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Economics and Health Care, 2006.
This paper discusses the use of economics in the world of health care, despite the differentiation of health care products from that of normal goods and services.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the application of economic principles of addressing competition, understanding costs and becoming aware of the real value of the goods and services in the field of health care. It reports how even in the not-for-profit hospital setting, there still exists a necessity to maximize the revenues and to reduce costs. It shows how it is the goal of the managers and health care providers to devise methods so as to become low-cost providers without being forced to lower the quality standards. However, the paper discusses how the relationship between the patients and doctors is quite different from the normal relationship between buyers and sellers. The paper concludes with the role of the pharmacist who, while applying economic evaluation methods, must also use humanistic evaluation techniques.
From the Paper
"Common people, from the common sense perspective, believe that it is not possible to buy and sell health care like other goods and services. Economists, however, analyze and differentiate the health care and market from a theoretical perspective, with use of the market failure theory. The economists visualize that markets fail due to lack of perfect information on right goods at the lowest possible cost. In case of health care severe information problems are being confronted that makes the rational purchasing decisions difficult. It is to be noted that is not always effective and possible that the patient is in a position to explore all the possible available ways of treating oneself and hence finds it really difficult to choose from amongst the most cost effective approach which would be most appropriate. The medical information is technically filled with complexities that it is not possible to be understood by a layman and this is made worse by the fact that several illnesses do not repeat again. Besides the health care has strong externality influences than that of other goods and services. The cost of caring a sick person may entail heavy financial burden on the patient's family."
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The Ethics and Economics of Health Care, 2004.
Examines the ethical issues verses the economic issues of health care and health care coverage today.
1,037 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the ethical and economic concerns small and large businesses face when it comes to providing, or not providing, health care coverage to employees. The paper looks at the need for coverage for employees and the economic burden coverage places on businesses. Situations when a business should be ethically required to supply coverage and when it should not be required to do so are discussed, as well as which types of companies find health care coverage more economically feasible.
From the Paper
"In the United States today, employers are usually not legally responsible for providing employees with health benefits. Only a few states require employers to provide workers with health care insurance. In other words, an employee has the choice of accepting or rejecting a job that does not provide him or her with health benefits, depending on whether he or she determines such a course of action to be prudent for him or herself. The employer may chose to provide health benefits to an employee or not, extending the option as part of an initial contract of employment, or later on during the employee?s tenure at the company. (Findlaw for Business, 2003, ?Employee?s Rights) The employer?s decision to do so will usually depend on the type of employee his or her business needs to attract to remain financially stable. Extending health benefits are one way of attracting a desirable employee. Usually, the company will do so if this is financially in the company?s interest. However, there is another concern, if the business owner is ethically responsible to provide employees with health benefits?"
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Health Care Politics and Policy in the U.S.A.: A New Systems Approach, 2004.
This paper examines the historical and current policies of health care in the U.S. and introduces a new model of collaboration utilizing a systems approach.
7,090 words (approx. 28.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper stress that health care is the largest single industry in the country and that health policy making in the United States involves a complex web of decisions made by various institutions and political actors across a broad spectrum of the public and private sectors. The author reports that the Health Maintenance Organization is a system in which enrollees pay a fixed fee (capitation) in advance and, in return, receive a comprehensive set of health services. This paper concludes that the goal of the integrative health care model is to advance the current health care system to a new level cooperation, mutual partnerships, and dedication that will keep intact the true values of accessible, efficient and affordable quality health care, which does not discriminate against individuals.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Examination of Health Care Politics and Policies
Medicare Politics and Policy
Medicaid Politics and Policies
Managed Care Politics and Policy
Types of Managed Care Organizations
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)
Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs)
Point of Service Plans (POSs)
A New Integrative Systems Model of Health Care
Primary Level
Secondary Level
Third Level
Conclusions
From the Paper
"During this period, doctors and specialists had unquestioned authority within the hospital and retained nearly total control over medical decision-making. They merely had to ask, and they would gain access to the hospital's complete arsenal of medical personnel and equipment. Individual roles were well respected. Hospital administrators stayed out of medical decision-making. The administrators staffed the hospitals, procured supplies, and handled fiscal matters and deferred to the medical staff in all clinical matters. Health insurers also had there role and did not intervene. They sold indemnity insurance, which permitted patients to receive care from any licensed provider, and paid for all services rendered, except possibly for a nominal co-payment. With administrators and insurers playing passive roles, physicians clearly stood atop the hierarchy of the health care economy."
