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Coercive Diplomacy through Economic Sanctions, 2002.
This paper defines the policy of economic sanctions and gives examples of situations in which the United States has implemented this tactic.
1,239 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The writer examines the history of the development of economic sanctions. It defines this tactic as a type of coercive diplomacy, a strategic political tactic by which a demand to one?s adversary is backed up with a threat of punishment for non-compliance that is estimated to be severe enough to be persuasive. The paper traces the policy back to the bible, differentiating between economic sanctions and blackmail.
From the Paper
"Coercive diplomacy consists of four possible tactics: a demand, the means used to create a sense of urgency, threatened punishment for noncompliance and possible incentives. Differences and combinations of these tactics provide five type basic types of coercive diplomacy, identified as the ultimatum, the tacit ultimatum, the ?try-and-see? approach the ?gradual turning of the screw?, and the carrot and stick approach. (3)"
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Sanctions and Human Rights, 2002.
Questions whether economic sanctions mitigate internal conflict and halt human rights abuses, using the U.N. sanctions on Iraq as an example.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 52.95
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Abstract
In an attempt to influence the behaviour of other states, while avoiding the consequences of military conflict, many states or coalitions of states employ economic sanctions. Proponents of these types of measures argue that they can and do influence the actions of sanctioned states. Their critics argue that they carry little diplomatic weight and impose undue suffering on innocent individuals within the sanctioned state. This case examines the application of sanctions against Iraq in the past decades and concludes that they have had few positive consequences and profoundly negative and immoral impacts.
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U.S. Economic Sanctions against Republic of Panama, 1990.
This paper examines the United States national security during the application of economic sanctions against the Republic of Panama in 1988 and 1989: History of U.S.-Panama relations, potential effects of sanctions, U.S. sanction efforts against other
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 11 sources, £ 61.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines United States (U.S.) national security in the context of the application of economic sanctions against the Republic of Panama in 1988 and 1989. The topic is examined through (1) a brief review of the history of AmericanPanamanian bilateral relations, (2) an assessment of the potential effects on Panama of economic sanctions, (3) an examination of approach of the U.S. government toward the use of economic sanctions, and (4) the results achieved by the U.S. through the application of economic sanctions against Panama. The final section of this research presents a statement of the conclusions drawn from the findings of the research."
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U.S. Policies Concerning OPEC, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the role of economic sanctions in U.S. foreign policy.
10,420 words (approx. 41.7 pages), 19 sources, APA, £ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how U.S. foreign policy has developed as the result of American efforts to influence the price and supply of oil in OPEC countries. Also examined are the impact of variations in the supply and price of oil on the U.S. economy, the 1970 oil crisis, the impact of the Persian Gulf War, and the current unrest in the Middle East in this context. A summary of the research is presented in the conclusion.
Outline
Major Players and Events Influencing U.S. Foreign Policy
Overview of Issues Related to Economic Sanctions
Overview of the Persian Gulf
Impact of the Persian Gulf War of U.S. Foreign Policy
U.S. Foreign Policy and the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
From the Paper
"Since the 1973 OPEC oil embargo, U.S. dependence on oil imports has risen to record levels, from 28 percent in 1973 to 48 percent in 1997 (?The 1973 Oil Embargo: What Have We Learned In the Last 25 Years?,? n. pag.). Through 1972, Americans had become accustomed to expanding energy consumption with minimal concerns about the constancy of supply or sharp price escalations. In 1973, however, expectations about energy supply changed dramatically. The turmoil started early in 1973, as customers experienced the first symptoms of something being wrong with electricity brown outs and rapidly rising prices for fuels and other necessities. Price controls and allocation systems not only failed to resolve these problems, they seemed to aggravate them. Most memorably, October brought an oil embargo by members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, cutting further into the supply of oil and elevating prices to levels previously thought impossible. Customers experienced lines and sometimes no fuel at gasoline stations. A year of bad news was punctuated in December, when the President announced that because of the energy crisis the lights on the national Christmas tree would not be turned on. Throughout the year, energy stayed at the forefront of public attention. Interruptions in energy supplies were also closely related to other issues of national importance-a weakening of the economy and a reassessment of America's strategic position in the world. From 1973 to the mid-1980's, prices continued at very high levels, in part because of a second oil shock in 1979-80. During this period, rapid progress was made in raising American oil production, reducing dependence on oil imports, and improving end-use efficiency. After the oil price collapse of the mid-1980's, however, prices retreated to more moderate levels, the pace of efficiency gains slowed, American oil production fell, and the share of imports rose. Other, more violent events in the Middle East, however, would soon create a new political situation in which the U.S. was to be forced to create foreign policy directly as a result of America?s need for oil."
