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Complementary Studies Between Historians and Scientists, 2002.
Proposes that scientists would benefit from the study of history and historians would benefit from the study of science.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
Scientists and historians might seem to encompass two separate professional worlds, but they really complement each other in many ways. By studying history, scientists can learn more about how we arrived where we did, and historians, by studying science, can learn more about science's contributions to what made us what we are.
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Scientists in Films, 2000.
An analysis of the negative and positive portrayals of scientists and their preoccupations in "Contact," "Pi," "Jurassic Park," "Absent-Minded Professor," "Insignificance' and more.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 25 sources, £ 58.95
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From the Paper
" The depiction of science and scientists in films and other popular media has long been characterized either by fear and anxiety at scientists' potential power or by wild acclaim for their accomplishments. In both cases, however, the popular reaction is based largely on incomprehension. There are variations on the basic stereotypes of the mad and the benignly inspired scientist, however, and filmmakers tend to express general societal concerns in their choice of type. In addition, filmed representations of scientists tend to repeat or reinforce popular misconceptions about the nature of their work and goals. Thus the choice of any of the mad, evil, kindly, distracted, driven, and inspired characters who populate films about scientists often depends on what, in general, people believe scientists hope to do. Perhaps the most common current..."
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The Mayan Scientists, 2004.
A discussion of the lost Mayan culture, science and religion.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Mayan civilization, which remains a mystery to today's scientists. The paper addresses questions, such as, how a civilization so primitive could manage to become such skillful mathematicians and scientists and why a group this advanced in their scientific studies would just pick up and leave without a trace. The paper also points out that the Mayas were a religious culture that put much emphasis on the study of many branches of science, especially astronomy. The paper concludes that this undeniably advanced civilization managed to blend both science and religion, keeping each in its place yet allowing them to work together, providing emotional fulfillment, intellectual development, and a better understanding of the universe that they lived in.
From the Paper
"Contrasting the views of many Western-Europeans, the Mayas incorporated religion into their astronomical discoveries. The Mayans believed that the planets were actually spirits and that time was "a bridge between the real world and the spirit world" (http://mayanastro.freeservers.com/mayan3.html) and to the Mayas, the only planet more important than the sun was the planet Venus, and they knew that planet, quite possibly, better than any other society of their time. Many wars were timed specifically in relation to the location of Jupiter and Venus and sacrifices to the Gods were made on the first day that the planet appeared after "Superior Conjunction," which is the time in which Venus, the Earth, and the Sun are aligned therefore blocking the view of Venus from Earth."
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Albert Einstein, 2005.
This paper analyzes Albert Einstein as a famous scientist and cultural icon.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, £ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Albert Einstein's scientific genius rendered him the most famous scientist of the 20th century but contends that his intense humanism probably resulted in his status as a cultural icon. The paper relates that it is sometimes not realized that Einstein lamented his breakthrough in relativity and the splitting of the atom that permitted the Allies to create the atomic bomb that ended World War II and heralded our nuclear age.
From the Paper
"Much rhetoric has been written on how scientific discoveries reshape a period and sometimes an entire culture. Gerald Holton notes that Einstein's scientific papers on relativity, statistical mechanics and quantum physics in the first two decades of the 20th century, "caused remarkable and sometimes quite unforeseen cultural transformations and resonances" (p. 125). Of course, Albert Einstein is credited with the theory of general relativity to revolutionize the sciences into the 21st century and the new orientation of relativity would strongly affect the social sciences, plus the world of arts and letters."
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Representation of "The Scientist", 2005.
This paper discusses how "The Scientist" is viewed, using 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA' by James Watson.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, £ 13.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the portrayal of "The Scientist" in James Watson's 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA'. The article reflects a view of science as a highly competitive field in which scientists are men (Watson's scientists being generally male, with the notable exception of Rosalind Franklin) driven by a mingling of competition and collaboration. As this essay demonstrates, the view of scientists in this account is of flawed, if often great, human beings whose achievements are the product of cross-fertilization in a community of scholars driven by personal ambition and personality.
