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The Global Debt Crisis, 2008.
This paper discusses the the origins of the global debt crisis and its role in Nigeria.
2,490 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the global debt crisis represents a means by which the developed world reasserts its former colonial control over the newly-independent nations of the developing world. The author points out that, by loaning these countries money, often to serve the interests of corrupt local elites, debt accumulates to the point that these countries are barely able to meet their interest charges on the debt. The paper relates that Nigeria represents an example of what political scientists term a "rentier state". The author contends that, in Nigeria, an oil-rich country in Africa, its debt represents a means by which the natural resources and wealth of the developing world can be brought under the effective control of the developed world. The paper concludes that debt can be seen as an instrument of neo-colonial domination and control that continues into the 21st century.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Collapse of Colonialism and the Creation of the "Third World"
Developing World Debt Becomes Critical
The Debt Crisis in Nigeria: Internal and External Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However, in all of these nations there existed the understandable desire to develop as quickly as possible. One of the easiest means to achieve this end was to borrow from lenders in the developed world to fund development schemes. The nations of what was termed the "Third World" borrowed heavily in the post-independence era, and when the nations of the developed world slowed down their economies in the 1980s to combat inflation this severely damaged the economies of Third World nations that depended upon commodity exports for foreign exchange. Without this revenue, they were often unable to meet their debt payments."
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Is the Debt Crisis Over?, 2007.
An analysis of the factors contributing to the on-going debt crisis in under-developed countries.
2,758 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that the debt crisis is far from over, especially for the poor under-developed countries. It analyzes the reasons for the on-going debt crises since the 1970s. It also discusses the factors behind this build up in debt and the implications of the debt burden for socio-economic development in least developed countries (LDCs).
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Origins Of Debt And Debt Relief Efforts
Implications of Debt Burden for Development in Third World Countries
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since 1970s the external debt burden of many low income countries has increased significantly. The total debt burden of the developing countries has crossed $2 trillion. The external debt of Sub-Saharan Africa, where the world poorest countries are located, in 1990 was $176,878 millions while today it has reached to $231,360 according to World Bank development indicators (2005). Latin America which is another one of the poorest regions of the world had an external debt of $444,900 in 1990; in 2005 it has reached to $779,632 (World Bank, 2005). In the late 1970s the external debt-to-exports ratio stood relatively at moderate levels generally about 200 % or below in Highly Indebted Countries, by mid 1990s this ratio had crossed 2000 % in some countries like Nicaragua where the ratio increased to 2500 % in early 1990s (IMF, 1998)."
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The Debt Crisis of Mexico, 2002.
An overview of the impact of Mexico's debt crisis of 1980s.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Mexico's debt crisis of the 1980s. Mexico announced in August 1982 that it was unable to repay the $80 billion in loans that it owed to several Western governments and international financial institutions. This was when the IMF and the World Bank were forced to step in so the country could be pulled out of its financial problems.
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The Argentina Debt Crisis, 2008.
This paper explores the debt crisis in Argentina and its causes.
2,178 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the debt crisis in Argentina that helped plunge the nation into a financial crisis in 2001. The paper argues that much of the blame should be directed towards the Argentine governments' policies of the 1980s and early years of this decade. The paper also contends that the IMF (International Monetary Fund) should be criticized but stresses that both parties share the blame.
From the Paper
"The debt crisis which wracked many developing countries in the early 1980s (and thereafter) came about because of overly-extravagant domestic policies and exorbitant government spending - at least according to a United States Department of State dispatch from 1994. In any case, the developing nations - which obviously did not have huge tax bases or swollen coffers like their confreres in the developed west - were confronted with huge budget deficits and with overvalued exchange rates. According to the US State Department, the developing world (or at least many of its constituent nations) relied on short-term, variable rate loans to get them through the fiscal crises of the period - but those policies made them susceptible to the depredations brought about rising interest rates."
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Debt Crisis, 2004.
An analysis of how the United States debt crisis affects American companies.
2,518 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the general topic of the United States of America's national debt crisis. The first part of the paper provides insights into the causes and affects of the debt and identifies some large and small companies that are most affected. The second part of the paper discusses the risks and valuations of companies and instruments, as well as risk and valuation methodologies that have been developed with respect to the debt situation. The focus of these methodologies is related to the debt market, investment banking, and the secondary mortgage market, valuing the risks and returns of the companies and instruments involved. The paper presents an extensive discussion regarding methods of valuation.