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Sanctions in Cuba, 2002.
An argumentative paper about United States' sanctions against Cuba, presenting both sides of the argument.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about the United States' sanctions against the nation of Cuba. The writer attempts to present both sides of the controversy regarding the sanctions against Cuba. The writer argues for lifting the sanctions, and then argues for maintaining them. Considerations on both sides include social concerns, military options and financial effects.
From the Paper
"For the past four decades the United States have maintained sanctions against Cuba. The economic boycott has hit a standstill while the House and the Senate argue over what should be done about the situation. Travel bans and other sanctions have come under fire recently for several reasons(Leavitt pg 07A). Small steps have been taken to try and appease those who want the sanctions lifted while not going completely against those who want it maintained. The debate has sparked heated arguments on many levels of government in both nations(Leavitt pg 07A)."
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Prison Reform Sanctions, 2008.
This paper discusses whether intermediate sanctions are a better alternative than traditional incarceration.
1,578 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that in the United States, there are two types of prisons: public, paid for by taxpayers, and private in which business and industry run prisons for capital gain. The writer maintains that although public prisons are far from perfect, they appear to be a better alternative than private sector prisons. Since both have major flaws, alternative sanctions must be explored when examining the issue of prison reforms. The writer then discusses that there are many valid alternatives to public and private prison incarceration, which may be as effective in reforming the offender. The writer concludes that alternative sanctions appear to be effective options to long prison terms and may reduce recidivism rates, while saving American taxpayer money.
Outline:
What is the Current Condition of Prisons in the United States?
What Alternative Sanctions are Available?
From the Paper
"Although safety may be a factor in private prisons, the efficiency level at which these facilities are run appears to be above that of public prisons. One study actually found that the incarceration length of an average inmate in a private prison is less than half that served by an inmate in the public sector.
"As stated, private prison systems are very cost effective, often 5 to 15 percent below public prison costs of operation. However, the failure to rehabilitate prisoners in a productive manner may cost society a bigger price in the end."
"Overall, although private sector facilities house less dangerous inmates, these prisons appear to be a more dangerous environment due to the lack of staff on duty. Although public prisons are far from perfect, they appear to be a better alternative than a private sector prison."
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Civil Sanctions, 2007.
This paper presents an examination of civil sanctions in crime control.
2,811 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the role of civil sanctions in crime control. The writer explores the way civil sanctions are already used in criminal cases. The writer then argues that taking it a step further would benefit everyone involved by alleviating some of the nation's jail overcrowding issues and by providing financial relief to victims of criminals. The writer concludes that the time has come to introduce the use of civil sanctions to control crime in America. The writer points out that it would help alleviate jail overcrowding, it would benefit society by putting money back into the pocket it was taken from through crime and it will serve as a control for would be criminals to stop and think about whether the crime they are about to commit is worth it.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Crime Control
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To be fair, criminal court judges are also at their wits end as they try to handle overfilled courtroom dockets, maintain a sense of order and keep track of how many times a defendant has already been in trouble before deciding what punishment to hand down. Recent history has witnessed Americans taking the law into their own hands, not with acts of vigilantism but with acts of civil summons. Across the nation victims and families of victims in criminal actions are filing civil suits against those who committed the crimes against them or their loved ones. The trial of OJ Simpson was one of the most well known cases, in which the families of Ron Goldman and Nicole Simpson took the former pro-ball player to civil court and got a many million dollar ruling against him. In Nashville the case of attorney Perry March who killed his wife and then worked with his father to hide the body and escape prosecution for more than a decade has also been sued by his wife's family for the distress his actions caused them. The idea of filing civil suits against criminal defendants is not a new one, however, the civil action has nothing to do with the criminal proceedings. With the current overcrowding of America's jails and prisons, and crime including many more types of theft than ever before, the time has come to introduce civil sanctions as a valid method of crime prevention."
