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The Gay Gene, 2005.
An attempt to remove the prevalent misconception about the existence of a "gay gene".
2,304 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper tries to explore the existence of "gay gene". Among several evidences, Hamer et al studies suggest that some genes at Xq28 region of X chromosome may influence the sexual behavior. The result of the study was wrongly presented by the media, which ultimately led to the development of a misconception among people at large, that homosexual behavior was governed by "gay gene". By presenting the facts in a lucid manner the paper tries to break the myth about the existence of "gay gene".
From the Paper
"The study was much publicized by the media2 and a layman, not familiar with scientific terms, soon developed a misconception that a gay inherits his homosexual behavior. In this context, Dr. Jeffery Stainover (2002) says, "It is important to note that serious research on the biology, innateness, or genetic determinants of homosexuality has only just recently begun. Exactly opposite to what the public is being led to believe, the research that has been done so far suggests that genetic factors account for, at most, but a small proportion of the risk." (Chapter "The Biology of Homosexuality: Science or Politics")3. Infact, LeVay stressed that his findings did not prove that homosexuality is genetic."
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The Legalization of Gay Marriage in the United States The Legalization of Gay Marriage in the United States, 2006.
A discussion regarding the controversial issue of same sex marriage in the USA.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the long debated issue of gay marriage in the United States. This paper reports how proponents of the issue contend that same sex marriage is not about gay rights but about human rights. It further discusses how these individuals believe that gays in modern society have long been subjected to inequalities and a lack of support from the social order. The opponents of the gay marriage issue refer to a stereotypical framework for gays in general that suggests that gays are evil and dangerous to children.
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Gene Research, 2002.
Scientific description of gene action & gene products.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
Scientific description of gene action & gene products. Describes research studies & methods. Bacterial clones. Phenotypes of genes; post embryonic phenotypes. Types & functions of genes. Genes responsbible for axonal guidance in the developing brain. Experiments & various techniques used by researchers. How genes mediate their effects on an organism.
From the Paper
"Fraser et al (2000) used RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) to target approximately 90 percent of the predicted genes on C. elegans chromosome 1 by feeding these worms with a bacterium that expresses double-stranded RNA. RNAi transiently inhibits the activity of a gene by introducing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with a sequence specific to the target gene. Feeding these bacteria to the worms makes it possible to produce a library of dsRNA-expressing bacteria that can then be used for high-throughput genome-wide RNAi screens at very low cost. The only drawback to this technique is that RNAi does not efficiently inhibit all genes, so the method will miss some relevant genes.
Using such a library of bacteria which express dsRNA responding to genes on chromosome 1, this group were able to..."
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Being Gay and Elderly in Toronto, 2008.
A discussion of the difficulties faced by the elderly gay population of Toronto.
2,223 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how being elderly and gay in Toronto is not a positive experience. The paper explains that the experience is much the same for elderly gays in all cities and that elderly gay men are cut off from younger gay men and also from society. The paper points out that gays and lesbians in Canada have their own gay village right in the downtown area of Toronto and that this area is also known as the gay ghetto. The paper then looks at how the experience of elderly gay people is even worse than the discrimination that results from homophobia and it all has to do with ageism, which puts elderly gay men into yet another ghetto. In conclusion, the paper shows that elderly gay men are also faced with the issues of homophobia and ageism and the process of growing old in Toronto does not seem to have any advantages.
Outline:
The Gay Ghetto
Older Gays, Ageism, and Social Isolation
Other Problems of Elderly Gay Men
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Gays are mainly found in two areas of Toronto. The first is the Gay Village; the center of that village is Church and Wellesley Streets. The Gay Village is a symbol of exclusion or how gays and lesbians are separate from general Toronto society. Homophobia still exists very strongly, and gays and lesbians are still struggling for equality with the rest of society. In the village, gays and lesbians found "an urban neighborhood that is populated by, and reasonably tolerates, a large number of queers" (Editorial 1). They accomplished something remarkable with the rundown urban neighborhood when they rented apartments that other people rejected and opened businesses where no one else would consider doing so."
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Legalizing Gay Marriage, 2006.
A paper examining the issue of gay marriages and whether they should be legalized because not doing so would deny homosexuals their basic civil rights.