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Health Care Policy, 2006.
A discussion regarding global health care policy issues.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies the top ten health care policy issues as represented through a search of the world wide web. The issues referenced are determined through political websites as part of candidate platforms and presidential issues as well as from a site specific to health policy. Issues cited are: Aging, diet and nutrition, environmental health, global issues, healthcare reform, infectious diseases, mental health, patient advocacy, public health and research and discovery.
From the Paper
"Health care policy issues have been with us as long as the people have looked to their form of government for help related to health and welfare. According to Macgee (2006), in our modern society, health represents more than disease related issues or health delivery systems, yet governments and nations still compartmentalize health policy issues. This paper presents the top ten issues related to health care policy as represented through a search of political and a-political sites offered on the World Wide Web. The issues listed below are those most commonly debated and include the social variables surrounding the specific health care issue, for the social ramifications are what drive policy. "
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Defense and Health Care Policy-Making, 2002.
Looks at the policy making process regarding issues of national defense and health care.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the issues of health care and foreign/defense policymaking. The author provides a clear statement of the issues, identifies the jurisdictional level, and discusses the key players and their roles. Specific actions, personal involvement, and barriers to be overcome are also addressed.
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Economic Principles and Health Care, 2005.
A discussion on conventional economics and the health care payment system.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that conventional economics cannot be applied to the modern day health care system because of the complexity of the payment system that has become so vast throughout time. The paper cites examples of this, and further offers solutions to this problem.
From the Paper
"Within the health care payment system there are a wide variety of entities that are considered. Patients, providers, insurance companies, and governmental health insurance all play a significant role in the health care payment system. This complex system, therefore, would be difficult to generalize in economic terms because of the vastness of the elements that affect health care every day. William F. Jessee (2003) describes the health care payment system as "multiple combinations of co-payments and deductibles, multiple coverage policies, multiple billing requirements, multiple coding policies, and multiple fee schedules..." (p. 19). This description can be considered in terms of the patient first. Each patient arrives within the health care system with different financial circumstances. Some patients may have insurance through their employment, or HMOs, and PPOS. Other patients may have government health insurance, such as Medicaid, or Medicare."
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Economics: Health Care Policy, 2006.
A discussion regarding private versus public health policies.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of allowing private clinics to provide services to paying members of the public that are also covered by the public health care system. The underlying assumption of this issue is that for-profit private clinics would allow clients who pay to obtain quicker access to medical services than they would obtain from the public system.
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Economics of Health Care Industry, 2001.
Examines Medicare & Medicaid, hospitals, HMOs, & impact of new medical techniques. Contends economic future not promising.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, £ 49.95
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From the Paper
"According to Ginzberg and Minogiannis (2000), Americans' yearly national health care expenses (NHE) are currently about 1.2 trillion dollars and the costs are rising! This figure means that, on the average, about 14 percent of the yearly economy is spent within the enormous network of health care services and people that comprise the country's health care industry.
The purpose of this paper is to look at the economic aspects of the many programs and organizations associated with these expenditures including: Medicare and Medicaid, hospitals, Health Maintenance Organizations, and the impact of new medical technologies. This overview closes with the formulation of conclusions regarding the economic status of the health care..."
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Health Care Managers and Health Care Delivery, 2004.
Examines the relationship that exists between health care players, how they perform their duties, and how they join their forces in health care delivery.
2,367 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and provides information on the roles and responsibilities that health care managers are tasked to accomplish in today?s health care systems. Moreover, this paper examines how a health care manager's job as a leader who ensures a smooth and organized management and operation of health organizations, influences his/her perspective on health care professions. The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding how health care managers perceive their duties in health care service.
From the Paper
"The basic role every manager must be able to render is the task of providing good human relations to everyone at work. Through this role, the objective of accomplishing jobs in an environment where good work relationship is maintained can be made possible. In the field of health care, healthcare managers must have the ability to perform this basic responsibility. A healthcare manager should be a specialist in managing the condition of the healthcare staffs. Though this duty may be perceived as a simple task, it is critical that a good human resource management be delivered to a health organization to ease the stress and pressure that health care providers, such as the doctors and nurses, experience from their duties."
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Health Care and Managed Health Care: The Need for Sweeping Reforms, 2002.
