr., whose substance abuse problems have been tracked in the popular press over the course of the last several years."
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Consumer Behavior, 2002.
This research examines consumer behavior and demand and considers the ways in which companies can use consumer behavior theory to increase demand and quantity demanded goods and services.
3,854 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how companies need to understand consumer behavior in order to determine the best way to shift demand in favor of their products. When companies are able to ascertain why consumers purchase particular goods and services, they can tailor their marketing efforts to address the needs of consumers. It explains how this increases sales, and improves the profit performance of the organization. It also discusses how consumer behavior can also help companies increase demand by helping consumers accept new uses for existing goods and services. It examines the close relationship between consumer behavior, demand, and marketing.
From the Paper
"According to some analysts, American consumers are spending a higher percentage of their incomes than most other industrial nations, and even higher percentages than they have in the past. In 1998, consumer income increased by five percent, but consumer spending increased six percent. Consumer saving was approximately one-half of one percent of income (Walden, 1999, p. 46).
At the same time, consumers are taking on additional debt, also for purchases. American consumers spend an average of 18 percent of income on non-home loans, a record level of indebtedness (Walden, 1999, p. 46). This causes some economists to be concerned about the possible ramifications of a downturn in the economy. The concern is that consumers lacking sufficient savings to withstand a downturn will slow or even halt spending, and some consumers may be forced into bankruptcy in this situation because they lack appropriate financial resources."
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Consumer Laws in the United Kingdom, 2002.
This paper uses a case study to examine United Kingdom Consumer Laws and Consumer criminal laws. The laws are meant to protect consumers against defective and unsafe products and services.
16,682 words (approx. 66.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 178.95
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Abstract
United Kingdom Consumer Laws and Consumer criminal Laws are meant to protect consumers against defective and unsafe products and services. They can be invoked if a consumer feels he was taken for a ride and given product or service, which did not meet his needs or was faulty in any sense. We need to understand that certain conditions apply when these laws are made use of to bring charges against a trader. For example, the nature of product or service doesn't count at all but the length of use; special seller instructions, representation of a product etc. play a dominant role in determining the exact nature of breach of contract between the seller and the consumer.
Proposal-Introduction
Executive Summary
-------Rights and Liabilities-Used car
-------Rights and Liabilities-Seat cover
-------Rights and Liabilities- Cell batteries
-------Rights and Liabilities-Re-roofing
-------Rights and liabilities-Dogs
Conclusions/Recommendations
From the Paper
"Eleanor and Nicos needed to purchase a second-hand car and visited Solid Cars for this purpose. There they found a Range Rover, which was being offered for ?2,000. The salesman informed them the original engine of the Rover had been replaced with a reconditioned engine. After initial discussions with the salesman, they agreed to purchase the vehicle through their debit card. The salesman however told them few things, which later proved to be incorrect and caused them several problems during test-drive."
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Consumer Behavior, 2001.
An analytical essay from a psychological approach about the decision- making process in consumer behavior.
3,445 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 8 sources, £ 69.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the consumer decision making process with reference to psychological factors (consumer?s needs, values, motives and perceptions). The author describes high and low involvement decision making, emphasizing their role in consumer behavior. The author goes further and provides marketing strategies and examples to illustrate the influence of high and low involvement decision-making.
From the Paper
? Consumer decision making consists of numerous interrelated decisions that are made on a daily basis, and thus requires a certain level of involvement, theorized as either high involvement or low involvement (Walters & Bergiel, 1989). This essay discusses their role in consumer behavior, referring to factors, consequences and strategies. Decision making is a psychological process that involves evaluating alternatives and then choosing a particular one. An important material of decision making is information, which must be procured, sensed and conveyed to those who need it (Cooper, 1964). Many decisions are concerned with choices about preferences, which can be made using a variety of strategies (Weiten, 1995). An additive strategy is the list of attributes that influence decision, rated according to desirability. For example, buying a small car because of its lower cost and better mileage, even though a larger car is safer, thus one compensates safety ratings. Another strategy called elimination-by ?aspects, involves eliminating less attractive choices. Thus one would eliminate all cars that cost more than $50 00 and continue to reject choices that don?t satisfy minimum criterion on selected attributes, until a single alternative remains (Weiten, 1995). These psychological strategies will be elaborated on at a later point in the essay."
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Consumer Behavior in Taiwan, China, and the U.S., 2004.
A cross-cultural analysis of consumer behavior in China, Taiwan,
and the United States.
4,315 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 81.95
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Abstract
Consumer behavior is influenced by many factors: cultural heritage, perceived value of goods or services, economics, and interpersonal issues. In the current global economy, it is inevitable that East and West meet in the arena of consumer goods and services. Because of the size of their populations, the United States and the two Chinas, the People's Republic and Taiwan, could easily emerge as major markets for each other?s goods and services. For any company to be successful in a cross-cultural marketing effort, however, it is essential to pay attention not only to similarities, but to differences, and then to market accordingly. In order to develop a few marketing precepts for creating goods, perhaps with variations in the goods themselves or in the marketing material, this paper looks, in depth, at the cultures of all three nations. The paper then examines what various researchers, experts, and government/trade officials have been saying about markets in the China and Taiwan.
