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Decolonization, 2005.
This paper discusses decolonization and looks at the differing views of the French and the British in this regard.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that De Gaulle was clear that decolonization served the interests of France. The writer points out that the British Labor Party took the same approach, but was more benevolent. The writer discusses that the statements made by de Gaulle and during the British debate were inevitable and that behind the scenes, international events, and especially World War II, had and were making a massive impact. The writer shows that decolonization took place within the context of a profoundly changing world with new and very pressing demands.
From the Paper
"There are several striking similarities between De Gaulle's justifications for decolonization and those expressed by the members of British parliament. There also are several very important differences. De Gaulle was clear that decolonization served the interests of France. The British Labor Party took the same approach, but was more benevolent. The statements made by de Gaulle and during the British debate were inevitable. Behind the scenes, international events, and especially World War II, had and were making a massive impact. Decolonization took place within the context of a profoundly changing world with new and very pressing demands."
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The Decolonization of India, 2008.
This paper argues that internal factors played as large a role as any other in the decolonization of India.
2,520 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the most notable internal factors influencing the decolonization of India is the gradual handing-over of more and more power to Indian political elites in the Legislative Councils of India in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century. The author points out how collective memory, while well-concealed during the apogee of British might in the last-half of the nineteenth century, also fueled underground resistance to British rule. The paper explores how the rise of nationalist associations and a series of reforms by the British - the 1861 Indian Councils Act, the 1892 Act and most significantly the sweeping Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 in response to the foolishness of former Viceroy George Curzon - led to India being slowly introduced to responsible government and to the parliamentary traditions, which would sustain it when it became wholly independent after the Second World War.
From the Paper
"It is axiomatic that empires cost a lot of money; it is also axiomatic that empires eventually must respond to the demands and concerns of the repressed - at least somewhat - or destructive rebellion, the disruption of trade and commodity production, and a general rise in hostilities will result. For the British, the 1857 Uprising and the subsequent 1861 Councils Act were only the first steps towards recognizing that the cultural imperialism of the past was no longer going to suffice as the twentieth century drew nigh. To wit, in 1892 a revised Indian Councils Act was passed that permitted "local comment" and criticism for legislation passed by the provincial legislative councils."
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Decolonization of the British Empire in Africa, 2008.
An analysis of the ways in which former British African colonies influenced one another, with a focus on Kenya and Zimbabwe.
2,537 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the extent to which the former British African colonies influenced one another, independent of British leadership. It describes the reasons why the colonies influenced each other, focusing specifically on two of the former African colonies under the British Empire - Kenya and Zimbabwe. The paper describes the background of the colonization and the self-determination of the two colonies.
Table of Contents:
Background
Self-Determination
From the Paper
"In summary, the influences that the Black African organizations had on one another during the process of decolonization ranged from persuasive, in joining together in the call for unity and Black leadership in the African nations; coercion during the years process of decolonization as the individual self-interest and groups vying for power became more subversive and coercive in nature in a struggle for power; and, finally, at least for Kenya and Rhodesia, a period of acculturation, during which the pending Black leadership assumed the identity and institutions and roles of the as yet in tact British empire. The new regimes resorted again to coercion in order to deal with the remnants of the colonialism, and to fend off competing Black forces challenging existing authorities for political power."
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Nigeria: Nationalism and Decolonization, 2002.
This paper outlines the rise of nationalism and the process of independence in Nigeria from 1940-1970.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the development of opposition and local political organization in Nigeria initially. Then it examines the political process leading to independence. It focuses on the dual themes of federalism and independence in the decade from 1950-1960.
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Decolonizing the Mind-Politics of Language in African Literature, 2000.
A look at how Nguii wa Thiong's ?Decolonizing the Mind? illustrates the politics of language in African Literature.
710 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 1 source, £ 15.95
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From the Paper
"Thiong?o goes into great detail in describing his oversimplified view of the correlation between language and culture. He claims that language is a carrier of culture, and uses the example that in Sweden and Denmark, English is only used to communicate with those who cannot speak their language. However, in Britain, the English language is not only a means of communication, but also a carrier of its culture and history. For Africans, there is no relationship between their acquired language?English, and their African culture. Thiong?o defines culture as a product and a reflection of human beings communicating with one another in the very struggle to create wealth and control it?a product of the history which it in turn reflects. "
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The Fall of the British Empire, 2002.
A look at historical writing on British decolonization during the post-World War II era 1945-1964.
4,900 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 12 sources, £ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the historiography of the issues involved in the fall of the British Empire. The author focuses upon areas of overlap and commonality as well as major controversies and points of historiological disagreement, displays an understanding of the current state of historical writing on British decolonization, suggests ways in which the field might be improved, broadened, enlivened, or brought more sharply into focus, and offers some suggestions about the direction he thinks the field might or possibly should take in the future.