3,184 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper is a study for understanding whether there is a need to legalize gay marriages. The paper is divided into three sections arguing three thesis statements. The first thesis statement argues that marriage is a civil right of every individual, as it is essential for the emotional well-being of individuals and denying it to the gay community is discriminatory. Hence, the study begins with a discussion of the argument that denying the civil rights of marriage is discriminatory. The second thesis statement asserts that gays are denied the rights which are associated with marriage and that denying these rights is a violation of their civil rights and therefore a need exists to legalize gay marriages. By way of this thesis statement, the paper offers an understanding as to the rights which are associated with marriage but which are denied to gay couples and discusses whether there is a need to legalize gay marriages taking this perspective into consideration. The third thesis statement argues that legalizing gay marriage is necessary for the security and well-being of the children that gay couples are caring for. Herein, the paper attempts to analyze whether children of gay couples would entail the security required if gay marriages are legalized. Thus, on the basis of the above three thesis statements, the paper tries to formulate an understanding of whether denying marriage to homosexual couples leads to denial of civil rights to the gay community and whether there is a need to legalize gay marriages.
Table of Contents
Introduction
First Thesis Statement
Second Thesis Statement
Third Thesis Statement
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Whether the US community is prepared to permit people to marry without the consideration of gender is gaining our notice daily. Religion and civil marriage are two clearly different entities. Certainly this is completely fitting. Certainly, the state must not have the right to order for whom religious organization might carry out marriage services --- akin to the fact that religions institutions must not set terms regarding who might get a license for civil marriage from the state. Latest census data show that the number of faithful same-sex couples in the US has been mounting, as also the number of same-sex couple's upbringing children. Accordingly recognition in the eyes of law is crucial to safeguarding the emotional and financial health of these families. Besides, legal approval should be on a same footing with that of heterosexual marriage ---'separate but equal' is by no means equal."
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Gay Movement, 1999.
An overview of laws affecting gays, the personal as political, the origins of discrimination, the role of the church, gay and lesbian political movement, increased gay visibility and sexual harassment.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The modern movement to gain civil and political rights for sexual minority persons has been operating at some level throughout this century. However, there was no significant progress culturally and legally until the 1970s.
From the Paper
"The Modern Gay and Lesbian Political Movement
Introduction
The modern movement to gain civil and political rights for sexual minority persons has been operating at some level throughout this century. However, there was no significant progress culturally and legally until the 1970s. At that point, the gay/lesbian movement built upon the surging African-American civil rights movement and feminist rights movement and began to gain success.
The sexual minority political movement, as it has developed in the United States during the last thirty years, has helped articulate a new politics. This movement rejected the sharp distinction between the public and private realms and has largely maintained that politics is deeply personal. The intention in ..."
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Gene Therapy, 2002.
This paper explores gene therapy, a set of approaches to the treatment of human disease based on transfer of genetic material (DNA) into an individual or the introduction of genetic material into cells for therapeutic purposes.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
As gene therapy has moved from the laboratory into the clinic, several issues have emerged as central to the development of this technology: gene identification, gene expression and gene delivery. The author of this paper points out that gene therapy is a method for the treatment or prevention of disease that utilizes genes to provide the patient's cells with the genetic information necessary to produce specific therapeutic proteins needed to correct or combat disease. The paper also introduces genomics research, which seeks to map the human genome, or total DNA content of the human cell.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background and Direction
Potential
Other Gene Therapy Directions
From the Paper
"Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid ("DNA") present in each cell in the body, which provide the information cells use to produce protein. Protein production begins in the nucleus of the cell when the gene is copied or "transcribed", resulting in the creation of a form of ribonucleic acid ("RNA") known as "messenger RNA." Specific DNA sequences called "promoters" control the extent of copying (transcription) of genes. Messenger RNA then moves from the nucleus of the cell into the cell's cytoplasm, where it is "translated" by the cell into protein. The process of transcription and translation that results in protein production by the cell is called "gene expression". The absence or defective structure of specific genes may change the composition or pattern of proteins expressed by the cell, causing certain inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy as well as acquired diseases such as cancer."
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Supporting Gay Marriage, 2007.
