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The Fascism of the Strong, 2005.
A comparison of the terms' Fascism' and 'fascism,' including a history of their use.
3,652 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the original meaning of Fascism and fascism, the capitalization making a difference between these terms, and gives examples of the sorts of regimes that have accurately and inaccurately been referred to by these terms. The writer focuses on Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, while also briefly looking at Fascism in Spain.
From the Paper
"Before concluding this section on Fascism in Italy, one would do well to take a quick look at the leader of the pack. Benito Mussolini was the charismatic leader of this movement, and much of its success and its eventually failure lay on his shoulders. On the one hand, he was an architect, who had spent his entire life looking for an answer for society. He had formerly been a leader of a radical segment of the Italian Socialist Party, and ?After his turn to the right, Mussolini continued to employ much of the rhetoric of socialism, substituting the nation for social class as the basis of political loyalty.? (Wikipedia, Fascist) He presented a truly inspiring image of the state needing the love and devotion of its citizens, allowing individuals to feel as if they are not obeying orders out of coercion but out of true interest in the subject. On the other hand, Mussolini was weak in that he allowed the power of his position to escape him and he got caught up in wielding that power even when it was inappropriate (such as going into battles which could not be won, or for that matter exporting Jews who had previously been supportive allies)."
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A Review of Fascism, 2007.
A review of the book "Fascism: Comparison and Definition" by Stanley Payne.
1,318 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 0 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Stanley Payne attempts to define fascism in his book "Fascism: Comparison and Definition". The paper explains that in order to address the challenge of fascism, we must understand what fascism is. The paper discusses how fascism went through a series of stages in Italy and Germany and how Hitler created what was arguably the purest fascist state, although it did not conform fully to the principles of fascism. The paper notes that Spain and Portugal represent two other case studies for Payne, but he finds in neither of them the true fascist regime. The writer points out that Payne covered a tremendous range of sources ,as the footnotes throughout the book show, but unfortunately Payne leaves a much more profound question unasked and unanswered: Do we need to re-examine the history and meaning of fascism to determine if it is becoming a prevalent force in parts of the world that Payne found no reason to discuss, and is the United States in danger of becoming fascist?
From the Paper
"Payne reviews the antecedents of modern fascism and finds these in the "corporatist" movement, a movement which sought to combined social orders under an authoritarian government working closely with business cartels, in reaction to chaotic individualism.(23-24 ) It was also a reaction to the splintered state of many democratic movements (25-26), and a neomonarchist movement (27-29), and a support movement for imperialist policies. (29-31) All of these forces converged at a time of terrible cultural crisis as the First World War tore Europe and European sensibilities to pieces. In the psychological void that followed, many people found comfort in the simplicity of authoritarian answer."
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Fascism, 2007.
This paper discusses fascism, concentrating on the Italian fascism theory, put into practice by Mussolini.
782 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 14.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that the start point in analyzing and understanding any social phenomena requires unambiguous definitions, empirical generalizations, general explanatory theories and a method of moral evolution. The writer maintains that regarding fascism, one cannot make a clear definition of what it means because there is no agreement between theories in any of these areas. The writer discusses that fascism can best be presented by the ideology of Mussolini's fascism in Italy. The writer concludes that this ideology, put into practice by Mussolini, is the most comprehensive and well-argued theory that pictures fascist beliefs, in comparison to any other theory, that was not as firmly formulated.
From the Paper
"Analyzing the theories from this list, Gregor makes a critique of all theories, presenting their strong arguments, as well as their flaws. In his view, all of these theories, although they seem well organized, have a shortcoming that makes them unusable."
"Taking into account the categorization of fascist theories into six categories, one can identify that a comprehensive theory of fascism would embody elements from all six categories. The only theory that Gregor identifies as being a solid fascist ideology is the ideology of Italian fascism, which uses some parts of all ideologies. As stated before, Gregor believes that there are many flaws in the theories developed so far, but there are also many elements that can be linked to what he believes to be the best representation of fascist ideas - Italian fascism under Mussolini."
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The Success of German Fascism, 2002.
A paper which examines why the theory of fascism became a political reality in Germany in the 1930s.