From the Paper
"In China, where incomes have been rising, it is necessary to price items so they are affordable to enough people to become popular; in Taiwan, there would be less price sensitivity and, in fact, the Taiwanese are used to paying heftily for many necessities, such as living space, and would be far less price sensitive than the Chinese. In fact, because they have had a growing market economy for some time, they are very likely susceptible to the same upscale, higher-priced marketing concepts as Americans."
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Consumer Behavior, 2006.
An analysis of the importance of consumer behavior.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the study of consumer behavior helps organizations improve marketing strategies by understanding how certain issues such as buyer psychology and behavior affect purchasing decisions. By understanding the consumer, organizations will be able to make more informed decisions as to which strategy to employ and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. This paper defines consumer behavior and provides an example of a consumer purchase demonstrating how each of the 4 Ps (product, price, promotion, and place) of marketing impacted the purchase.
Outline:
Abstract
Definition
The 4 P's of Marketing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One definition of consumer behavior is "The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society" (Hawkins, 2004). Another definition according to the American Marketing Association is that consumer behavior is "the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behavior, and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives." More generally, consumer behavior is the psychology behind marketing and the behavior of consumers in the marketing environment (American Marketing Association, 2006)."
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The Consumer Revolution, 2005.
This paper discusses the causes of the development of the eighteenth century consumer revolution in England, the first industrialized country.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the phenomenon of material consumption is an integral aspect of contemporary society, but the 'consumer revolution' occurred in Britain in the eighteenth century resulting in the emergence of a whole new class of consumers through the rise in family incomes and hence an increase in their personal disposable incomes. The author points out that the availability of new goods, through (1) the development of the British Empire and increase in colonial power and (2) expansion and change of British based manufacturers, clearly fuelled the surge in consumer spending on new exotic goods and fashion. The paper states that the English society was a perfect breeding ground for this change and is the most significant contribution to the 'consumer revolution'; the desire to consume--the demand--was always there and industrialization 'supplied' the goods.
From the Paper
"Economic development was the key to understanding why material objects were no longer limited to the few, but were brought within the reach of an increasing number of people. Also key to this understanding and to what our topic is concerned, was the vast metamorphosis in style, variety and availability of exotic, new and traditional goods. Even necessities witnessed a transformation in their production giving more choice to the ever discerning consumer. It is of course true that the availability and changing demand of these so-called 'new' goods contributed heavily to the emergence of this material culture, but what we must also stress that the desire to consume was always there. It was the ability to do so that was that was new."
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Psychological Interrogation & False Confessions: A Literature Review, 2001.
A review of literature on psychological interrogation methods, false confessions and their implications.
4,738 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 28 sources, APA, £ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that while the use of psychological interrogation methods is currently permissible by the courts in Canada, Great Britain and the U.S.A., many researchers argue that psychological interrogation is, in essence, no different than blatant coercion. Confession Law has slowly evolved over time alongside the evolution of interrogation methods. The paper discusses how prior to the 18th Century, English Common Law accepted confessions without any restrictions, which allowed confessions extracted through torture to be accepted as viable representations of objective truth. Today, the bottom line on the admissibility of confessions is that they are "typically excluded if elicited by physical violence, by a threat of harm or punishment, by a promise of leniency or immunity from prosecution, or by failure to notify a suspect of his or her constitutional rights to counsel and silence" (Kassin & McNall, 1991). The paper shows that despite these seemingly stringent laws regarding the admissibility of confessions, psychological interrogation methods are adept at circumventing the law, and continue to employ methods that run the risk of eliciting false confessions. This paper reviews the literature on Psychological Interrogation methods, false confessions and the implications of both.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychological Interrogation Tactics
Inside the Interrogation Room
Custodial Legal Advice & The Right to Silence
Psychological Interrogation Functioning as Coercion
Police Interrogations and Confessions
Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication
False Confessions
Occurrence of False Confessions
Creation of False Confessions
An Empirical Study On Recall
Discourse Study
Interrogative Suggestibility & Delinquent Boys
Psychological Characteristics of False Confessors
Consequences of False Confessions
From the Paper
"Interrogation, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act of "questioning; formally and systematically." Interrogations within criminal justice systems are used to gather information relevant to investigations, and more importantly, to elicit confessions from suspects. Methods of interrogation have changed drastically throughout history, but the ultimate goal of obtaining confessions has held constant. While the whips and chains of the past have now exited the western world's interrogation rooms, many scholars argue that today's suspects are still subjected to psychological tortures. Psychological Interrogation is the most recent approach used by law enforcement officials to extract information from suspects."
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The Consumer Movement, 2002.
This paper discusses the consumer movement, which represented the effort to protect consumers' interests in the face of big business.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, £ 57.95
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Abstract
Promoting consumer protection, the movement has always favored cooperative and other reformist efforts, since it sought to make big business accountable to the consumer. In light of the triumph of market forces, and the failure of Ralph Nader to achieve broad popular support, it is clear that the consumer movement has not succeeded in achieving consumer sovereignty.
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