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Financing Options of Developing Countries, 2005.
An analysis of the main financing options available to the governments of developing countries.
3,271 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
All national governments finance their expenditures through a number of different methods, the most important of which is taxes. Other options available to developing countries include foreign financing, government borrowing, and grants and other assistance from nongovernmental organizations. This paper provides a review and discussion of these components, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The International Finance Corporation is a United Nations specialized agency affiliated with but legally separate from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). The IFC was founded in 1956 in an effort to stimulate the economic development of its members by providing capital for private enterprises, the IFC has targeted its aid toward less-developed countries and has been their largest multilateral source of private-sector equity financing and loans. The IFC is headed by a president, who also serves as president of the World Bank; governors and executive directors of the World Bank also serve at the IFC, though it has its own operational and legal staff. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., its original membership of 31 had grown to about 175 by the beginning of the 21st century."
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Toll Road Financing Options, 2003.
A comprehensive assessment of modern toll road financing and operation.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the pros and cons of the Build-Operate-Transfer and the Further Concession-Handover options for both the promoter and the principal, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion. Scholarly resources are used throughout.
From the Paper
"One particular instrument of transport regulation that seems to gain more political and perhaps also gradual public support, is road pricing, much to the satisfaction of many transportation economists (Button & Verhoef 1998). There have been both intellectual and practical developments since Arthru Pigou first advanced the idea of road pricing in 1920. The basic concept is very straightforward: apply the price mechanism in the same way as it applies elsewhere. In other words, when there is high demand prices should be high to deter excessive use. In the final analysis, the key question becomes one of defining the appropriate price in what is often a complex set of economic and technical circumstances."
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Sources of Finance for Business in Developing Economies, 2008.
An in depth review of the sources of finance in a developing economy.
9,548 words (approx. 38.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 138.95
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Abstract
The paper points out that businesses in developing countries are prospering, but they are dependant on foreign direct investment (FDI). The paper then goes on to criticize the FDI in that it directs its efforts mainly towards large businesses and as a result the small facilities lose out, instead of it benefiting them and their economies. Next, the paper discusess a case study of Africa to demonstrate how to determine whether a business should move into a particular country or whether a company should attempt financing to grow and expand in a particular country. The paper uses Sub-Saharan Africa to show how this should be done and everything that should be known about a place.
Outline:
Introduction
Foreign Direct Investment
The Growth of Third World Countries
Case Study - Africa
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Foreign direct investment has been around for some time, and it is important to understand this. More recently, however, FDI has moved into many more countries - quite a few of which are still developing, and many of which have a multitude of small businesses, such as those found in many villages and small towns in Africa. Those that have invested in already developed countries in the past have, in general, done well with these investments, because the economies of these countries are growing so strongly. However, those that invest in developing countries are also doing well, but in a more long-term way. When someone, or some business, invests in a country that is still developing, there is no great expectation of immediate wealth. Many of these countries do not have a lot of money, and their economies are troubled and sluggish to some extent. Since the economies of these countries are slow to perform, the businesses that are in these countries have the same problems."
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Manufacturing, Investment and Financing, 2002.
Examines the evolution of the manufacturing sector and the development of financing and investment options that have accompanied this development.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 10 sources, £ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by tracing the emergence of capitalism and the development of the division of labor, insurance and joint-stock companies as the scale of manufacturing expanded. Finally contemporary operations of investment banking as they relate to the manufacturing sector are examined.
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Financing and Toyota's Current Recall Decision, 2008.
An analysis of the financing options for Toyota following the company's current recall decision.
1,206 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses financing within a firm or organization and the importance of its processes within the overall strategic development of financial management. The paper specifically discusses Toyota's current recall decision and analyzes a variety of options that are available to the company given its current need pertaining to a recall.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Financing Options
The Effectiveness of the Options Chosen: Financial Outlook
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Financing is essentially to helping a company's strategic development and growth, as is clearly shown by Toyota. However, with projects or changes in strategic goals that require financial obligations from a corporation, then many options that fit the general financial position of the firm has to be examined. Options available are endless, however Toyota has to use the right combination to gain the needed capital while simultaneously dealing with the debt/equity balancing. Similarly, the financing techniques above are also chosen to ensure the optimal cash flow balance; which is enough to help with the daily cash flow needs, while not being excessive that results in a loss of opportunity interest. The overall composition of the paper was to clearly outline the options available to Toyota as they seek funding for the full cost of the recall at $925 million. The structure and method of each type is significantly different, but can be advantageous to Toyota as they seek funding."
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Economic Development, 2007.
This paper discusses issues related to the economic development of less developed countries (LDCs).
