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The Constitutional Rights of Juveniles, 2007.
An analysis of three cases in the United States Supreme Court that had implications for the rights of juveniles.
1,721 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief introduction of the extent of juvenile delinquency in America. From there, it explores some of the most influential decisions directed towards juveniles, particularly regarding juvenile rights, by the Supreme Court of the United States. The paper discusses the cases of "In re Gault," "In re Winship" and "Kent v. United States" and analyzes the outcomes of the cases.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
In re Gault
In re Winship
Kent v. United States
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Up until recently, America has seen a sharp decline in the crime rates of juveniles. Between 1994 and 2004, there was a 49% decline in juvenile arrests for violent crime index offenses (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). In addition, between this time period, the Department of Justice noted an 8% decline in drug abuse violations among males; however, there was a 29% increase in female violations. It is also helpful to understand how many juveniles are engaged in delinquency; in 2000 for instance, The Uniform Crime Reports showed that there were 1,560,289 juveniles under 18 arrested, which encompassed a significant 32% of all arrests for that year (as cited in Bartollas)."
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Juvenile Rights, 2004.
An overview of the California juvenile justice system.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the Supreme Court of the United States has made some highly significant legal decisions, thereby greatly impacting the right of both children and adults charged with major or minor crimes. It looks at how legal rights and rules for adults and juveniles are different and how, in California as in all states, there exists an entirely separate court system for persons under the age of 18, who are known as juveniles or minors. It looks at how the primary reason to establish these juvenile courts is to provide thorough assistance to the children who are charged with some minor or major offense, but who can be successfully reformed through rigorous counseling, adequate education, and guidance, rather than punishing them in the adult criminal justice system.
From the Paper
"Law constituting various sets of rules and regulations survives to date and came into existence in order to safeguard the rights of its people, its followers. However, how these laws are formulated and used in order to defend the innocent and punish the guilty still depends largely on judges that preside over cases. Often, it has been observed that these laws are trampled as well as treated according to the free will of the courts thereby affecting the defendant and influencing the decision of the arbiter. However, for the public?s benefit and to further help the people (who are charged with crimes and are sentenced not according to what they deserve) as much as possible, our legal system is divided into various stratums based on the authority and power each layer of the legal system enjoys."
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From Natural Law to Human Rights, 2006.
This essay explores how human rights grew from natural rights.
4,511 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 80.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer declares that early proponents of natural law argued that people have common sense and are born with an intuitive knowledge of right and wrong. This paper discusses that human rights are those rights that are based on human nature. The writer examines how human rights grew from natural rights. It argues that conceptions of right and wrong are not based on an unchanging, eternal order, but are negotiable; that is, open to revision as the years go by and times change. It is seen, for example, how women and children have used natural rights arguments to gain rights that formerly were denied them.
The writer concludes that human rights have evolved from natural law and natural rights and that human rights are intimately connected to morality and ethics.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Law and the Concept of Rights
Changing the Law in Response to a New Moral Awareness
Human Rights for Women
Juvenile Death Penalty
Rights versus Utilitarianism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"More than anyone else the philosopher John Locke influenced the shape and form of democracy in the United States. He argued that human beings have certain fundamental rights, which governments cannot take away. He argued that no individual has a natural right to rule over others, and that a person's natural state is a state of freedom. Freedom, he explained, was not the same as license or permission to do whatever one wants; rather, freedom is based on the "law of reason which places precise limits on our behavior". Not everyone is able to enjoy their natural rights because other people and the government sometimes violate them; therefore, Locke suggested that men assemble and choose leaders who can be trusted to protect their natural rights. The primary function of government ought to be to protect the natural rights of its citizens, to protect citizens from other states, and to establish and maintain internal order. He suggested that oppressive governments (governments that had broken trust with the people) could, and should, be overthrown; in other words, sometimes, revolution is justified--especially if the government violates the natural rights of its citizens. In questions where natural rights are not the issue, then the will of the majority should prevail. His ideas profoundly inspired the Founding Fathers and the Declaration of Independence; moreover, the Constitution was written mainly to protect the people's rights from government interference, to insure internal order, and to establish defense."
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English Constitutional Law, 2007.
An analysis of English constitutional law, particularly the purpose of the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005, which enshrines in law, for the first time, a duty on government ministers to uphold the independence of the judiciary. The paper describes the history and the scope of the law, as well as its purpose. In addition, the paper discusses the Constitutional Reform Act with relation to English constitutional law and its need for reform.
From the Paper
"The scope of judicial review today is almost unrecognisable compared to that of 25 years ago, and judges are more willing to intervene to ensure that the body in question acts in a procedurally correct manner, even when such a decision may impugn on the authority of the executive. For example in the case of Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission , where a statutory provision seemed to exclude the courts' supervisory jurisdiction, the court, according to Wade and Forsyth, acted in a way of "total disobedience to Parliament" by recognising a broad concept of jurisdiction. Further, in the Pergau Dam case, Lord Irvine argues that the court "took away from the executive a considerable degree of autonomy" in holding that the Secretary of State's decision was unlawful. He continues arguing "it is this type of judicial activism which begins to blur the boundary between appeal and review, thereby undermining the constitutional foundations on which the courts' supervisory jurisdiction rests"."
