| Papers [1-14] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 8] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 —> | Search results on "GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY": |
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Gas Chromatography, 2000.
A definition, general principles, apparatus used, sampling, types and conductivity detectors.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"Gas chromatography is a method for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of volatile organic and inorganic compounds (1:666). Most compounds with boiling points less than 250oC (480oF) can be analyzed using this technique. This paper will describe the apparatus used for gas chromatography, the principles on which it works, how a thermal conductivity detector works in gas chromatography, and whether or not it can be used with a sample of potassium t-butoxide.
General Principles of Gas Chromatography
There are two types of gas chromatography: gas-liquid chromatography, where the sorbent is a nonvolatile liquid called the stationary liquid phase, coated as a thin layer on an inert, granular solid support; and gas-solid chromatography, where the sorbent is a granular solid of large surface area (1:666). The..."
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Chromatography, 2004.
An overview of chromatography and outline of its history.
803 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at chromatography, an analytical technique based on the principle of selective adsorption that is used for the chemical separation of mixtures and substances. It examines how it is an important field of chemistry, which deals with the separation of pure substances from complex mixtures, and is widely used in the analysis of foods, drugs, blood, petroleum products, and radioactive-fission products. It also examines how variants of ?column? chromatography have been developed since its discovery in 1906, including partition, liquid, paper, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography.
From the Paper
"Chromatography was discovered in 1906 by the Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett who first coined the term (derived from the Latin for ?color writing?). The technique used by Tswett for separating the pigments (chlorophyll) of plants consisted of pouring petroleum-ether extract of green leaves over a column of powdered calcium carbonate in a vertical glass tube. As the solution seeped through the column the individual components of the mixture moved downward at different rates of speed, and the column became marked with horizontal bands of colors. Tswett did not enjoy a happy relationship with fellow scientists of his time, as they derided his results, and his technique, with Tswett responding in kind. As a result, it wasn?t until the 1930s that his methods were accepted as a breakthrough in chromatography."
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An Explanation of the Principles and Uses of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, 2001.
A look at the many advantages of this technique, and in what applications it can be used.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 3 sources, £ 49.95
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From the Paper
"Although the properties of supercritical fluids were know, it was not until 1958 when Lovelock suggested that a supercritical fluid can be used as a mobile phase in chromatography. Now, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is widely used in extraction, fraction, and chromatography. SFC has many advantages over other chromatography methods. It allows one to separate many substances that cannot be analyzed by gas chromatography. Its applicability is limited by volatility and thermal properties of many organic compounds. Although less volatile compounds can be analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, very long analysis time and very small column diameters are needed in order to achieve good separations due to the limitations of solute diffusion in the mobile phase. SFC is able to overcome these difficulties and allows high-resolution separation at low temperatures with short analysis times."
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Sweetening Natural Gas, 2004.
Describes the most chemical process most commonly used for sweetening natural gas.
7,305 words (approx. 29.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, £ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by illustrating the process most commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. The paper then goes on to describe an alternative method used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and describes the benefits of this method, as well as some of the problems associated with it. Additionally, the paper points out that the water content of natural gas is an important engineering consideration concerning the sweetening process and presents an overview of the properties of pure acid gases and water and hydrogen sulfide. The paper then goes on to outline and explain additional processes and engineering considerations concerning the removal of hydrogen sulfide and includes some cost estimates and comparisons of the processes.
Properties of H2S and CO2
Vapor / Liquid Properties of Pure Compounds
Vapor / Liquid Phase Behavior
Acid Gas Compression and Dehydration
Metallurgy
Acid Gas Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection Facilities
Cost Comparisons with Small Scale Sulfur Recovery Options
Operating Costs
From the Paper
"Sour natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has to be removed to meet specifications for sales gas. Sour natural gas also contains carbon dioxide (CO2). The removal of CO2 and H2S, usually called acid gases, from sour natural gas is generally accomplished by means of a regenerative solvent. There are several amine solvents used for this purpose. Upon regeneration of the solvent, the acid gases are liberated, and are usually sent to a modified Claus plant, where the H2S is converted to elemental sulfur (Canjar & Manning 1967). The acid gas stream to the modified Claus plant consists of H2S, CO2, water vapor and minor amounts of hydrocarbon gas."
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Industry Scan: Oil and Gas in Australia, 2005.
An environmental scanning report which examines the Australian oil and gas extraction industry.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
The oil and gas extraction industry in Australia is comprised of firms that are primarily engaged in producing crude oil, natural gas or condensate and in treating these products on site to produce liquefied or purified forms of oil and gas. The paper presents an industry and environmental scan of oil and gas extraction in Australia. It includes graphs and tables.