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Sanctions against Cuba, 2008.
A discussion of the history of the sanctions against Cuba and the reasons for the arguments in favor of dropping them.
2,236 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history, aims, and effectiveness of United States economic and travel sanctions against Cuba. The paper then focuses on the change in public opinion within the United States that favors dropping the sanctions against Cuba. Next, the paper discusses the arguments in favor of dropping the sanctions and presents them as personal recommendations to the President.
Table of Contents:
Situation
Recommendations
Benefits of Change
Short- and Long-Term Change
From the Paper
"Passage of this legislation came at a time when many in congress believed that the fall of Cuba was imminent, based on the example of the Soviet Union and its disintegration. They were wrong, though the sanctions they imposed continue as if they were effective. The formation and maintenance of the policy has been affected from the fist by competing interests in the U.S., and this only adds to the uncertainty seen by many: "The oddities of American politics being what they are, no one can be absolutely certain that the embargo will not last another forty years." Even as the Helms-Burton law was passed, future U.S.-Cuba relations were characterized as bleak as far as any positive change was concerned."
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The Ineffectiveness of Economic Sanctions, 2005.
This paper looks at the use of different cases where economic sanctions were placed and argues their ineffectiveness.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper questions the historical use of economic sanctions as a politically heavy-handed tool. It first looks at the historical sanctions that the United States has employed against Cuba and the results that have been seen through the decades. Then it looks at the sanctions that were used against South Africa, somewhat successfully, but questions if these were the reason for the end of Apartheid.
From the Paper
"It seems that we are in an age that loves the "retro," what is old and was once commonplace but is now considered "cool." We embrace motion pictures that are questionable but now nostalgic, we adorn ourselves with clothes that for so long were thought of as yesterday's fashions but are now again trendy. This type of nostalgia and reversion is not only occurring among materialistic avenues; it is also happening in our political thinking and worldviews. It seems only yesterday when the United States was worrying itself over Communism and gulags, over dictators and the Middle East. But that has popped up again, and not just in the "big" war that is happening. We are considering economic sanctions against North Korea and Iran, and we have them in place, not to mention more than a hundred thousand troops, in Iraq."
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Political Sanctions, 2005.
This paper argues in support of political sanctions.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains why sanctions are not only not antiquated but rather vitally important for the long-term health and security of the United States or any nation. The author points out there is ample evidence that economic sanctions do work to discourage rogue states from continuing with their aggressive and frequently destructive policies. The paper concludes that multilateral sanctions are the most effective means of extending foreign policy influence and is a favorable alternative to military intervention.
From the Paper
"Despite its many critics, there is ample evidence that economic sanctions do work to discourage rogue states from continuing with their aggressive and frequently destructive policies. That said, economic sanctions are only effective if they have the support of the international community and are applied with a measure of practicality that is sometimes sorely lacking in the corridors of power. This paper will discuss the above matters in greater detail with the hope that the end of this paper will bring with it an appreciation for the various ways that economic sanctions can help rather than hinder a nation's foreign policy."
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Sanctions on Cuba, 2008.
A look at the reasons why the United States inposed sanctions on Cuba and whether they achieved the desired effect.