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Constitutional Courts in France and Russia, 2003.
A comparison of the roles of the constitutional courts in France and Russia today.
4,928 words (approx. 19.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
The nations of Russia and France have experienced particularly turbulent episodes in the evolution of their respective constitutions and constitutional courts. This paper examines the constitutional courts in these countries to determine how their respective roles have evolved, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The current Russian constitution was adopted on December 12, 1993. Russia has a Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of Arbitration; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president (Russia, 2002). The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is the first judicial body of constitutional review in the history of Russia. The Court was created by the Fifth (extraordinary) Congress of Peoples' Deputies of the RSFSR on 30 October, 1991. The Court comprising 15 justices had been anticipated by the amendments to the 1978 Constitution and the Law "On the RSFSR Constitutional Court" adopted on the basis of the amendments to the Constitution. The Constitutional Court commenced its activities in December 1991. At that time the Congress had selected 13 justices leaving two vacancies."
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Drug Abuse among Juveniles, 2004.
This paper discusses drug abuse among juveniles.
1,808 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This article looks at drug abuse among juveniles and related matters. The writer examines drug abuse relating to juveniles and to juvenile delinquents in particular. The writer discusses major causes of the problem. In this paper, the writer provides and explains solutions for this drug abuse problem.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the nature of drug abuse among juveniles emphasizing the problem of drug abuse among juvenile delinquents in particular. The paper first describes the nature of the problem and then looks at causes. It also offers some solutions to the problem. Lundman identifies juvenile delinquency as a behavior rather than as a psychosocial phenomenon involving various characteristics or traits of those labeled ... "
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Police And Minority Juveniles, 2002.
Discusses racial bias of police in the treatment of juveniles.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, £ 32.95
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Abstract
Discusses racial bias of police in treating of juveniles. Problems of harsher treatment of minority juveniles, more serious delinquency commited by minorities than whites, negative attitude of minority juveniles toward police, increasing gang activity. Measures taken by juvenile justice system to deal with gangs. Makeup of gang membership. Ethnic and social class factors.
From the Paper
"POLICE AND MINORITY JUVENILES
INTRODUCTION:
It is generally believed that police are more likely to treat minority juveniles more harshly than whites. This suggests police may be influenced by race in their decision.making. There is also evidence to suggest minority juveniles commit more serious delinquency more frequently than white juveniles and have more negative attitudes toward the police.
DISCUSSION:
A 1995 survey by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) reported a total of 23,388 gangs and 664,906 gang members in the United States. Forty nine percent of the law enforcement agencies reporting gang activity reported that the gang problem was "getting worse," while only ten percent ..."
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Juveniles in the Criminal Court System, 2008.
An examination of the existing laws and statutes of armed robbery, what is defined as armed robbery, and how it pertains to juveniles when they commit armed robbery.
1,295 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the existing statutes for armed robbery, defines armed robbery and suggests proper retribution for juveniles who participate in this specific crime. The paper discusses a scenario of a 17-year old male committing a robbery in a department store with an unloaded weapon and focuses on whether or not the suspect is guilty of armed robbery and what is an acceptable punishment in light of the fact that the suspect is a minor. The writer advocates that it does not matter anymore who commits serious felonies, even juveniles can and will be held accountable for their actions and with the number of increased violent crimes committed by juveniles, the criminal justice system will change also. The writer believes that in the scenario mentioned above, the 17-year old made a grave mistake and will have to deal with the consequences.
From the Paper
"The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts has stated that the gist of the offense of armed robbery is the commission of an offense while armed and it is not necessary to show the use of the dangerous weapon in proving the offense. All that need to be shown is that the defendant carried a weapon on his person while committing the robbery (Moenssens, Bacigal, Ashdown and Hench, 2003, p.850).
Based on our scenario it is unknown as to what state this armed robbery occurred in, and there is not any evidence as to how the store employee felt at the time of the crime. Much is left to be interpreted, however, the statements made by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts is an example of how different states define armed robbery."
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Death Penalty and Juveniles, 2002.
Contends that juveniles should not be put to death.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
Contends that juveniles should not be put to death. Cites the U.S. as the only industrialized country in the world that continues to execute juvenile offenders. Cites failure of capital punishment as a deterrent. Discusses alternative punishments and the Constitutionality of the issue. Need for preventive measures.
From the Paper
"Juveniles and the Death Penalty
Some people justify the death penalty for murder and other heinous crimes, regardless of the offender's age. They fall back on the Bible's injunction of an eye for an eye. With a rash of murders committed by juveniles, some states permit the juries to decide that, if found guilty, youngsters can be put to death. "In the United States, twenty-five states allow the execution of juveniles, twenty-one states set the minimum age of execution at 16, and four states at 17" (G.Potter 1). Twelve states "have no statutory minimum age, although the Supreme Court has set the minimum age for executions at 16" (K. Potter 1999 1). This in what is regarded as the most civilized nation in the world. The execution of juveniles is not only state-sanctioned murder. It is a desperate act of revenge, and really serves no purpose, since all sorts..."