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African-American History, 1994.
African origins through decolonization era, slavery in U.S., emancipation, literary & cultural movements, Harlem Renaissance and jazz.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 11 sources, £ 75.95
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From the Paper
"African American History
This paper will discuss certain aspects of African American history. The first part of the paper will provide some background with regard to the history of Africa and its culture. The second part of the paper will briefly discuss the chronological history of African Americans, focusing especially upon the transition from slavery to freedom in the Nineteenth Century. The third part of the paper will discuss African American literature, including that produced during the Harlem Renaissance. The fourth part of the paper will discuss the African roots of jazz and the early development of jazz in African American culture."
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British Guyana, 1997.
History since 16th century Dutch & British rule. Looks at history of slavery, economics, abolition movement, politics, decolonization, leadership, foreign relations through to independence.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 70.95
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From the Paper
"A Brief History of British Guyana
Guyana lies on the northeast edge of South America, flanked by Venezuela on the west. It is a largely populated settlement compared to other areas in the West Indies, but Guyana does not have the economic or political impact that nearby Trinidad or Jamaica does.
Current scholarship holds that the territory known as Guyana was first settled sometime before 900 A.D. by tribes of Indians whose present-day decendents include the peoples of the Shiriana, Waica, Warrau, and Guaharibo tribes. These early inhabitants were nomads, hunting and gathering for food. Theory holds that they began developing more complex communities after 900 A.D., evidence of which includes advanced pottery. These tribes eventually transformed into agrarian cultures, with religious sites and.."
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First Nations Literature, 2008.
A review of First Nations Literature including two plays by Marie Clements: "Burning Vision" and "The Unnatural and Accidental Women", and a poetry book "Exercises in Lip Pointing" by Annharte.
1,315 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses of some of the ways in which First Nations literature makes a criticism of North American society and culture. the paper explains that in "Burning Vision", Clements makes it clear that the First World is pathologically sick in terms of its attitude to the world and its people and resources. The paper then examines the theme of resistance and struggle and decolonization in three of the texts. The writer believes that if First Nations' existence is defined by their status as having been colonized by people of a different race, then their salvation lies in resistance and struggle. The writer concludes that if First Nations cannot decolonize their countries, they can at least decolonize their minds, and that is what many of the best First Nations writers strive to do, which accounts for the central importance of this theme in much of their literature.
From the Paper
"Clements also seems to imply that the ultimate expression of this rape is nuclear destruction - the ultimate assertion of power, delivered in phallic-shaped bombs by phallic-shaped jets. In this regard, it is important to remember that FAT MAN was the name of one of the atomic bombs. Moreover, the other atomic bomb was code named LITTLE BOY. This was unintentional irony, given that it is Western male aggression that propelled colonization, as well as the kind of destruction meted out by the atomic bombs. In The Unnatural and Accidental Women, Clements seems to be on a totally different track, focusing on poor women living in Vancouver's Eastside in the 1980s."
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Language and Culture, 2008.
This paper compares two articles on the cultural significance of language; "Decolonizing the Mind" by N'gugi wa Thiong'o and the "Intellectual Savage" by Jamake Highwater.
1,088 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 0 sources, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper examines two articles, "Decolonizing the Mind" by N'gugi wa Thiong'o and the "Intellectual Savage" by Jamake Highwater. The paper explains how the articles discuss how language becomes the means through which a cultural reality is transmitted, thus controlling language is one means by which colonial usurpers can control self-imagery and self-awareness. The paper is of the opinion that both articles do a commendable job of highlighting the inter-relationship between language and culture.
From the Paper
"In her article, "Decolonizing the Mind," N'gugi wa Thiong'o writes about her childhood speaking Gikuyu in her native Africa. In particular, she devotes time to recollecting how, as a small child, she listened to tales about how the weak hare could outwit the beasts of prey - the lion, the leopard, and the hyena - and stay alive in a hostile world. Not to be overlooked, she comments at length upon the different types of human beings who emerged in anthropocentric tales and how some were cruel, selfish and opposed to all that might foster a stronger community, and how others were kind, giving and individualistic; in assessing the narrative, it is evident that Ngugi wa Thiong'o is comparing the beasts of prey with colonizers eager to take over her native land. More than that, those stories impressed upon her the power of language - its cadence, rhythm, inflection, its suggestive power - and how language could bind a community together. Later though, this harmony would be broken when Englishmen took over the school system and made it a serious penalty for any child to be speaking the native Gikuyu language instead of the alien, oppressive English of the colonizers."