2,670 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that some less developed countries (LDCs) face high levels of indebtedness and sudden flight capital, which cause concern among international financial institutions. The author points out that the reasons for these problems are (1) low savings rates, which lead to low investment, a breakdown of the rule of law and high corruption and (2) inadequate reforms by last resort financing organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The paper relates that foreign aid has been a disappointing experience for LDCs even though the World Trade Organization carries a powerful enforcement capacity; however, this process is unbalanced because the threat of sanctions by a developing country on a country such as the U.S., carries little weight in addition to the prohibitive cost and legal expertise requiremed to pursue a case.
Table of Contents:
Problems
Foreign Aid
From the Paper
"Consumption smoothing is another less disappointing means of increasing savings for less developed nations. What this means is that with integrated capital markets, households can smooth consumption against shocks that affect asymmetrically the domestic and foreign countries, and thus will make them better off. In bad times, countries will borrow money and will lend money in good times, leading to fluctuations of the current account. This concept can be applied in a demographic manner, for example, aging countries can transfer savings to countries whose population is ..."
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Employee Stock Options, 2005.
A look at accounting treatment of employee stock options, the benefits and disadvantages of stock options and present legislation of employee stock options.
13,680 words (approx. 54.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the practice of issuing employee stock options as a benefit. The paper goes into detail about how a stock is exercised and what kind of tax benefits result. The paper also details past practices of accounting employee stock options and how these practices have worked. Also included in the paper, is information on present legislation and how that works or doesn't work to better the situation. Furthermore, the paper discusses the controversy brewing over such changes being made and explores the different viewpoints on the matter.
Introduction
Definition
Methods and Models
Controversy of Stock Options
Baseline: Americans with Stock Options
Recent Legislation
Economic Impact
High Tech Industry
The Cisco Company
Why Employees with Stock Options Should Worry About Valuation
From the Paper
"Within the last ten years a demand for changing how Employee Stock Options (also referred to as ESOs) are accounted for within an organization's financial sheets has been underway. Such a proposal for change has received much commentary from not only the financial community and corporate America but also key members of Congress, union leaders and the public. Such a response results from the uncertainty that such change will benefit businesses and economic growth in this country. It is feared that such change will have the opposite effect and cause America to lose its competitive edge in the global market. Still this has not stopped the fuel of the fire as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (also referred to as FASB) has struggled for an answer to such a dilemma."
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Micro-Financing, 2005.
An overview of the benefits of micro-financing in global economies.
2,184 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the effects and benefits of micro-financing in specimen countries, focusing on their respective exchange rates. Special focus is given to inflationary pressures, demand of goods and purchasing power, which may be affected by micro-financing.
Outline
I. Introduction: What is Micro-financing
II. Financials and Micro-financing
III. Micro-financing and exchange rates
IV. Benefits of Micro-financing
V. Conclusion
From the Paper
"The main benefits of micro-credit appear to be reduced vulnerability of the poor to adverse circumstances, increased consumption in the same group, and empowerment of women. The major spin-off of the micro-credit movement at the grassroots level has been the fact that women have used this system to come out and join a mainstream activity in the village. In many areas, particularly where there has been support from NGOs or strong SHGs, women have gained a voice and been able to use this space to come out of their traditional roles into a more 'proactive' male space."
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Stock Options, 2004.
This paper discusses stock options, a contract offered by the employer that gives an employee the right to buy or sell a certain number of shares in the company at a specific price within a certain period of time.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that stock options have been hailed as a great way to share ownership, attract and retain employees in a tight labor market, and "fuel the entrepreneurial fire?; but, at the same time, they have been condemned as a major cause of the high-profile business scandals during 2000-01 and the subsequent down-turn in the U.S. stock markets.
The author points out that another attraction of stock options from the employees? point of view is that the only capital gains tax is applicable on gains made from stock options. The paper relates the future of stock options does not appear bright because of accounting changes requiring firms to reflect the cost of stock options in their earnings as expenses by 2005.
Table of Contents
What are Stock Options?
History of Stock Options
Advantages of Stock Options
Disadvantages
Future of Stock Options
From the Paper
"Stock options first began to appear in the US businesses in the 1950s, but at the time they were generally modest in size. The trend of offering stock options (particularly to the top managers) began to take off in the late 1980s and by the turn of the century the typical CEO of financial sector firm was receiving stock options worth $55 million a year?more than 30 times his salary. (Shapiro, 2002). The offer of stock options became more widespread and the NCEO estimated that as of 2001, up to 10 million employees were receiving stock options in the US."
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Debt and Equity Financing, 2005.
An overview of the positive and negative characteristics of debt and equity financing.
2,157 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how choosing which financing vehicle is best for a company is very important and how equity and debt financing are financial mechanisms by which a firm can raise financial capital. It looks at how the characteristics of each of these two groups depend on three variables: investors' claims on future cash flow, their right to participate in company decisions and their claims on company assets in liquidation. The paper examines the benefits and disadvantages of both.
