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Gender and Criminal Theory, 2007.
This paper explores gender-based theories of criminal behavior.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the origins, strengths and weaknesses of gender-based theories of criminal behavior and whether they are consensus-based or conflict-based. The paper discusses how gender-based theories of crime are often neglected in investigation into crime theory. The paper explains that such dismissals are erroneous, not only because they ignore the role women play in crime but because they dismiss discussion over why males are so proportionally involved in crime.
Outline:
Introduction
The Birth of Gender-Based Crime Theories
Contemporary Gender-Based Crime Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses of Gender-Based Theories of Criminal Behaviour
Gender-based Theories of Crime as Conflict or Consensus-Based Approaches
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The lack of theoretical investigation into gender-based schemas of crime has been noted by contemporary criminologists. This is strange, given that gender is clearly a notable factor in criminal and delinquent behaviour: only 7 percent of prison inmates and 11 percent of jail inmates are female, and women comprise only 14% of sworn officers in large police departments (Flavin, 2003, p. 225). So why is gender and its relationship to crime so often overlooked in academic circles? Past inattention to the issue has been somewhat redressed in recent times based on a growing number of gender-based theories of criminal behaviour. The sum of these theories generally relate to the "invisibility" of women in a patriarchal society defined by paternalism, sexism and traditional notions of chivalry. Gender theories of criminal behaviour generally revolve around two schools of thought: that of criticizing traditional male approaches to crime study and of developing "gender-sensitive interpretations of deviance and a consideration of the nature of female criminality" (Williams & McShane, 2004, p. 254)."
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Gender Theory, 2007.
This paper is a literature review of the development of gender theory.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of gender theory by reflecting on the underlying nature of cultural thinking that both assures and enforces secondary status for women. The author points out that the two major and opposing modern theories employed to explain the reasons for the universal devaluation of women are based either on biological determinism or on social and cultural factors. The paper relates that one of the roles that women perform is to act as the converting agency between nature and culture by the socialization of children. The paper includes some long quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Gendering the Sexes
Nature and Culture
Sex is to Gender as Nature is to Culture
From the Paper
"The culture/nature association is in itself a product of culture, as are all contemporary thoughts and ideas, with women being delegated to an inferior role within society due to her apparent dependency on the male, which is brought about through her ability to procreate. Born within their perspective cultures, the majority of women reflect their surrounding environment, and normally accept its given values and customs - although there is some debate as to the reasons for this. De Beauvoir, quite rightly, points out "that in her heart of hearts she finds confirmation of the masculine pretensions" while accepting her "misfortune"."
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Gender and Technology Theory, 2008.
An essay arguing that modern technology is not contributing towards closing the gender gap between men and women and that it is the social constructs that encourage gender specific technology that must be changed.
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, rather than being gender neutral, modern technology is actually quite gender specific. The paper then sites several examples of technology that support this contention and suggests that the technology also seems to imply that women are less competent or less able to operate technology as well as men and need adapted technology. The paper concludes that technology has not 'liberated' women in that technology remains a gendered subject and that, if we want to advance the prospects of women, we must first create cultural change, as technological advances do not automatically promote gender inequality .
From the Paper
"The creation of gendered technology has continued at a strong pace, no longer a domain of household gadgets or curling irons but a realm that includes reproductive technologies serving women, as technology supporting child-bearing women. Women are unwittingly helping a new technology sector from which males profit in the growing numbers to have children later in life, to engage in sex selection, or to demand children through relatively to very high risk cases. This technological enterprise can perhaps be seen as post-industrial child-bearing as a new industry carrying on from the industrial era. In sum, technology has not 'liberated' women in that technology remains a gendered subject. Those who expected something different are advised to trace the much longer history of gender as a socially constructed phenomenon. Cultural change must be created to alter ideas of gender, as opposed to hoping that technological advances will progress the prospects of women."
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Identity, Gender and Academic Theory, 2005.
A review of a number of articles discussing identity, gender and academic issues.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly summarizes articles by Stuart Hall, Michael Foucault, Judith Butler and Lisa Duggan. The paper responds to set questions pertaining to identity, gender, the body in relation to the human being and gaps between academic theory, culture and social reality. The paper discusses the articles broadly towards critical responses.