This paper presents an argument in support of gay marriage.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in today's modern world, the issue of gay marriage has spawned a huge debate centering on whether or not gay couples should be legally allowed to become married. Those who oppose gay marriage contend that such an arrangement if made legal would destroy American society by changing the traditional family unit of a mother, father and children; others point out that gay marriage is not supported by the Christian religion. The writer discusses that in contrast, those who support gay marriage contend that such an arrangement between either two men or two women is factually not that different from traditional marriages and that all of the arguments against gay marriage are based on misinformation, rumor and outright lies by numerous national organizations seeking to make certain that gay marriage is never made legal nor recognized as a legitimate way of living. The writer concludes that it is quite clear that if gay marriage was legalized in the United States, our current social systems would not collapse nor become non-existent.
From the Paper
"Not surprisingly, gay couples in today's America see this opposition to gay marriage as nothing less than an issue of civil rights. As outlined in the Bill of Rights, every American citizen is entitled to the same civil and legal protections regardless of race, national origin, religious beliefs and sexual gender. Thus, it is abundantly clear that gay marriage should be legal in the United States in the face of so much opposition which is mostly based on religious beliefs and unfounded cultural fears and phobias. For example, if the science of genetics does eventually determine beyond a shadow of a doubt that being gay is inborn, i.e. genetically predetermined, then what the Holy Bible says about homosexuality is hypocritical."
"In conclusion, it is quite clear that if gay marriage was legalized in the United States, our current social systems would not collapse nor become non-existent."
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Gay Parenting, 2005.
This paper, using a creative format, debates gay parenting.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper uses research reports of varying quality to explore the arguments for and against gay parenting, which is a frequent subject in the U.S. courts. The author points out the positive arguments for gay parenting are: (1) Gay parents have superior parenting skills compared to heterosexual couples, (2) children of gay parents have healthier traits and qualities compared to children raised by heterosexual couples, and (3) gay couples have just as much right to care for children as any heterosexual couples do. The paper relates that the arguments against gay parenting are: (1) Children raised by gay couples will have sexual identity problems later on in life, (2) they are confined in an unstable household, and (3) they are at risk to being exposed to a dangerous diseases, such as AIDS.
From the Paper
"Driving back from a family dinner at Ryan's, Amy recalls meeting Ryan's two homosexual Uncles and their recently adopted son. It had not been the first time Amy had ever met a homosexual, and she explained how she felt gay couples should not be allowed to care for children. Ryan on the other hand, disagrees with his girlfriend, because he believes that gay couples should be allowed to care for children. As they drive down the highway, the discussion grows into a debate, with both discussing their points of view in a friendly dispute."
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Gene Therapy Reflection, 2001.
A reflection on the Book, "Gene Futures" by Thomas Lee as it pertains to gene therapy.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 0 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes Thomas Lee's description of the four different types of gene therapy as a springboard to discussing some of the ethics and social implications of the different gene therapy techniques. The different types of therapies discussed in this paper are somatic therapy, germ line therapy, enhancement therapy and eugenics.
From the Paper
"Using genes to treat and correct illness is a very exciting and potentially perilous new application of genetics. It would not be surprising in the next five years to see Medical Genetics Departments in every hospital. In Gene Futures, Thomas Lee outlines the four categories of therapy that are possible."
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The Gay Rights Movement, 2002.
Explores milestones in the history of the gay rights movement in America.
1,139 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
The end of World War II brought about a great change in the gay community. For the first time, groups of homosexuals lived together in the same communities. This new visibility also brought about new prejudices and gay bars became a constant target for police raids. This paper discusses the history of the gay rights movement, beginning with the initial call for a gay movement by Harry Hay in 1948. The paper looks at the effect of Hay's Mattachine Society on the McCarthy era and the political power it wields. Other issues discussed include the society's "One" magazine, President Eisenhower's ban on homosexuals as government workers, Allen Ginsburg's poem "Howl" and the history of the lesbian movement. The paper looks at the Stonewall Riots of 1969 which resulted in a new form of activism with the creation of 'gay liberation' groups. Finally, the paper looks at the effect of AIDS/HIV on the gay community.
From the Paper
"In 1958 the first lesbian organization was developed by Barbara Gittings. This was a "homophile" organization much like the Mattachine Society. This group, known as the Daughters of Bilitis argued that homosexuals were oppressed minorities, not people who were sick or deranged. During the 1950's this organization was infiltrated by both the FBI and the CIA. Initially, fear of exposure kept the enrollment low, but when they began to produce their magazine, The Ladder, many began to recognize the organization and the work it was doing. (Out of the Past, Pg 3)"
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Comparative Evolution of the Globulin Genes, 2007.