Outline
Introduction
Characteristics of Equity Financing
Advantages of Equity Financing
Disadvantages of Equity Financing
Characteristics of Debt Financing
Advantages of Debt Financing
Disadvantages of Debt Financing
Contrast Between Equity and Debt Financing
The Capital Structure Decision
The Irrelevance Proposition
Conclusion
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"Equity financing is the act of raising money for company activities by selling common or preferred stock to individual or institutional investors. In return for the money paid, shareholders receive ownership interests in the corporation. Equity (or common stock) offers residual claims. On a balance sheet, equity equals total assets less all liabilities. Equity financing is generally recommended for a business that's experiencing very high growth with high investment risk. The major sources of equity financing include individuals starting the business, friends and family, angel investors, venture capitalists, and public equity markets. Equity can take several forms including preferred stock, common stock, limited partnership interest, and project equity."
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Stock Options, 2002.
A discussion of stock options and why employees continue to except them in lieu of higher pay.
3,030 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the current employment environment and the continue willingness of employees to take stock options in a currently depressed market. A stock option is a promise by the grantor to sell a share of stock at a pre-agreed price. It looks at how the technology sector had been at the forefront of the use of stock options as a means of employee compensation during most of the 90s and how, in the current market, there is still the hope that, sooner or later, the market will eventually rebound. It shows how, by accepting stock options as part of their compensation package, employees are gambling that they would eventually profit, hopefully handsomely, by being able to exercise their stock options sometime in the future.
Outline
Introduction
Stock Options ? An Overview
Why Companies Offer Stock Options
Why Take Stock Options Today?
From the Paper
"An accounting glitch makes offering stock options especially enticing for company accounts as well. As stated, stock options are benefits granted to company employees with the promise that they can buy a specific number of shares of stock after a certain period of time at a price specified at the time the options are issued. So, if the stock exceeds that price, which was often the case in the 90?s, the employee kept the difference, in other words, made a nice profit. The nice thing for the companies is that at the same time that the employees exercise their stock options, the company can take a tax deduction when the options have been exercised. This allows companies to reduce their taxable income considerably thus trimming corporate tax bills."
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Options, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the history of stock options, including an overview of decimalization.
3,270 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of trading options on the stock markets. The different types of options are outlined and explained. A detailed introduction of the decimalization system is presented, including a look at the impact it has had on the options market in general. The paper examines the variety of reasons why decimal pricing is beneficial for individual investors. The paper claims that options have remained popular throughout history because they tend to provide a bigger return on a smaller investment.
Introduction
About Options
Background
Put and Call Broker?s Association
Before Decimalization
Impact of Decimalization
The Problem with Fractions
Decimalization
Changing the Option Market
The Basics of the History of Options
Employee Stock Options
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"An option provides investors with the right to buy or sell a particular contract at a specific price within a certain period of time (Ruffy, 2002). An option is a legally binding contract that is traded on one of the commodity exchanges. If the option is a call option, the buyer or holder has the right to buy the number of shares stated in the contract at the strike price. If the option is a put option, the buyer of the option has the right to sell the number of shares stated in the contract at the strike price. The holder or the buyer does necessarily not have to exercise this right. Therefore, on the expiration date of the contract, the option may be exercised at the discretion of the buyer. On the other hand, in a futures contract, the two parties to the contract commit to a deal at a future date. To have this privilege of doing the transaction at a future only if it is profitable, the buyer of options has to issue a premium to the seller of options."
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Growth and Modernization in Developing Countries, 2006.
This paper examines the methods and strategies used in developing and modernizing poor and underprivileged countries post-WWII and up to the 1960s.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper discusses the basic tools needed for the economic development of poor and underprivileged countries which include: Capital accumulation, industrialization, foreign aid and development planning. This paper focuses on the years after WWII and up to the 1960s and the economic problems facing poor and under-developed countries. After WWII these countries could not rely on international trade. The less developed countries needed substantial capital and resources to start the industrialization process which would result in more jobs and an increase in productivity which in turn would increase the income of the working class citizen. The writer of this paper discusses the methods and strategies that were utilized to increase productivity in various Latin-American countries. This paper also touches on the World Bank's involvement in assisting these same countries while committing to end poverty and social injustice.
Outline:
Theories of Growth and Modernization
Structuralist Theories
Critique of the Growth and Modernization Models
A Shift to Basic Needs Approach
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Latin American experience with import substitution together with the fact that a large segment of the population did not get sizable benefits from the growth in the modern industrial sector and the limitation imposed by the domestic market led structuralists to adjust their approach beginning in the 1980's. Among the adjustments were: emphasis on developing the entrepreneurial class to lead in the export thrust without abandoning their basic proposition that development must come from within; redefine the role of the state by deemphasizing control-centered interventions in favor of a more facilitating kind."
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The Development of Underdeveloped Countries, 2002.
This paper disagrees with the assumtion that the progression of less developed countries will mirror those of already developed countries.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This is a paper that invalidates the hypothesis that progression of Less Developed Countries will mirror that of already developed countries.
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