From the Paper
"There have been many efforts by the governmental factions to try to control the problem of debt accumulation. For example, the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 was directed on our nation's healthcare delivery system and was designed to balance the overall federal budget. Because of the aging population, Medicare and the cost associated to healthcare in general, our nation's national debt crisis needed these attempts to right the ship. Our debt situation was so severe that the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 was supposed to be one of the most significant changes to the nation's Medicare program since its commencement. "Certainly, the president and Congress intended for the BBA to dramatically alter Medicare reimbursements. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) originally estimated the bill would reduce Medicare spending by $113 billion over five years, thereby extending the viability of the Medicare Part A trust fund by 10 years and bringing the budget into balance by 2002." (McKeon, 2004) "
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The Asian Debt Crisis, 2006.
An analysis of the Asian debt crisis and its implications for the United States economy.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper states the four principle causes for the financial crisis and explains them. The writer discusses the International Monetary Fund bailout of the Asian nations. The writer cites and explains suggestions of how to deal with the crisis, with emphasis on the suggestions of George Soros, as seen in his article "Avoiding a Breakdown", Financial Times, December 31, 1997. In conclusion, the paper states that it is important for the United States to support IMF activities even though they may be flawed, while reserving the right to revisit the issue at a later time. Table of Contents: Exchange Rate Misalignment Weak Financial Institutions Export Slowdown Moral Hazard Impact on the U.S. The International Monetary System
From the Paper
"Conventional wisdom is that the events in Asia will reduce US growth by 0.5-1.0 percentage points relative to baseline over the next two years or so. Regardless of which statistics are employed, the impact will most assuredly be felt quite differently in different sectors of the economy. Import-competing sectors, such as light manufacturing, are likely to experience declines in output and employment. Obversely, non-traded, interest-sensitive sectors, such as, real estate and construction should benefit. One could think of this situation as similar to the mid-1980s when the term "Rust Belt" entered the popular lexicon, while the "Sunbelt" experienced a construction boom - though compared to the mid-1980s, the impact of the events in Asia will most likely be one half to one third as large. "The increase in trade deficits is likely to worsen trade tensions with countries such as South Korea. As the world's sole superpower, US leadership will be crucial to constructively resolve this crisis. Any move to close the US market in response to the rising deficits would set a horrible example for the rest of the world. Past experiences show clearly that there are links between trade and finance, and policy can have an enormous impact on outcomes."
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International Debt Crisis, 1990.
This paper examines the international debt crisis: Origins, less developed countries, U.S. indebtedness, banks, International Monetary Fund, conditionality, stabilization process, trade, currency, investments and future. Tables.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 12 sources, £ 66.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the international debt crisis. International debt is the external debt owed by a country--either a country's government or entities within that country.
An external deficit develops for a country when the claims of foreign entities on the country's economy exceed the claims of entities in that country on the economies of other countries. A country's external debt is comprised of loans to both government and private sector organizations in the country. Loans to government entities involve sovereign risk, while loans to all other entities involve enterprise risk.
Loans involved in a country's external debt are extended by other governments, by international organizations (primarily the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and The World Bank), and by ... "
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International Debt Crisis, 2001.
This paper examines the real reasons behind the debt crisis faced by developing countries, focusing on the structural reasons for their continuing debt before turning to possible solutions.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
Reasons for international debt are discussed with examples brought from Mexico and Brazil, oil exporters and oil importers; debt rescheduling; debt relief and first-world aid; the International Monetary Fund and the affect the IMF has had on poor countries. The two major methods of international reserve creation: the mining of gold and the acquisition of reserves in the form of key currencies are discussed along with their problems. Recent structural adjustment and debt relief are also examined, as well as the inability of poorer countries to pay their scheduled debt service and the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and its problems. This leads to a discussion of macro-economic adjustment.
From the Paper
"The current climate of recession has highlighted the reasons for raising the calls for poor country debt relief. It is difficult to believe claims made by creditors that they cannot afford further debt relief. Canceling effectively unpayable debts owed by the poorest countries may turn out to be a sensible policy for all creditors. As well as the strong moral argument for debt relief, there could be sound financial grounds for doing so to stimulate the global economy and promote growth."
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Debt Crisis in the Third World, 2002.
A look at the financial problems in Mexico and Brazil.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 12 sources, £ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes how the debt crisis affects Third World countries. Through case studies of Mexico and Brazil, the paper discusses what brought about the debt crises in these two Third World nations and how those debt crises were dealt with, both by Mexico and Brazil and by the international community.