A look at role of primary care nurse practitioners in relation to health care reforms.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the role of primary care nurse practitioners in respect to health care and health care reform. The failure of primary healthcare is critically assessed, in the respect that health care is currently "managed" by independent "for- profit" organizations, where there is an emphasis on financial success rather than patient welfare. This paper also places a strong emphasis on the role of nurse care practitioners in the state of Florida and in community health care clinics.
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Privacy Protection Policies in Health Care, 2008.
A case study analysis of the United States Privacy Act and its subsequent revisions and the Healthcare Information Privacy Protection Act (HIPPA).
1,724 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study relating to privacy issues in the medical and healthcare field. It aims to design an executive level privacy protection policy and considers both the legal regulations applicable to a company's privacy issues and the company's particular privacy needs. The paper specifically examines the application of the United States Privacy Act and its subsequent revisions and the Healthcare Information Privacy Protection Act (HIPPA).
From the Paper
"Clearly, the Privacy Act, originally intended to apply only to government agencies, now applies to such non-governmental entities as the healthcare system and commercial businesses. What can be concluded from this expansion of the Act's jurisdiction is that, because of the Act, individuals now have an expectation of personal privacy. In order to ensure this expectation is met, all customer-related organizations must take steps, per the Privacy Act, to protect an individual's personal privacy. (Douglas-Steward: 2001)."
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Impediments to Health Care Access for Low Income Visible Minorities, 2002.
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
29,350 words (approx. 117.4 pages), 135 sources, APA, £ 173.95
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Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents? behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans? decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans? sexual behavior."
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Health Care in America, 2006.
An overview of health care policy in America and what must be done in order to overhaul the current health care system.
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problems in America's overall health care policy, pointing out that the current health policy agenda does not provide a cogent cohesive approach to resolving the health problems facing the nation. The paper further points out that America's health policies focus primarily on methods of financing instead of health outcomes. The paper then examines the outcomes of those policies and how they affect the health status of Americans. Additionally, the paper explains that a new perspective on health care is required if America wants to improve the nation's health demands. The paper concludes with recommendations for three major changes in health care policies that will help the U.S. achieve the goal of a healthier nation.
From the Paper
"One of the issues that employers must deal with, then, is the altering nature of its employees' health problems. As employers and additional major purchasers of health care take a more active role in managing the care of their covered lives, there will be increasing pressure to modify the nature of the exposure. As the two main concerns of those paying for health care are cost and outcome, there will be an increasing demand for alternatives to hospital care that are most cost-effective and result in tolerable outcomes. Otherwise, both employers and employees will continue to suffer from the mismatch. The most major issue in health status, it is now understood, is the impact on lifestyles. Lifestyle-related health problems require behavioral change. Businesses face a challenge to provide adequate incentives to daunt harmful behavior (e.g., cigarette smoking and obesity). These behaviors have been shown to reduce worker efficiency and increase health care costs. On the other hand, this aspect of illness control is not addressed by most presented insurance plans."
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Managed Health Care Systems, 2004.
Presents a new model of model of managed health care in the U.S. using a systems approach.
7,200 words (approx. 28.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 111.95
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Abstract
Health care in the United States has a long history; from the traveling physician who provided services in private homes and charity organizations, to government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid that proceeded hospital construction, and the relatively recent trend of managed health care. Along the way, innovation and competition facilitated new health care technologies and services that offered numerous approaches to prevention, treatment, and management of diseases. In a bold new health care policy, integration and collaboration between the public and private sectors of health care is not only an option, but a necessity in providing the most efficient and sound health care services and options. This paper examines health care in the U.S. from a historical and current perspective and concludes by introducing a new model of managed health care utilizing a systems approach.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Examination of Health Care
Public Sector Health Care in the USA
Private Sector Health Care in the USA
Types of Managed Care Organizations
HMO Models
The Merging of Public and Private Health Care Models
A New Universal Managed Health Care Model
Conclusions
References
Appendices
From the Paper
"The managed health care industry did slow the growth in health care spending. Moreover, by extending coverage to services provided in an outpatient setting, it reversed the artificial preference for in-patient care that was created by indemnity insurance benefit designs. By focusing on clinical variability in physician practices, the shift to managed care forced the elimination of some unnecessary care. It also provided a stabilizing force to professional fees and institutional charges."
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