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The Federal Trade Commission, 2004.
This paper uses the anti-trust case against the Wisconsin Chiropractic Association (WCA) to exemplify the work of the Federal Trade Commission (FCC).
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the FTC acts as a watchdog to protect Americans from abuses otherwise possible in our free enterprise system; by preventing monopolies and price-fixing, the FTC encourages free trade and a fair marketplace. The author describes the case against the Wisconsin Chiropractic Association, which represent 90% of the chiropractors in Wisconsin, of conspiring to force health care providers to pay higher rates for chiropractic services than they had previously paid. The paper relates that the settlement forbids the WCA from participate any further in any kind of price fixing, as well as telling others to engage in price fixing.
From the Paper
"Specific limits were placed on what the WCA could and could not do, including careful control of any surveys taken, since a survey had been used to help the conspiracy meet its goals. Specific protections were put in place to make it easier for the FTC to make sure the WCA complied with the terms of the agreement. It should be noted that the fact that the parties agreed to the FTC ruling did not mean that any individual acknowledged any actual guilt."
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The Fairness Doctrine, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the Fairness Doctrine in mass communications and argues that it should be reinstated.
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Fairness Doctrine was a law that balanced mass media information, allowing time and credibility to all sides of a given argument so that the listener would receive credible and reliable information. The author relates that, along with the new pioneers of broadcast journalism, advertising, and editorial commentary, the Fairness Doctrine came about in the mid-20th century as an extension of First Amendment rights, which remained in place for most of the latter half of the 20th century, but was revoked by the FCC in the early 1980s after long years of misunderstandings, political conflicts, and conflicting precedents in various court cases. The paper stresses that, although networks even advertise that their news is "fair and balanced", it is not; the Fairness Doctrine must be reinstated as an ethical broadcasting rule designed to provide controversial issues with a balanced presentation, not censorship.
From the Paper
"The Fairness Doctrine is involved explicitly with radio and television
broadcasters, and states that there are responsibilities which these broadcasters must uphold to the public so that the information that the viewing and listening public receives is fair and balanced and opposing viewpoints get a chance to be presented. In essence, it is a measure of responsibility and accountability for the free press that is able to give counterarguments and provide a space for counterarguments regarding issues that are controversial and require a public forum so that the viewing and listening public can get a full cognizance of the issues being presented on both sides. Objectivity has always been a key tenet of journalism, but the achievement of objectivity is less clear and the Fairness Doctrine has responded to a need for clarity in this presentation by highlighting balanced reportage of issues that concern the public or may be political, controversial, or the subject of dis- or misinformation."
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The Fairness Doctrine, 2005.
A research based paper discussing the reasons why the "Fairness Doctrine" should be reinstated.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The U.S. "Fairness Doctrine" refers explicitly to radio and television broadcasters. It states that the information that the viewing and listening public receives should be fair and balanced and opposing viewpoints get a chance to be presented. This paper discusses what the "Fairness Doctrine" is, why it was discontinued and by whom. It presents several court cases that directly relate to it and why it is essential that the "Fairness Doctrine" be reinstated.
From the Paper
"Opponents of the Fairness Doctrine argue that it unconstitutional because it violates the 1st Amendment by dictating what individualss can and cannot say. This is a weak claim and has been generally disregarded when looking at the Fairness Doctrine. The Doctrine in no way violates the 1st Amendment; if anything, it strengthens those rights by assuring the public a clear and informed knowledge base. Broadcasters are allowed to have opinions on issues and to broadcast those opinions, but what the Fairness Doctrine does is ensure that they also allow space for people to speak who have an opposition to their view."
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The Fairness Doctrine, 2007.
An examination of the Fairness Doctrine and how it conflicts with the principles as laid down by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
3,695 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 25 sources, APA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the Fairness Doctrine and charts its application over its forty year history. It also examines the relevant Supreme Court cases in relation to the Doctrine and looks at how two presidents embraced the doctrine and used it to actively curtail free speech. The party political argument from both the Democratic and the Republican parties is examined and explained, with criticisms being illustrated throughout the paper.