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Are Red Light Cameras Constitutional?, 2002.
This paper examines the constitutionality of the Red Light Camera Program. Although the Supreme Court found the program constitutional, the controversy continues.
1,974 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
Red Light Cameras snap photos of speeders and red-light runners but they are also used to check and monitor traffic on selected roadways. The writer shows that the use of these cameras is growing as are motorists' fears of being watched. The paper traces the controversy showing both sides of the case that is reminiscent of a futuristic novel.
From the Paper
"Red Light Cameras are new additions to a range of tools, which law enforcement officers use to catch motorists who run red lights at will. They snap photos of speeders and red light runners but they are also used to check and monitor traffic on selected roadways. Although they are fast becoming a favorite of traffic safety advocates, these techniques, if not conducted within set guidelines and communicated about effectively, can prompt strong negative reactions among a small but vocal minority who see them as "big brother" techniques designed to trample citizens' rights."
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Laeken Declaration and the Constitutional Treaty, 2008.
An examination of the extent to which the Constitutional Treaty met the objectives set for it by the Laeken Declaration.
2,970 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Laeken Declaration and the background for the creation of the Constitutional Treaty. The author discusses the content of the Treaty and the reasons for its rejection, and explains how it failed to provide solutions for two specific problems that were raised at Laeken. The author concludes that although the European States may not yet be ready to adopt a formal Constitution, the document has been ratified by more than half of the member states and the debate it has sparked is still ongoing.
Outline:
I. The Content of the Laeken Declaration and the Reasons for the Creation of the 'Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe' more Generally.
II. Critical Judgment on the Content of the 'Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe'.
From the Paper
"If the answer to the questions 'do we want a Constitution?' and 'do we need a Constitution?', or a formalisation of the existing functional, unwritten Constitution is yes, then the next logical questions are 'do we want this Constitution?' or 'do we need this Constitution?'. Apparently, the answer is no according to the French and Dutch people, but let us examine in more detail why two countries that have played a fundamental role in the development of the Union since its creation have rejected the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe."
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Juveniles Being Tried as Adults, 2005.
A discussion on the history of juveniles in the court system.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how, in the United States, juveniles may be tried as adults when a variety of factors meet with state or federal laws and when the criminal offense is deemed appropriate. The paper explores how, historically, juveniles were tried as adults in a criminal justice system that did not view a difference in the criminal actions of adults or children. In later years however the United States began to accept the belief that children should not be incarcerated with or treated as adults because as children they deserved a chance at rehabilitation that would address their particular juvenile problems and ensure that their reentry into society was successful.
From the Paper
"However, by the 1980s, as gang activities and youth crime began to escalate, it became the opinion of many within society that juvenile offenders had to be treated with a firm approach that would lead to youth crime deterrence over the long term."
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Constitutional Non-Compliance, 2004.
An analysis of how, during times of war, the United States government has been guilty of constitutional non-compliance.
1,731 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the violation of the Constitution of the United States, which is formally termed as ?non-compliance?, has been seen throughout the history of the United States and how, specifically, it has occurred during times of war during civil disturbances, with the use of extrajudicial force used to supercede the ordinary process of law. It looks at how one such instance occurred during the Civil War and how the violations, which have occurred during the ?War on Terrorism?, are some of the most blatant violations of constitutional ideals and principles ever witnessed.
Outline
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Preamble to the United States Constitution
Definitive of the Language in the Preamble
Historical Incidents of Non-Compliance
What Does the Constitution Say?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Although it is understandable for some restrictions during war time in order to keep citizens safe and the country secure it is evident that since September 1, 2001, that the non-compliance to the Constitution which is evidenced by the implementation of the Homeland Security Act and the Patriot Act that the all inclusive powers of the government in spying on citizens is too broad of a scope of powers to be vested in a government of a democracy."
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Mental Illness in Juveniles, 2004.
A look at some of the factors that can cause mental illness in children / juveniles.
2,350 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how mental as well as physical well-being is essential to live a prosperous life. It highlights and discusses the various possible factors that contribute to the mental disorders found in juveniles such as psychological reasons, cultural aspects, sociological causes and biological factors.
Outline
Statement of the Problem
Thesis Statement
Employed Research Methodologies and Tools and Techniques
A Brief Overview
Possible Factors Causing Mental Illnesses in Juveniles
Suggestions for Ameliorating the Issue at Hand
Putting All Together: A Quick Recap
Conclusion
From the Paper
"With the world rapidly transmuting into a global village, diversity in all walks of life as augmented manifolds thereby posing various challenges for the people involved. One such problem that MUST be looked into with far more pull pertains to the mental well being of children of all ages. Various factors some known whereas others still unknown come into play and are usually working vitally behind the high crime rates in juveniles, severe lack of patience, tolerance and mental as well as emotional stability and innumerable serious mental illnesses among children. For similar reasons, massive figures indicate that mental illnesses in children are quite common. This further gives rise to a chain of connected issues and problems for the world at large."
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