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Russian Financial Crisis 1998: A Self-made Crisis, 2002.
A paper that covers the financial crisis that hit Russia in August 1998.
4,694 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper contains an analysis of factors, both internal and external, that caused the financial crisis in Russia in 1988. The main argument of the paper is that the main causes of the crisis originated from inside. The monetary system that the Russian government created after the fall of the USSR failed to provide a stable channel for the implementation of an adequate monetary policy. The paper shows that the banking system was ill-designed and corrupt, mainly serving as a channel for government funds to favored industries. Finally, the paper shows that the extreme usage of government debt (often for the personal benefit of the Russian officials) was the factor that shut the whole economy down. Bonds were printed like paper, which is unsustainable even in the short-run.
Table of Contents:
A Self-made Crisis
Fake Monetary System
The Banks that Weren't
Russian FIGs
A Pyramid of Bonds
The Fall of the Babylon
The Responsibility
Works Cited
From the Paper
"In 1998 Russia was hit by a large-scale financial crisis. The bad news of Russian default (or payment suspension) in August 1998 was one of the primary concerns of almost all Russian and western media. The events and outcomes of the crisis were relatively similar to the ones that took place in Asia in 1997 or, more recently, in Argentina (the latter has recently defaulted on the largest government debt in history). These amounted, but were not limited to: national currency being largely devaluated, collapse of the banking system, and political unrest resulting in dramatic changes in the government."
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Energy Crisis Causes Governor Crisis, 2002.
An overview of the Californian energy crisis and its impact on the Governer's hopes for re-election.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the recent energy crisis in California and how that affects the Governor and his hopes for re-election. A chronological explanation of the crisis is provided as well as some thoughts about the political problems this is going to cause for the governor in the future.
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Public Debt vs. Federal Debt, 2002.
A comparison of what public debt is vs. what federal debt is, and how it affects the economy.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the government is just as effected at the economic crisis at the public and how both sections of the economy have been thrown into debt. The paper examines the differences between these two types of debts and discusses ways that the government can change policies and introduce reforms in order to end this cycle.
From the Paper
"The gross Federal debt is divided into two categories: debt held by the public, and debt the government owes itself. The first category, public debt, is the total of all federal deficits, minus surpluses, over the years. This is the money that the Federal Government has borrowed from the public, such as notes and bonds of varying sizes and time periods. This debt is held by individuals, corporations, state or local governments, foreign governments, and other entities outside of the US government. This does not include Federal Financing Bank securities. (A side note here: the Federal Financing Bank was established to "consolidate and reduce the governments cost of financing a variety of federal agencies and other borrowers whose obligations are guaranteed by the Federal Government".) (Public Debt Online) "
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Mexican Economic Crisis, 2001.
1994 devaluation of peso, debt crisis, causes, remedies, bailout, effects on other countries, foreign investment in emergency economics.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 14 sources, £ 41.95
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From the Paper
"The globalization of world markets has had a number of positive and negative effects, including the migration of currency fluctuations across borders (The Economist, 1996a). After the collapse of the peso in late 1994, a panic rattled other emerging markets from Brazil to Thailand, sending shocks into these and other vulnerable markets as well. This raises, according to Edwin M. Truman (1996), broad questions about the international institutional and financial environment. On December 20, 1994, the Mexican government announced the devaluation of its currency, surprising financial markets and precipitating the so-called "Mexican peso crisis." The devaluation came after three years during which Mexico had followed an exchange rate policy of maintaining the peso within a well-defined band against the U.S...."
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Foreign Debt in Brazil, 2002.
Examines the economic and social consequences of foreign debt in Brazil, focusing on the Latin American Debt Crisis of 1995.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, £ 51.95
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Abstract
Brazilian economic development has been characterized by a series of boom and bust periods with little to be said in terms of sustainable development. Because of this, governments throughout the latter half of the 20th century have made efforts to guide development via economic diversity through forced industrialization. In relative terms, poverty inequality, foreign debt and inflation remain staggering. As an example, in 1995, Brazil's total outstanding foreign debt was 159 billion dollars. This has had significant repellant effects on foreign investment. During the Latin American Debt crisis in 1995, the pressures that were placed on the Brazilian economy could not be sustained. With an economy that was just starting to really grow, it could not repay the debts that it had accumulated during this crisis period. Like a bubble, the economy burst and Brazil continues to suffer the effects of a high reliance on foreign capital. This paper will look at the record of Brazilian economic development in terms of these and other important indicators.
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