From the Paper
"The Fairness Doctrine was first introduced at the beginning of anti-communist hysteria in the United States in 1949 and stated that opposing viewpoints on issues of controversy had to be presented in an equal manor, with equal time given to each viewpoint in the media. This rule however was not applied to newspapers, but only to the broadcast media outlets of television and radio. The doctrine was intended to enable a wider range of opinions to be aired, so that the public would be better informed about current events. The owners of radio and television stations were threatened with having their licences revoked or having to pay hefty fines if the rule was not stringently adhered to. "
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The Fairness Doctrine, 2003.
Examines impact of the Federal Trade Commission's doctrine.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
Examines the impact of the Federal Trade Commission's doctrine and its effects. Discusses the impact the Fairness Doctrine has had on society from a political, social, and legal perspective. Discusses the history of the FCC doctrine, and the purpose of the Doctrine in balancing views on controversial issues.
From the Paper
"The Fairness Doctrine required broadcasters in television and radio, as a condition of getting their licenses from the FCC, to cover controversial issues within their community by offering some ..."
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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 2005.
This paper discusses the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), its criticism and its positive role.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
is created, directed and empowered by the Congressional statute and is answerable only to the United States Congress; its responsibility is regulating the radio spectrum for the non-governmental use of radio and television broadcasting and all forms of telecommunication such as wireless, satellite, cable and the internet. The author points out that the FCC is criticized for being both too restrictive and permissive causing several hardships to the general public and to the service providers such as delaying the licensing of new projects thereby making the use of new technologies risky. The paper relates that a positive role played by the agency is safe guarding the societal interests controlling the use of electromagnetic waves, popularly known as radio spectrum, which have emerged as one of important secondary needs of the human society along with electricity and the motorcar.
Table of Contents
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Critical Analysis of the Functioning of FCC
Positive Aspects of FCC
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The commission is governed by a group of five commissioners appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the senate for a five-year term. One of the commissioners, nominated by the President officiates as the Chirman of the commission. Ten staff Offices and six operating Bureaus under the overall supervision of the office of the Managing Director, assist the commissioners in executing the responsibilities like processing of applications for licenses and other filings, analyzing complaints, conducting investigations, developing and implementing regulatory programs, and taking part in hearings based on judicial disputes arising in the use of radio spectrum."
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Federal Communications Commission, 2006.
A review of the Federal Communications Commission and it's function in the USA.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the Federal Communications Commission. It begins with a brief history and the current structure of the Agency. The paper then discusses the functions of the Agency and the current problems and successes the Agency is experiencing. Lastly, it overviews the method of information dissemination for Agency, and the important information products available.
From the Paper
"The Communications Act of 1934 established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This independent United States government agency is directly responsible to Congress, and is responsible for regulating interstate and international communications, including: radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. The FCC has jurisdiction over all 50 states, the District of Columbia and American possessions ("About the FCC", 2006). The FCC was a replacement for the Federal Radio Commission, which was a temporary agency established in 1927. As mentioned, the FCC was created by the Communications Act of 1934, which was enacted by Congress on June 19th, 1934. It "consolidated, on a permanent basis, regulatory authority over all interstate broadcasting and wire communications, including telephone and telegraph" (Longley, 2006)."
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Federal Trade Commission, 1991.
This paper discusses the role of the Federal Trade Commission in credit card industry regulation: History, responsibilities and functions.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has authority over much of consumers' daily lives, including the advertising consumers are exposed to and the rules and regulations governing credit cards. This research provides an overview of the FTC, including a short history of the Commission, its responsibilities and functions, the industries it regulates, and the Commission's role and effect on the credit card industry.