From the Paper
"The portrayal of "The Scientist" in James Watson's 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA' reflects a view of science as a highly competitive field in which scientists are men (Watson's scientists being generally male, with the notable exception of Rosalind Franklin) driven by a mingling of competition and collaboration. As this essay demonstrates, the view of scientists in this account is of flawed, if often great, human beings whose achievements are the product of cross-fertilization in a community of scholars driven by personal ambition and personality."
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Aristotle as a Scientist, 2002.
This paper discusses and analyzes Aristotle as a scientist and as a philosopher with emphasis on Aristotle's theory of science.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that Aristotle originated the development of logic and logical thinking as related to science and mathematics, independent of the mathematical influence from other Greek philosophers and scientists. The author presents details of Aristotle's life both as a scientist and as a philosopher. He concludes that Aristotle's greatest contribution was his ability to communicate his scientific thoughts that were far beyond his age.
From the Paper
"Aristotle based his findings on his knowledge of Greek mathematics at the time, but since he created a new form of mathematical logic, his findings were also completely new and therefore independent of the mathematical influence from other Greek philosophers and scientists. He drew upon his teachings from Plato in his "Prior Analytics," then went on to refine it and add his own explanation for arriving at middle terms in equations and logical thought. "
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Einstein as a Scientist and a Human Being, 1994.
A favorable comparison of his life, thought and contributions to those of Hitler, Freud, Stalin and Marx.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, £ 41.95
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From the Paper
"History will show that Albert Einstein had the most significant influence on the twentieth century. We will compare Einstein to Hitler, Freud, Stalin, and Marx to demonstrate his significance across political and scientific boundaries.
Brief historical backgrounds of each of the four figures above will be offered as a backdrop by which to view Einstein's significance. we will then examine the life of the twentieth century's most famous scientist and human being, Albert Einstein.
Karl Marx, 1818-1883, established the official political philosophy of what we today call Marxism, a system governing more than a billion people. Marxism is a materialist philosophy based on the dialectical (conflicting) process of history. Marx believed that economic forces (the conflict between the classes) influenced the course of history, rather than abstract..."
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The Mystic and the Scientist, 2002.
Discusses and compares the writings of Americans John Woolman and Benjamin Franklin.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explores John Woolman and Benjamin Franklin, contemporaries in the early days of America, were both literary masters, though of radically different kinds.
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The Measure of Knowledge, 2002.
This paper looks into different views on the Nature of Knowledge: Social Scientists vs. Natural Scientists.
5,615 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 71.95
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Abstract
The writer explores the topic that to some knowledge is an absolute, to others; it is that which is gained through long hours of observation and long years of experience. The facts that make up what we call knowledge may be composed of absolutes, or they may be composed of many opinions, opinions that we believe to be most accurate or most correct.
From the Paper
"For the social scientist, knowledge is much more likely to be composed of subjective determinations, or a combination of subjective determinations and objective evidence, rather than simply of what most would call objective fact. It is in the nature of the business. Historians, grammarians, literary critics, psychologists, musicologists, and so on study subjects that cannot really be measured or quantified, at least not in the fullest sense. A historian can compile lists of dates, kings' reigns and presidential terms, days of battles won, and political campaigns lost. He can look through the records of names and places and see what happened where, and what was done by whom. Clearly, these are abstract facts. Yes, if the information you are looking at is accurate. The Russian Revolution began on February 18, 1917. Oh wait a minute, or is that March 3,1917? It all depends on whether you are using the Julian Calendar, the one that was in use in Russia at the time the Revolution broke out - the February date - or the Gregorian Calendar that was in use in most of the rest of the world - the March date. These are not different facts per se, but they certainly can cause a great deal of confusion when it comes to one's knowledge of the Russian Revolution."
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Bertolt Brecht's "Life of Galileo", 2004.
An examination of the religious and scientific conflicts in Bertolt Brecht's "Life of Galileo".
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how in his play, "Life of Galileo", Bertolt Brecht describes the ordeal the famous scientist was forced to undergo as he juggled his personal values and views against those of the mainstream society in which he lived. The paper provides a scene-by-scene examination of Brecht's original play to identify these religious and scientific conflicts, as well as Brecht's treatment of the scientist's response to these conditions.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Scene I. Here Galileo introduces his concept of a new age of enlightened learning, where even "fishwives" will enthusiastically attend school and study advanced topics such as astronomy. Galileo states he first became aware that the Old Guard's days were numbered came when, as a young man in Siena, he watched "a group of building workers argue for five minutes, then abandon a thousand-year old method of shifting granite blocks in favour of a new and more efficient arrangement of the ropes. Then and there I knew, the old days are over and this is a new time" (7)."