From the Paper
"Responses to Readings in Relation to Questions I Stuart Hall. "Cultural Identity and Diaspora", in J.E. Braziel and A. Mannur. (ed) Theorizing Diaspora. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), 233-246. Stuart Hall notes the rise of a Caribbean cinema that he sees as indicative of various 'Third Cinemas', addressing post-colonial subjects, in contrast with Western depictions of the Afro-Caribbean or Asian of Caribbean origin. He notes which identities have come to be enunciated, as opposed to projected upon non-Western groups to observe them, and writes in terms of identity, and also, in terms of identity as a production, or an unfinished project that is continually debated, in our day. (p. 234)"
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Race and Gender in Feminist Theory, 2002.
A review of the article by Ann Russo concerning feminism and race.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This essay provides a detailed analysis of an article in feminist theory: Ann Russo. 1991. We Cannot Live without Our Lives, in Chandra T. Mohanty et al. (eds) Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. This essay critically evaluates the arguments raised by Russo concerning feminism and race, and the conflicted/conflicting role of white feminists in developing a feminist theory.
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Questioning Gender Theories, 2005.
An examination of the validity of gender theories versus sexual theories.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the most important theories posed by gender identity scholars is that the distinction of two sexes, male and female as well as the distinction of two genders, man and woman, is questionable. It points out that the existence of hermaphrodites and other bodies of indeterminate gender calls into question the bifurcation of gender, as well as the division of 'sex' into male and female categories. The writer also discusses how gender roles tend to be solidified fairly stringently in our culture along lines of male and female alone.
From the Paper
"Sex is a biological given. Some animal species have one sex, some have two, and some have more than two. This is interesting to scientists perhaps, in terms of its physical construction. However, gender is what culture 'does' with these distinctions of physiology. Gender is how culture interprets the apparent biological differences between particular human bodies of different sexual anatomy. What does it mean, for instance, that a certain body may be capable of giving birth later in life, and another body may not? It is here, in the distinctions between bodies observed and imposed by our culture, where sociologists and theorists of gender identity find their theoretical interests aroused, poised for deconstructive action."
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Social Theory and Gender, 2002.
An analysis of feminist social theory's impact on sociology in terms of the validity of issues of sex, gender and oppression, using Mary Wollstonecraft's 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman' as a reference.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 0 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines how both blacks and women have experienced exclusion and discounting of their sociological positions based solely on either their color or gender, regardless of the 'rationality' of their arguments in the past. This paper discusses how feminist sociologists are insisting that what has been labeled their "radical feminist" approaches to the development and application of social theory be given the same weight as that of men in the field and the experiences and culture of half the world's population be considered in the study of the whole.
From the Paper
"In January 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft completed A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, the first major work of feminist theory. She was one of many 18thcentury feminists who were responding to the wave of social revolution sweeping Europe and America, hoping to assure that women would be considered entitled to the same natural rights as men. Male theorists who developed and enforced the natural rights doctrine did not accept the feminist position. Their world view of the Enlightenment was predicated upon the assumption that the rational world is superior to, and must control, the nonrational world; men rational and therefore the lords of creation and had the right to impose their "reason" on all without it: women, nonhuman creatures and the earth itself. The view of women as excluded from legal personhood was legalized by Blackstone in his common law stating that the 'very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband". This meant, that as non-persons, married women had no property rights, no control over inheritance, no control over custody and no right to bring civil suit."
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Cross-Cultural Gender and Gender Relations in Horticultural Societies, 2002.
This paper examines the gender roles in horticultural societies.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper shows the difference that agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation made in gender relationships.
From the Paper
"The first evidence of agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation that archaeologists and anthropologists have distinguished come from groups termed Horticulturists. Though the past record remains relatively scant in regards, anthropologists have used existing ones as a locus of study and interpretation. More numerous than surviving hunter-gatherer groups, horticultural societies also show an incredible range of gender diversity between groups, more numerous, in fact, than any other extent societal model. The quantity of studies that has come as a result of this are astounding. Those done in the area of New Guinea alone, home to at least two hundred different horticultural societies, provide ample evidence to add weight to the debate of nurture over nature, by sheer examples of the differences in living and understanding gender roles in such a relatively small and homogenous environmental area. "
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Gendered Technologies and Gendered Jobs, 2002.