The Federal Trade Commission was founded in 1914 to maintain competitive enterprise in the American economic system. The FTC is charged with preventing the free enterprise system from being fettered by monopoly or restraints on trade, or corrupted by unfair or deceptive trade practices. Specifically, the Federal Trade commission Act prohibits the use in commerce of "unfair methods of competition" and "unfair or deceptive acts or ... "
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Is Fair Trade Really Fair?, 2002.
An examination of the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the proposed (Free Trade Area of the Americas) FTAA on Mexico.
4,644 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that in order to improve free trade agreements and ensure that they include adequate protection for worker1s rights, food security and environmental regulation, the FTAA must be based on a new model, rather than on the failed model of NAFTA. It shows that unless this is done, the only people to benefit from these agreements will be the rich and powerful; and that the workers and traders of the poorer countries will continue to be exploited.
From the Paper
"Free trade policies such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are widening the gap between the rich and poor in a number of ways. This is particularly true in Mexico; a country that has always been concerned with the protection issues associated with major trading countries in the world, tight controls, high tariffs and other restrictive policies. These restrictions have been revoked however in response to the demands to promote export-oriented production, eliminate obstacles to imports, and loosen corporate controls over national domains and enterprises. The result has been a blatantly inequitable distribution of wealth and power both within Mexico and between Mexico and other countries. The track record of NAFTA has raised concerns that this inequity will only be augmented by any such agreement."
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United States' Federal Economic Policies, 1996.
Analysis of the purpose and unintended consequences of various economic policies.
2,428 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines various economic policies of the U.S. federal government. It deals specifically with monetary policy, antitrust policy, regulatory policy and import quotas--looking at what some of the government policies have been, why they were formulated and how well they have succeeded in producing their intended effects.
Outline
I. Monetary Policy
A. Federal Reserve
1. History
2. Purpose
3. Policy
4. Effects
II. Antitrust Policy
A. Purpose
B. Sherman Act
C. Federal Trade Commission Act
D. Clayton Act
E. Federal Trade Commission
F. Effects
III. Regulatory Policy
A. Purpose
B. Interstate Commerce Act
C. Interstate Commerce Commission
D. Effects
IV. Import Quotas
A. Purpose
B. International Trade Commission
C. Television Imports
D. Steel Imports
E. Effects
From the Paper
"In 1977, in response to a petition filed with the ITC by the electronics industry, the U.S. set a quota on the number of television sets that could be imported from Japan (Canto 74). Although imported sets from Japan fell, imported sets from Taiwan and Korea rose to the point that total imports of televisions was unchanged; the U.S. response was to impose quotas on those countries as well (Canto 75). The net result was a negligible impact on the U.S. economy, because while imports of whole sets declined, imports of television parts rose sharply as foreign sets were assembled in the U.S. (Canto 77-80)."
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European Commission Competition Law, 2005.
This paper provides a critical assessment of the development of the essential facilities doctrine in European Commission (EC) competition law.
2,581 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by establishing the context and framework within which the doctrine of "essential facilities" operates, as part of the general principles of 'refusal to supply' market abuse by dominant undertakings under Article 82 of the competition law. The writer then analyses the precise nature of the relationship between the two through discussion of relevant case-law. The writer then considers the origins of the doctrine in EC competition law, which has been closely linked with the liberalisation of the transport and utilities sectors. Key criticisms of the doctrine are then considered, and finally relevant conclusions regarding its development are made.
From the Paper
"Following this, it may be seen that the general application of the refusal to supply principle is sufficient by itself to deal with this particular form of Article 82 abuse, and as such there is no need for a doctrine of essential facilities. It is clear that some commentators subscribe to this idea, whilst others disagree; Temple Lang for one considered that the notion of an essential facilities doctrine was of absolute necessity in facilitating competition in the telecommunications sector by providing access to the publicly owned infrastructure, where there existed no actual trade or access negotiation as a result of conferred monopoly rights. Additionally, the fact that the refusal to supply doctrine can be used in situations where the supply is not actually 'essential' because of the existence of alternate sources (but necessary to maintain effective competition) makes it appear sensible to have a somewhat separate principle that can be applied in those circumstances where access to a facility is fundamentally essential to an undertaking."