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Faulty Testing at its Worst, 2005.
A look at how early scientists distorted their tests and findings to produce the results they desired.
1,379 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper describes some of the early "scientific" intelligent tests and how the scientists performing these tests either falsified data or their findings in order to achieve the desired results. The paper also describes tests where scientists either didn't use proper methods for obtaining data or used faulty reasoning to keep their theory believable. Finally, the paper concludes that, while today's intelligence tests are not flawed as they were in the past, in the past scientists often came to many conclusive statements unscientifically.
From the Paper
"It's 11:00 PM; Channel 7 News reports of a comet heading towards earth; could this be the end of the world? After pulling the attention of all nearby viewers, they continue with the news, only to leave this story to be the last of the night. It turns out that in the year 2443, a comet will come within 10 miles from Earth, possibly impacting. Bending the truth is a common way to draw the attention of gullible or curious individuals. Such is the case with many early scientists mentioned in Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure of Man. Many of the scientists in The Mismeasure of Man worked unscientifically; some used false data to enhance the appeal of their findings to the scientific community, while some others just simply did not test accurately or used poor data."
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Science and Film, 2002.
A discussion of the depiction of science and scientists in films.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 25 sources, MLA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates how the depiction of science and scientists in films and other popular media has long been characterized either by fear and anxiety at scientists' potential power or by wild acclaim for their accomplishments. It examines through a review of several films how there are variations on the basic stereotypes of the mad and the benignly inspired scientist and how filmmakers tend to express general societal concerns in their choice of type. It reviews films such as "Pi", "Contact" and "The Absent-Minded Professor". It also looks at portrayals of the most famous scientist Albert Einstein in "Insignificance", "I.Q." and "Young Einstein' which all address the problem of a public that idolizes what seems incomprehensible, but powerful, to them.
From the Paper
"Stereotypes of the scientist also included the malignant varieties and even types whose benign neglect (caused by their single-minded attention to science with no concern for the consequences) was their main characteristic. Mad scientists certainly preceded and followed the biopic tradition. But in all these cases scientists were viewed as powerful beings. In the past twenty years, however, this trend seems to have reversed itself in two ways. On the one hand, films "increasingly portray science and reason as tools that are unsuitable for understanding our world in a new age of credulity" (Evans 45). Laypersons, for example, are often depicted as achieving better results, moral as well as scientific, than scientists. In Spielberg's E. T., one of the most popular films ever made, the extraterrestrial being is menaced by the cold, faceless forces of science and can only be helped by the kindly efforts of a little boy and his friends. Even the conclusions of more scientifically aware films such as Contact and Pi hint at the comfort offered by the existence of forces that truly are above everything the scientists have failed to comprehend or prove."
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The Manhattan Project: The Building of the Atomic Bomb, 2002.
This research paper is a description of the progression of the Manhattan Project, the undercover name for the building of the first atomic bomb by scientists.
2,260 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.
From the Paper
"We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living..." stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."
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Discoverers of the Physical Sciences, 2002.
A paper which discusses how the discoveries of 6 scientists overlapped and influenced one another.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
A paper which considers how the work of Kepler, Newton, Copernicus, Brahe, Ptolemy and Galileo overlapped, how one discovery influenced another and how the work of these scientists helped form the foundation of modern scientific knowledge of the physical sciences. The paper studies the life histories of each of these scientists.
From the Paper
"Galileo was appointed professor of mathematics at Padua, his duties included to teach the geometry of Elucid, and geocentric, astronomy to the medical students. However it is noted that he discussed more natural philosophy and forms of non standard astronomy, this was also carried out in a public lecture in reference to a New Star that had appeared, now known as Kepler's supernova. Galileo also wrote personally to Kepler stating that he was a follower of the Copernican theory, however there was no outward evidence of this until many years later (Field, 1995)."
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