An analysis of the evolution of the globulin genes, focusing on the gamma globulin.
1,933 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This study provides relevant background on the various globulin genes in general and the gamma globulin gene in particular. The paper aims to determine how this family of globulin genes has changed over time in various organisms, as well as describe where the globulin genes can be found and their functions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Globulin Gene Evolution
Evolution of Globulin Genes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since the pioneering work of Cohn and others, researchers have since shown that globulins represent an important source of protein in seed plants and they are found in relatively small amounts in various cereals; in addition, globulins are also found in animal fluids are enzymes, antibodies, and fibrous and contractile proteins typically contained in the blood plasma (Haurowitz, 2006). As noted above, to date, three types of globulin have been identified--alpha, beta, and gamma; alpha and beta globulins are transport proteins, serve as substrates upon which other substances are formed, and perform other diverse functions. In addition, the gamma globulins play a vital role in natural and acquired immunity to infection (Haurowitz, 2006)."
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Gay Rights, 2004.
Presents arguments in favor of gay rights.
22,549 words (approx. 90.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes that a Constitutional amendment to protect gay rights is necessary in order to protect the diversity of the country. The paper argues that those who oppose gay rights are prejudiced and that their arguments against gay rights can be invalidated. The paper discusses why gay rights are important, why the arguments opposed to gay rights are wrong, and why people should care about gay rights.
From the Paper
"America is a boldly hypocritical nation. We are 'the land of the free' but actively prevent people from living lives free from discrimination, from persecution, and from the kind of hatred that drove people out of Europe. The Declaration of Independence, the legal and spiritual foundation upon which this nation is built, indicates that all men are created equal with certain inalienable rights. Those rights are being infringed upon by the same people that claim to protect them. It appears that gays must revolt to carve those rights out of the nation. African-Americans have been freed from slavery, women have been granted suffrage, racial discrimination laws have been passed, and the fight for gender equality in the workplace has begun. As each new triumph occurs other challenges present themselves."
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Equity for Gay Students, 2008.
This paper discusses equity in education, and social justice as it relates to gay students.
2,248 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that a commitment to equity in education means a commitment to social justice, which has been an important slogan of the Ontario Ministry of Education for more than 10 years. While one is accustomed to such references applied to the advancement of women or visible minorities, the same general ideal is to apply to persons who are gays or lesbians during their experiences of education. The writer notes that this may be difficult for various schools and educators to assimilate with regard to students who are not heterosexual or espouse support for gay and lesbian fellow students, and notably in Roman Catholic settings that have not been influenced pervasively by contemporary Roman Catholic views on homosexuality, at large. However, the writer maintains that more Ontario Ministry statements on equity and social justice can be expected to refer to matters of gender and sexual orientation in the next years, part of a general social adjustment meant to fully include gay or lesbian persons. The writer concludes that with regard to Roman Catholic education in Ontario one recognizes the need to see equity as social justice realized in more schools' approaches to the gay student.
Outline:
Introduction
Promoting Gay-Accepting School Cultures
Cultural and Pedagogical Lag
Equity, Social Justice and the Gay-Lesbian Student
Skeletons in the Closet
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"The presence of a few gay or lesbian students should be accepted by those who work in Roman Catholic high schools, at the very least, and with teachers and guidance counselors prepared to counsel occasional students to report questions concerning homosexuality including those to state that they realize they are gay. A pastoral message of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops addressed the needs of the parents of gay or lesbian children in a manner demonstrating the hierarchy's acceptance of this phenomenon and the first reactions adults may have to the news that a child is not heterosexual. The general approach is one instructing adults to accept the person who is different, seeing that the person feels supported and does not succumb to depression, alienation or the dangers of these results, directing counseling so that the person does not feel rejected. The general suggestion is that homosexuality is not condemned as much as its lifestyle that may indeed take form if a child is ostracized. In the last years, the Roman Catholic Church has supported research into homosexuality as a human condition and in awareness of gay and lesbian persons who may become vagrant, addicted to drugs or an uncaring promiscuity, if they are rejected by their families and friends."
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