Paper Outline:
Products of the Industry
Market Structure
Market Size and Sales
International Environment
Regulatory Environment
Demographics
Industry Problems
Industry Trends and Forecasts
Porter's 5 Forces Model Analysis
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to Richard A. Kerr, many economists foresee another half-century of cheap oil; however, a growing contingent of geologists warns that oil will begin to run out much sooner--perhaps in only 10 years or so. The optimists are characterized as mainly those who place their faith in new technology for finding and extracting oil and expect that production will meet rise in demand until about 50 years from now, a period deemed sufficient to identify and develop effective energy alternatives; however, the pessimists suggest that even taking into account the best efforts of the explorationists and the discovery of new fields in frontier areas such as the Caspian Sea sometime between 2010 and 2020, the production oil from wells around the world will peak at 80 million barrels per day, then begin a steady, inevitable decline (Kerr, 1998)."
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Gas Prices, 2005.
This paper discusses the rising gas prices and its effect on the economy.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the strangest issues about gas prices is that, even though they are rising rapidly, the variance of how much gasoline costs per gallon on any given day across the country is fascinating. The author points out that many people believe that the reason gas prices have risen so high is that America basically is at war in the Middle East now; however, there are gas stations across the country that do not buy gasoline from the Middle East and instead purchase it from gasoline and oil suppliers within the United States and other countries. The paper stresses that gas prices are rising so rapidly because demand is coming from not only consumer transportation but also from almost everything, which is brought to the various grocers, supermarkets, department stores and other stores, which comes by truck at least for some part of its journey. This increased price of transportation will result in increased prices for every item in the transportation-based economy.
From the Paper
"Naturally, the reasons behind why gas prices are rising are important but how gas prices and their rise is affecting the economy is even more significant. There are several affects on the economy. First, those that are involved with the ownership of gasoline stations, oil refineries, and others that work closely with this type of product are seeing higher profits, but they also have to spend more money for the items that they need to create an end product for the purchaser of gasoline (Kirms, 2005). In other words, companies that buy oil from the Middle East and other suppliers are making money because the gas prices are so high. On the other hand, these same individuals must also pay more money than they used to pay to get the barrels of oil that they need to create gasoline. Many people think that the economy is being affected generally by gas companies and oil companies gouging the public to make huge profits. In reality, however, most of the gasoline companies and many of the oil companies are not actually making any more money, because it is all being spent to purchase what is needed to finally get the gasoline to the consumer."
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Alternate Uses of Landfill Gas, 2004.
A discussion of alternative uses of landfill gas and how these alternative uses benefit the environment.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how formerly environmentally damaging methane gas from landfills is now being utilized for direct-use and gas-to-electric projects that not only benefit consumers but are actually responsible for improving the environment.
From the Paper
"Three decades ago the notion of landfills was a distasteful one to most people. Landfills emit natural gases that are a by-product of decomposition of organic waste. Landfill gas emissions give off a noxious odor for those living in close proximity to landfills and the release of gases from aerobic and anaerobic oxygen free processes were thought to be detrimental to the environment. Landfill gas (LFG) is primarily composed of carbon dioxide and methane. Because of this it is flammable and potentially explosive in..."
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Gas or Electric Automobiles: Which One is Better, 2008.
A discussion as to whether vehicles run on natural gas or by electricity are better.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the natural gas vehicle is better than the electric vehicle (EV) - chiefly because it remains somewhat more convenient to re-fuel, and because the long-term durability of the EV remains in doubt. The author outlines the strengths of each and in the final analysis, while giving a slight advantage to a natural gas-propelled vehicle,he states that purchasing either type will turn out to be a judicious choice.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is simply inaccurate to suggest that gas automobiles are chronic polluters; in truth, a car or truck operating on natural gas can be quite clean. For instance, natural gas is overwhelmingly methane in composition and it is, as an added benefit, derived from plant materials. More importantly, clean gas automobiles tend to produce a very low amount of "dangerous" (carbon monoxide) emissions. If that is not good enough, then critics of gas automobiles should bear in mind that clean gas is very abundant, is a viable alternative to other fuel products, and is quite cheap ("Clean Gas Products," para.1-5). All in all, gas automobiles are operating on a fuel that is more than accessible and does not (assuming it is natural gas) cause great complications to the surrounding environment."
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Calpine vs. Pacific Gas & Electric, 2006.
A review and comparison of the Calpine independent power company and Pacific Gas and Electric.
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Calpine Company, an independent power producer that was established in 2002, comparing it to the Pacific Gas and Electric company. The paper reviews these two companies from an organizational business perspective.
Contents:
Calpine
Pacific Gas and Electric
From the Paper
"In order to develop its business and manage the risk, the company has extended its activities, providing also commodity investment optimization, gas aggregation and arbitrage, logistics and settlement, risk management and energy management consulting. This creases the basis for more profit but also increases the costs related to the staff know how, to provide the appropriate infrastructure and all the cost incurred to the development of new projects (marketing plans, management administration, new logistics, etc). This may be a partially explanation of the overall increase in revenues of 4% (9.2 billion dollars) for the fiscal year 2005. To sustain that fragile figure of the revenue for the year 2005, it can be added that the energy market is a stable and a constant one, with a little increase of the market share during the time (the rate of the consumption is almost constant and it is not very easy to be influenced). "
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Oil Production and Gas Prices, 2006.