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"Africa", 2005.
A reading response to this book by Phyllis M. Martin and Patrick O'Meara.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, £ 16.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses decolonization, independence and the failure of politics in Phyllis M. Martin and Patrick O'Heara's "Africa". People in the West are most commonly exposed to representations of Africa as a continent in crisis. The impression is given that all of the leadership is corrupt, and that therefore Africa has no one to blame but itself for its woes. The paper shows how the book presents the facts of what happened after decolonization, which helps the reader to understand the situation in Africa today.
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"Anthills of the Savannah"., 2002.
This paper discusses Chinua Achebe's "Anthills of the Savannah".
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, £ 27.95
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Abstract
It examines how the messages of Achebe's work stem not only from what he says, but also from what he does not say. More than anything else, Achebe's spoken words, as well as non-spoken meanings, promote a process of decolonization of Africa, which includes the empowerment of women. The author clearly demonstrates that a revolution will be severely flawed if it does not respect its women.
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Decline of France?, 2004.
This paper is a literature review seeking an answer to the question: Has France declined?
2,595 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that, in the areas of the arts and politics, France surely was an able leader; but today, unemployment is at 10 percent and rising, the national debt has doubled in eight years, and the country has fallen to tenth position in the European Union for income per capita. The author points out three main arguments on the causes of the decline of France: the chaotic history up to the end of decolonization; the domestic confusion caused by lost opportunities and mistaken choices since 1970; and the months after French President Jacques Chirac's re-election in May 2002 with 82 per cent of the vote, followed by some of the worst economic statistics since the war. The paper concludes that France, like every other country, has its good and bad points, successes and failures; other Western nations, including Britain and the United States, need to do some internal cleaning as well.
From the Paper
"Further, in a Time magazine article ?From Decline to Renewal? Stanley Hoffman quotes what he considers a still-relevant quote by President Charles De Gaulle. He invoked "old France, overburdened by history, bruised by wars and revolutions, moving endlessly from grandeur to decline and back, but regenerated, century after century, by the genius for renewal." The article then notes that France, which was so devastated by World War II occupation, has to be commended on its reconstruction, industrial revolution along with the modernization of the country?s agriculture."
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Politics and Power in Scotland and Wales from 1966 to 1999, 2007.
This extensive paper discusses the devolution of power in Scotland and Wales from 1966 to 1999.
45,885 words (approx. 183.5 pages), 26 sources, MLA, £ 157.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since 1997 and the New Labor's landslide victory, there has been a flurry of legislation in the U.K., with reference to the House of Lords, party funding and freedom of information, in an attempt to change and modernize the institutions of the country. The author points out that devolution, which means deputing or delegating of power or authority, is different from federalism, which is a constitutional settlement in which power is not devolved by the center to the periphery (with the center remaining the locus of supreme power), but rather shared between two entities, as is the structure in America, Australia or Germany. The paper concludes that, with devolution, the structure of government in Scotland and Wales and in the U.K. has become more complex as it has created a situation of interdependence rather than a separation of powers.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definition
The British Constitutional System
The Distinctiveness of Wales and Scotland
The Proto-history of Devolution
The Nationalist Parties
The 1960s/early 1970s as Turning Point
The State of the Economy Britain-wide and on the Periphery
A Protest Vote?
The Identity Question
Decolonization of the Nation and Mind
A Critical Assessment of the Foregoing (2-1 to 2-4)
Devolution: First Attempt
Business as Usual?
The Kilbrandon Report
Devolution as a Last Resort, or Labour's Big dilemma
A Divisive Issue
The 1979 Referendum and its Aftermath
The 'Ice Age' (1979-1997)
A Radically New Agenda
Concessions
Playing the Economic Card
The Gap Widens
Devolution no matter what
The Campaign for a Scottish Assembly / Parliament, the Scottish Constitutional Convention and the Campaign for a Welsh Assembly
The European Dimension and the New Nationalism
Limits and Contradictions
The Dream Come True
The Referenda
The Scotland and Wales Acts (1998)
Devolution - A Success?
Conclusion
Devolution: Event or Process?
The End of Britain? The End of Britishness?
What about England?
Secretaries of State for Wales
From the Paper
"Incorporation, of course, brought with it an unprecedented measure of administrative uniformity, so much so that Wales can in fact be said to have been the creation of the Henrician union with England. Through it, Wales achieved territorial integrity for the first time in history; indeed, although the Welsh were recognized in the Middle Ages as forming a distinct nation on account of certain key cultural features, they had never inhabited a single polity. All the indications are that the implementation of the program launched by the Cromwellian regime proved unproblematic from the very start."
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