A comparison between women studying and working with computer technology and the sciences in North America and women studying science and technology in Asia.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 60.95
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Abstract
Explores how the gendered development of technology in a research setting impacts the gendered use of technology in the industrial or commercial setting, as well as the cultural barriers to women's advancement in the high-tech economy.
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Gender Issues and Third Gender Problems, 2002.
A look at how transsexuals fit into society.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper discusses gender from anthropological perspective and finds out how transsexuals are treated in different societies of the world. While males and female may fight each other over who is stronger, they are the fortunate ones for they belong to two accepted genders but for transsexuals adjusting to the norms of restrictive societies may not be easy as they are not considered a part of the social fabric in many cultures of the world.
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Criminology and Gender, 2007.
This paper examines gender-based theories of crime.
989 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper examines gender-based evaluations of crime. The paper explains the difference between conflict theories and consensus theories and shows how John Hagan's power-control theory of gender and delinquency seems to be primarily a conflict, anti-feminist theory. The paper argues that gender-based theories are a most welcome innovation in the field of criminology, rectifying a profound insensitivity to the fact that women exist and allowing policies that actively combat sexist biases and stereotypes. The paper relates that many feminist theories of crime must be conflict theories, due to the fact that feminism itself is arguably built upon a conflict theory view of the world.
From the Paper
"In the broadest sense, sociological and criminological theories tend to fall into two very different camps: conflict theories and consensus theories. Criminological conflict theories emphasise the political nature of crime, and view society as being based on conflict, as opposed to consensus. Conflict theories posit the existence of two or more groups in conflict, such as two different classes, or many different groups vying to achieve their own ends. An appearance of consensus is created by using laws to enforce consensus, by for example enforcing the law. On the other hand, consensus theory focuses on the stability of society, and sees the maintenance of this stability as a central endeavour - in which most people participate willingly, while some have to be coerced by law enforcers."
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Serial Killers and Gender, 2007.
An analysis of the gender theories behind what drives serial killers.
1,288 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses serial killers, specifically the roles of gender in determining serial killers. It looks at some of the theories of what drives serial killers and suggests that many of the theories are based on male case studies that often do not hold true for female serial killers. It also presents a study in the form of a survey to illustrates its hypothesis.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Participants
Method
From the Paper
"The idea that all serial killers are driven by sexual fantasies has been challenged by some theorists, who suggest that these murders are less defined by sex -- even when it plays a functional role in their execution -- and more driven by some other psychological aspect, such as the desire for power or status. (It is somewhat ironic that theorists have traditionally argued that rape is always about power, rather than sex, but that serial murder is always about sex) According to Buss, serial killers may actually be motivated by status. Serial killers, in this idea, are seeking revenge on the world for denying them the status they feel they have earned, while mass murderers are attempting to gain or maintain status by killing those who threaten it. This might be applied both to sadistic sexual murders and to what might be called "feminine" murders of intimate associates."
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Feminist Standpoint Theory, 2002.
This research examines the feminist standpoint theory as a sociological method.
2,358 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by explaining why the feminist standpoint theory appears to have much in common with the social-science methodology of Michel Foucault. The research sets forth the context in which feminist standpoint theory emerged, and then discusses how Patricia Hills Collins extends the theory to include race and gender factors of analysis and critique.
From the Paper
"Feminist standpoint theory does not have recourse to Foucault's "structure" terminology, but the location of its beginning point is oppositional to dominant cultural ideology. Feminist standpoint theory, beginning, as the term implies, from the perspective or standpoint of women's relationship to dominant culture, considers the decisive social relationship to be power; and further, does not see women as a group in the position of social power, but rather distinct or different from that position. This implies that the position of social power will be the object of scrutiny from the perspective not of power but of its relative distance from power. Standpoint theory is at least as concerned with social and psychological norms, customs, practices, and attitudes as with physical strength, as far as power's primary indicators and legitimators are concerned. In Foucault's formulation, the power referent has to do not (or not merely) with the power relationships between criminal law and criminals, or even with the encounter between privileged and oppressed classes, but with the whole of ordinary social experience. Power, he says, "produces effects . . . at the level of knowledge" (1980:59). These effects represent factors of feminist analysis."
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