1,462 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
Fascism is arguably the most influential and controversial political ideology in modern history and continues to be a fascinating topic for political study and discussion. The paper shows that ,despite fascism's worldwide existence and its responsibility for the development of numerous groups and political movements, Germany remains only one of two countries (the other being Italy) in which the ideology of fascism has enjoyed the success of political power. The paper shows that although there is very little consensus amongst political scientists and academics on many issues of fascism, there is a general agreement that the success of fascism in Germany was not due to any singular, or isolated, factor. Rather, it prospered as a result of Germany possessing the ideal combination of a strong national identity, a well-developed system of public persuasion and propaganda, and an existing government that was too weak and unstable to provide effective resistance against social and economic crisis. Therefore, although the accepted opinion is that German fascism was an evil and isolated abhorrence that was ended forever by the Allied victory in World War II, this paper proposes that its success was achieved through a set of political, social and economic conditions that could occur in any country, at any time.
From the Paper
"Yet, despite achieving power on the basis of overwhelming popularity among the German public, it became immediately apparent that German fascism intended to control all aspects of national life, ensuring that their patriotic propaganda was able to permeate every area of German society with little resistance (Brady, 1969). Hitler's powerful personal charisma, aided by his meticulously organized public appearances and the saturation of everyday life with Nazi symbols, posters and indoctrination, established him as the infallible, heroworshiped savior of the German people (Payne, 1995). Despite the fact that his repressive totalitarian regime had abolished many of their basic liberties, and that every area of their lives was pervaded and controlled by state police organizations (Berwick, 23), many of the German people responded with uncritical loyalty to their leader and a frightening willingness to obey all state issued directives. The Nazification of German society was greatly assisted by the efforts of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda under the control of Joseph Goebbels, which was highly effective at promoting the fascism regime as a welloiled Nazi machine (Eatwell, 111), by means of mass rallies, military parades, and sophisticated manipulation and censorship of the media. Such was the appeal of the fascist philosophy and propaganda that, in Germany in particular, the majority of people were willing to sacrifice their individual freedoms and ambitions for the greater good of their nation."
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Fascism, 2002.
Discusses the rascist origins of fascism and how it became a political tool of people who used scapegoats to express feelings of rage.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses how fascism was predominantly a racist movement that was adopted by Hitler in his "Final Solution". Racist thinkers such as J.G. Herder and Arthur De Gobineau contributed to the formulation and dissemination of racist categories of thinking that paved the foundation to fascism. Fascism was also the expression of a people who felt humiliated and powerless and needed a scapegoat to take out their rage and frustration.
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Fascism: An Appealing and Successful Ideology, 2007.
An analysis of the rise in popularity of fascism, it's brief stint of success, and it's consequences for Europe and the rest of the world.
3,323 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the many reasons why fascism caught on in Europe during the 1920s through the 1940s. It discusses how, whether in Italy, Germany, Spain, or some other fascist state, all fascist regimes had at least five main points in common, points that when analyzed both individually and collectively paint a pretty accurate picture of what fascism was all about. It concludes that fascism was just as much a reaction to the confusion and hardship brought on by the Great War and its economic ramifications, as well as the disillusionment with prior government policy, as it was a product of the vision of men like Mussolini, Hitler, or Franco.
From the Paper
"Thirdly, all fascist nations shared in the idea that a great leader would emerge, rise up, and lead the nation to glory (paralleling the idea of Nietzsche's "Super Man"). "Just as National Socialism needed its enemies, so it also required its heroes. For... the Nazis turned once again to volkisch thought and the notion of the fuhrerprinzip (leadership principle), centered on a mystical figure embodying and guiding the nation's destiny..." (Welch, Modern European History, 145). The fourth binding principle that all fascist regimes share is a belief in racism, which stems from the idea of belonging to a specific group, a group based on race, where others (Jews in particular) become actively excluded (which is probably best evident in Nazi Germany). "
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The Rise of Fascism in Italy, 2006.
An overview of the rise of fascism in Italy.
1,194 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the rise of fascism, beginning in 1922 until its fall in 1943. The paper explains that in order for a fascist power to control Italy, there was a specific socio-economic environment that enabled it to flourish. It explains that after World War I, there was a growing tide of unemployment and depression, which created the environment that allowed fascism to be established and to spread throughout all of Italy. The paper details the rise of Mussolini. In conclusion, the writer explains that fascism obtained power not through revolution, but as a result of evolution - Italian fascism was opportunistic and spread to encompass those who opposed its rise.
From the Paper
"The rise of Mussolini to the premiership in 1922 established the first wave of fascism's rise to power. His ascendancy to dictatorship in 1925 established the second wave of Italian fascism. This was achieved through passage of a law in 1925 that granted total power to Mussolini. Political opposition and free trade unions were outlawed. The free press was censored with its takeover by the fascist. Local government officials were now appointed instead of elected. Extension of the government's power of arrest and detention established a police state. This was coupled with the increase in the use of the death penalty, the creation of a special court for trying political 'crimes', and the establishment of a secret police force, the OVRA."