A detailed discussion on the the effects of oil production and gas prices on the United States Economy.
2,373 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a detailed overview on the price of light, sweet crude oil on NYMEX in 2005, noting its highs, lows and its relative cost to previous months and years. It continues to discuss the reasons for the price surges namely, the war in Iraq and hurricane Ivan. The paper highlights that the movement of gas and oil is similar to that of the business cycle. In conclusion, the author of the paper offers an opinion as to why the gas and oil hike will not cause a recession as in 1973.
From the Paper
"Drilling for crude oil generally moves with oil prices. A closer relationship is more evident prior to 1998. As OPEC pushed prices upward by restricting production in 1999, however, the relationship weakened. The overhang of excess capacity in OPEC created the possibility that oil prices might fall. The result was a muted and delayed response in oil drilling. Oil drilling did not pick up until growing demand pushed OPEC closer to full capacity. The story is similar today. Political uncertainty and OPEC production restraint have pushed world oil prices upward, although excess capacity is nearly 10 percent of world oil consumption at 6 million barrels per day. The overhang of capacity creates the possibility of a sharp oil price decline and adds considerable risk to future oil prices, which discourages exploration and development activities."
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G.A.M.E. (Gas and Mineral Extraction) Company, 2007.
An overview of the operations of G.A.M.E. (Gas and Mineral Extraction) Company.
1,583 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Gas and Mineral Extraction (G.A.M.E.) Company is a primary exploration, processing and distribution company. It looks at how the company's distribution occurs direct to consumers primarily in its headquarter location, the United Kingdom, and to third party suppliers, in other countries. The paper also examines how the company's goals include continued expansion of direct sales in other regions, via joint ventures and partnerships, and how, in order to facilitate the accomplishment of these goals, the effective use of human capital will be critical to the organization's success.
From the Paper
""Danger money", as G.A.M.E. has discovered, is being offered at most major global players in the industry, in order to entice increasingly unwilling nationals to work abroad. Even if G.A.M.E. were able to match or beat the current offerings from other competitors, the challenge does not end there. The increased hazard pay leaves employers vulnerable to litigation if problems arise, since it acknowledges that the organization has knowingly exposed their employees to risk. In addition, it could indicate that the organization was guilty of a certain amount of complacency regarding the preparations that were needed to prevent the incident in the first place ("Packages", 2003)."
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The Hungarian Gas Turbines Industry, 2007.
A strategic assessment of the microeconomic strengths and weaknesses of the gas turbines industry in Hungary.
1,203 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the gas turbine industry is considered by many to be one of the most dynamic segments in the power generation industry. The paper examines the Hungarian energy market and discusses its strengths and weaknesses. The paper concludes with a recommendation for direct investment in Hungary in this industry, given the potential of the market and the perspectives for its development in the future.
From the Paper
"The Hungarian energy market is continuously growing to keep up with the diversification of the economy and with the constant increase in the level of industrial modernization. One of the threats for Europe and Hungary in terms of the gas turbine market is the high dependency to Russian energy sources. Indeed, as the recent energetic crisis have shown, the countries in Central and Eastern Europe are depending on Russian gas transports, as well as on the prices that Gazprom, the large Russian energy holding, sets."
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Accounting in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2004.
This paper discusses financial accounting for the oil and gas industry in the Middle East.
4,972 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the oil and gas industry in the Middle East, specifically Oman. The author applies accounting for the industry.
From the Paper
"The focus of this paper is financial accounting for the oil and gas industry. While accounting in the oil and gas industry generally is discussed in this paper where appropriate and feasible certain perspectives are provides added emphasis. The first of these perspective sis the Sultanate of Oman. Where conditions or characteristics of either the oil and gas industry or the application of financial accounting in that industry differs markedly between the general industry and the industry in Oman such variations are identified ..."
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History of Massachusetts Board of Gas, 2006.
A study of the history of the Massachusetts Board of Gas and its influence on the nation's regulatory origins.
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 67 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relevance of the Massachusetts Board of Gas to the study of state utility regulatory history. The paper explains that nineteenth century Massachusetts very much served as an incubator for state regulatory expansion and that the formation of the Board marked the beginning of an important experimental period of regulation that likely impacted the design of future commissions in other states. Includes extensive bibliography for future research.
From the Paper
"In history books and political sciences studies, the Massachusetts Board of Gas has been wrongly cast aside as an irrelevant chapter in the nation's development of the modern commission apparatus. On the contrary, evidence suggests that people learned from the Massachusetts board and may have even used the board's works as a basis for similar commissions across the nation. The fact that Commissioner Forrest Edson Barker, in his biography, was said to have been sought out as a speaker by several state legislatures, means that other people - from different states - were aware of the regulatory experimentation occurring in Massachusetts."
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