2,244 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the United States has imposed embargoes and trade sanctions on Cuba over the past four decades, and efforts to remove these restrictions have been met with opposition. The paper explains that the reason for most sanctions and embargoes directed at Cuba relates to the concerns about that country since Castro came to power and how the existence of a Communist regime only a few hundred miles from the coast of the United States was a matter of special concern for the CIA from the time of the Cuban Revolution in 1959. The paper concludes that the sanctions have not had the desired effect and continuing them is a sign of stubbornness and not of an effective policy apparatus.
From the Paper
"The reason for most sanctions and embargoes directed at Cuba relates to the concerns about that country since Castro came to power. The existence of a Communist regime only a few hundred miles from the coast of the United States was a matter of special concern for the CIA from the time of the Cuban Revolution in 1959. The CIA had an operations headquarters in Miami seen by many as a state within a city because it was over, above, and outside the laws of the United States as well as of the international community. The headquarters had a permanent staff in excess of 300 Americans directed a few thousand Cuban agents in different actions, with a budget of more than $50 million a year. "
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The Effectiveness of U.S. Sanctions, 2001.
A look at the effectiveness of sanctions imposed by the U.S. and the impact on the population of the effected country.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the role of U.S.- imposed sanctions and asks whether they are effective. It examines the types of sanctions imposed and how this effects the people on the ground. Do they provide more harm than good, when the masses suffer and the leader continue to thrive?
From the Paper
"Economic sanctions are an important tool of US foreign policy. They are used for a variety of reasons and often have substantial repercussions for countries on the receiving ends. Sanctions are used as a way to stop objectionable actions of foreign governments such as: to stop military adventures, arms proliferation, support of terrorism and drug trafficking, and human rights abuses among others. (Department of the Treasury website, 2002) "In conjunction with diplomacy and other measures, sanctions seek to demonstrate US resolve and express outrage, change the behavior of the target country, and deter other countries from resorting to similar actions in the future." (Carter, 1988)"
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Intermediate Sanctions or Prison, 2008.
A discussion on whether intermediate sanctions are a better alternative than traditional incarceration in the public or private prison system.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how both public and private prisons have certain strengths as well as weaknesses in their administration and how intermediate sanctions are a viable alternative to prison sentences. Through a review of the literature, the paper examines how alternative sanctions appear to be effective options to long prison terms and how they may reduce recidivism rates, while saving American taxpayers money.
From the Paper
"On the other end of the spectrum, Blakely and Bumphus (2004) define private prisons as those run by private entities that have contracts with government agencies. Curtis R. Blakely is on staff at the University of South Alabama, while Dr. Vic W. Bumphus is on staff at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Private prisons are not a new concept by any means and were operational in Europe during the seventeenth century. The recent trend towards this type of facility began in 1984 in several States such as Tennessee and Florida. A great advantage in the private prison system as compared to the public prison system is cost: private prisons can deliver the same correctional service as a government facility, however at a significantly lower cost. "
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Economic Development, 2007.
This paper discusses issues related to the economic development of less developed countries (LDCs).
2,670 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that some less developed countries (LDCs) face high levels of indebtedness and sudden flight capital, which cause concern among international financial institutions. The author points out that the reasons for these problems are (1) low savings rates, which lead to low investment, a breakdown of the rule of law and high corruption and (2) inadequate reforms by last resort financing organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The paper relates that foreign aid has been a disappointing experience for LDCs even though the World Trade Organization carries a powerful enforcement capacity; however, this process is unbalanced because the threat of sanctions by a developing country on a country such as the U.S., carries little weight in addition to the prohibitive cost and legal expertise requiremed to pursue a case.
Table of Contents:
Problems
Foreign Aid
From the Paper
"Consumption smoothing is another less disappointing means of increasing savings for less developed nations. What this means is that with integrated capital markets, households can smooth consumption against shocks that affect asymmetrically the domestic and foreign countries, and thus will make them better off. In bad times, countries will borrow money and will lend money in good times, leading to fluctuations of the current account. This concept can be applied in a demographic manner, for example, aging countries can transfer savings to countries whose population is ..."
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