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Doctrine of Preemption, 2003.
This paper describes how the doctrine of preemption is applied when federal and state laws conflict with each other.
656 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 12.95
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Abstract
This paper addressed how the allocation of authority between the national and state governments is primarily ruled by the doctrine of preemption. When Congress passes an Act, the Act preempts any state law that either does or potentially could conflict with the federal law. This doctrine includes dormant federal powers and prohibits states from acting when the federal government has not acted, but could act, on a particular matter. Furthermore, this paper discusses various types of preemption (conflict, field, express) that may be applied when federal and state legislation conflict. Also discussed briefly is the power of the president per the Constitution.
From the Paper
"While the concept of dual sovereignty dominated the nineteenth century, in modern times the allocation of authority between the national and state governments is primarily ruled by the doctrine of preemption. When Congress passes an Act, the Act preempts state law that either does or potentially could conflict with the federal law. This doctrine includes dormant federal powers, and prohibits states from acting when the federal government has not acted but could act on a particular matter."
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Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine, 2005.
Discusses the background and history of the common-law doctrine of forum non conveniens.
4,237 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 50 sources, APA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
In its purest form, the doctrine of forum non conveniens permits a court to deny jurisdiction of a matter where principles of justice and convenience favor dismissal. This paper discusses the background and history of the common-law doctrine of forum non conveniens, how the doctrine found its way into federal law, and how it eventually came to be used as a bar to lawsuits by foreign plaintiffs in the United States. The paper then discusses some of the arguments advanced by opponents of forum non conveniens, and the suggestions they have made to correct the perceived inequities of the doctrine. Finally, the paper identifies some important issues that remain undecided under the modern doctrine.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
History and Background of the Foreign Non Conveniens Doctrine
History of the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens
Private and Public Interest Factors Developed In Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert
Forum Non Conveniens Almost Goes Extinct
The Modern "International" Doctrine of Foreign Non Conveniens
Forum Non Conveniens Re-Emerges and Goes International
Change of Law Loses Importance
The Two-Part Forum Non Conveniens Test
Application of the Modern Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine
Problems with the "New" Application of the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine
Alternatives to the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine
Other Issues Identified by Federal Courts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Probably the best and most realistic way to fix the perceived inequity of the forum non conveniens doctrine is for the United States Supreme Court to provide federal courts with a little more guidance on the rule, and to relax the harsh effects that it has been found to have. Although the Piper court claimed that part of the value of the doctrine was its flexibility, the current standards are a little too flexible, and allow courts to dismiss cases brought by foreign plaintiffs too easily. American courts should take responsibility for enforcing justice where justice is due, instead of continuously worrying about how many cases are on the docket."
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Subliminal Advertising, 1992.
A study of the appeal of magazine and TV commercials to unconscious impulses such as deception, sexual lures and social dispositions, including the attitudes of the Federal Trade Commission, psychologists and the Better Business Bureau.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, £ 41.95
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From the Paper
"Subliminal advertising has been a controversial topic since the 1950's, when the first experimental tests in subliminal persuasion were conducted. Larson defines subliminal persuasion as involving "words or pictures, flashed on a movie or television screen so rapidly, played on an audio channel so softly, or disguised in a magazine ad so skillfully that viewers or listeners do not consciously recognize them" (Larson, 1992, p. 42). Although these subliminal messages are not consciously recognized, it is believed that they are "absorbed subconsciously by the receivers" (p.42). In this way, the subliminal messages are presumed to influence the unconscious impulses of consumers. The topic of subliminal persuasion is controversial because some people do not believe it is really possible to influence buying behavior on an unconscious level. In addition, the topic is..."
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