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Fascism in Nazi Germany, 2004.
An overview of the causes of the rise and spread of Fascism in 1930s Germany.
4,244 words (approx. 17.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 58.95
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This paper examines how many critics and theorists have speculated about the reasons behind fascism and the horror of the holocaust in Nazi Germany before and during the Second World War, how violence was prevalent, and how Hitler used it to alternately intimidate and incite his followers. It attempts to determine the roots of these causes by examining the historical and social context that made Germany so ripe for fascism and dictatorship by 1933.
Outline
Historical Context: The Weimar Republic
World War 1 and Political Upheaval
The Treaty of Versailles
The Economy
Hitler and the Socialist Workers' Party
The Golden Era
The Rise of Hitler and Fascism
Social Context: Functionalism
Structural Functionalism
Function
Structures
Interdependence
Equilibrium
Consensus
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The German political structure in World War I (from 1916) had been subordinate to the military. At this time the country was an Empire, ruled by the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL), or the Supreme Army Command. The Chief of Staff at this time was Paul von Hindenburg. At the end of the War the OHL installed a civil government for the benefit of the remainder of Germany after the war. The 1971 constitution was then amended. The Reich (Empire) had become a parliamentary democracy. The Parliament, or the Reichstag, instead of the Emperor, was now responsible for the political welfare of Germany. Such welfare was almost unattainable however, as the end of war meant returning soldiers. The fact that many of these soldiers were wounded both physically and psychologically brought chaos to the German society."
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Fascism and Communism, 2004.
An analysis of the basic differences between fascism and communism.
1,373 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the basic tenets of communism, claiming that they differ significantly from those of fascism. The paper contends that communism is highly egalitarian in its ideals, opposes the state, opposes private ownership of property, and opposes social classes. Fascism, on the other hand, is explained as non-egalitarian and supports the state's interests above all else. The paper explains that, although fascist and communist authoritarian regimes have manifested similarly in many countries, the two systems are ideologically opposed to each other. The paper agrees that both systems have taken on authoritarian and totalitarian forms, but contends that communism and fascism remain at opposite ends of the political spectrum.
From the Paper
"Although fascist and communist authoritarian regimes have manifested similarly in many countries, the two systems are ideologically opposed to each other. Historically, communism has earlier roots than fascism; as a general social, political, and economic system, communism characterized many pre-agricultural societies that were stateless. Many religious and utopian communities were also communist, based on their communal practices and ideals. However, as it is generally referred to today, communism stems from the socialist traditions codified by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their 1848 publication The Communist Manifesto. Technically, no government can be considered communist since communism necessitates the total abolition of a state government ("Communism"). However, because political parties can be communist in their platforms, those nations that are controlled by Communist political parties are referred to as communist for ease of reference."
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The Rise of Fascism in Italy, 2004.
A discussion on how the rise of Fascism in Italy was the result of a conservative reaction to change.
2,456 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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This paper examines how, to many people, Fascism after the Great War, offered an alternative to a narrowly based and discredited government on the one hand and, on the other, the upheaval of a socialist revolution. It looks at how the backbone of Fascism was the lower middle class and how this normally moderate and conservative sector of society had been destabilized by the process of industrialization and by the economic difficulties caused by the war. It discusses how this sector saw the Fascist movement as the long sought instrument of bourgeois resurgence, since it promised an end to industrial disruption and revolutionary socialism.
From the Paper
"Superficially, it may seem surprising that Fascism established itself so firmly in Italy, a state apparently founded until 1920 on liberal parliamentary principles and a modern constitutional monarchy. However, the liberal state confronted severe turmoil. The strict constitution applied, limited the electorate in 1870 to 2.2% of the population, therefore leaving the monarchic leaders with extensive powers. Similarly, Italy was Europe's youngest state by 1870, and its Risorgimento which was concerned with the consolidation and expansion of the Italian state, was only completed by that year with the occupation of Rome. However, public opinion was divided, there were idealists who aimed for a radical state directed by popular control, others wanted the creation of a United Italian state or the leadership of a conservative monarchy."
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The Return of Fascism in 20th Century Europe, 2008.
An analysis of the re-emergence of fascism in 20th century Europe.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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This paper examines the rise of neo-fascism in many parts of Europe, especially following the collapse of the former Soviet Union during the early 1990s. The paper argues that this trend was largely in response to many of the same issues that fueled its origins prior to World War II, such as the scarcity of resources, ethnocentristic views, and the use of force to achieve national goals. The paper claims that, with the unification of Europe, the last few years have witnessed an increase in ultra-right-wing political parties across Europe in response to many of these same conditions. The paper provides an assessment of the degree to which Europe witnessed a return of fascist politics in the 1980s and 1990s. It also takes a look at why anti-immigrant political parties and leaders have attracted substantial support in these recent decades, and whether they represent a new manifestation of fascism or something fundamentally different. The paper concludes that anti-immigration politicians and those willing to sacrifice democratic principles in favor of force to achieve their political goals will continue to represent a force to be reckoned with by the national leaders of the European Union.
From the Paper
"Today, fascism has raised its ugly head once again for many of the same reasons that fueled its growth in the 20th century. In this regard, this brand of fascism is more reflective of its mid-20th century roots than merely being something "undesirable." According to Ignazi (2003), "The extreme right has so far consolidated its presence all over Western Europe. The reason for this breakthrough is multifaceted: from the emergence of new unaccounted issues to the creeping crisis of representation; from the emergence of proto-charismatic figures in the extreme right, well knit with the growing personalization of politics, to the increasing political and societal alienation and the dissatisfaction for traditional features of the political system and for politics as such" (2)."
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Fascism vs. Enlightenment, 2004.
A comparative analysis of Fascism and Enlightenment philosophies.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in history, there have been a myriad of political concepts and how many of the strongest philosophies have been modifications of previous ideas, reinforcing the good points and altering the flaws. In particular, it looks at how Fascism,as implemented by Benito Mussolini after World War I, attempted to correct perceived weaknesses in Enlightenment ideas. It shows how it also attempted to instill discipline and how, ultimately, although it wasn't successful, it is conceivable that in a different time it could have been. It provides a comparison of Fascism and Enlightenment ideas, showing where they agree, where they differ, and where they build upon each other.
From the Paper
"At its peak, countless writers and philosophers added to the new methods of thinking. Voltaire was one of the most popular. Like many of his contemporaries, he didn't, "seek knowledge for [his] own personal joy, but rather planned for the aggrandizement of humankind in a longer sense" (Rogers 66). In A Philosophical Dictionary, he created a piece that is representative of his time period. Inside, he muses about astrology, authority, democracy, and equality. This nature of multi-faceted philosophy was what the Enlightenment was about. Furthermore, another notorious figure was Jean Jacques Rousseau, who penned works about taboo topics like gender roles and humans in society."
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Fascism and Communism, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the two totalitarian systems of fascism and communism.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 22.95
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This paper focuses on the similarities and differences between the two totalitarian systems of fascism and communism. Some political analysts and thinkers maintain that Communism and fascism were not adversaries of each other, but rather shared some common values. While others are of the view that there existed some major differences which made one system the rival of the other. The paper addresses both views and then draws an impartial conclusion.
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Re-visioning Fascism in Bertolucci's "1900", 2005.
Looks at an historical re-visioning of fascism within Bernado Bertolucci's film "1900".
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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This paper looks at the representation of fascism within the film medium of "1900". The paper looks at how films re-vision historical events and themes through close analysis of the portrayal of fascism in the film. The paper looks at Bertolucci himself, his views and beliefs and whether or not he challenges or advocates historical myths and assumptions.
From the Paper
"Bertolucci was born in Parma, Italy in 1940. His father encouraged his love of film, being amongst many things a film critic, and history professor , while his mother, whom Bertolucci described as "the most mysterious person in my life" , played a rather remote role within the family. Bertolucci has created a number of films, many enjoying commercial and critical success. Bertolucci's films often make political comments, furthermore 1900, despite being funded by two major American film companies ironically displays communist sentiment. 1900 re/visions the class struggle between the peasants and the landowners within 75 years of Italian history. This is captured within a four and a half hour long 'epic', exploring the relationship between two boys born on the same day from different class structures and foregrounding the rise of fascism and socialist resistance in Italy. Arguably film is the chief carrier of historical messages , being more accessible than novels or history books. However, film is perhaps the most problematic means of historical representation. Hollywood films attempt to make profit, thus they strive to entertain, win awards, and to a much lesser extent educate. 1900 is not a Hollywood film, and despite having big name actors , the film by no means follows typical Hollywood conventions. Historical films 're/vision' history; they transcend the 'linear, analytic and scientific' , and often move beyond absolute realism. They provide a vision which is subject to the value systems and motives of the filmmaker and the period in which the film was made. Through close examination of 1900, Bertolucci's revisioning of the understanding of Fascism is clearly displayed."
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