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Prostate Cancer, 2005.
This paper discusses prostate cancer and research to determine if it has a genetic cause.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that prostate cancer is the most frequent non-dermatological cancer in men in the United States and it is second to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer deaths in men. The author points out that, as with other cancers such as breast and colon cancer, which have a familial clustering pattern; prostate cancer cases are believed to be due to a high risk of inherited genetic factors or perhaps even a susceptibility gene. The paper relates that increasing incidence of prostate cancer may be due to better detection, greater awareness on the part of the public of the condition and perhaps even a greater life expectancy with a decrease in the number of competing causes of death rather than a true increase in the prevalence of prostate cancer on the whole.
From the Paper
"It is interesting to note that maternal cancers also seem to have an affect on the risk of prostate cancers. It is felt that risk of prostate cancer is higher in men with a family history of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer in a primary relative. This was only reported out in two studies, however, and other studies failed to find any association between family history of female breast cancer and greater risk of prostate cancer. This perhaps may be explained by the questionable increase in prostate cancer in men with BRCA 1 / 2 mutations in the setting of a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. "
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Prostate Cancer Testing, 2005.
This paper is a research proposal to analyze the current compliance rates of African-American men for prostate cancer testing in Los Angeles County.
5,625 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 33 sources, APA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although African-American men are considerably more likely than white men to die of prostate cancer, they are reluctant to seek prostate cancer testing because they (1) perceive negative ethnic and cultural messages about masculinity, (2) have a high degree of discomfort with their emotions and (3) believe that submitting to health-sustaining annual prostate exams or performing testicular self-exams as unnecessary, humiliating and 'unmanly' activities. The author points out that, in spite of the prevalence of prostate cancer in African-American communities and the importance of the churches in helping to communicate important public healthcare messages, some ministers are reluctant to sponsor cancer screening programs in the church because of their perception that these issues are too sensitive in nature to be broached. The paper states that this study will use an action research methodology, a type of applied research in which the purpose is to facilitate social change or a political-social goal and will follow the six steps described by W. L. Neuman.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Specific Aims
Background and Significance
Research Design and Methods
Limitations and Delimitations
Data Collection Methodology
Population to be Studied
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, despite a growing recognition that health education programs need to become more "culturally sensitive" to be effective, many initiatives have failed to incorporate this important component into their delivery regimen. Bachino and her colleagues define "cultural sensitivity" as the "extent to which ethnic/cultural characteristics, experiences, norms, values ... are incorporated in the design of targeted health promotion materials." Beyond the need to develop effective patient education promotional materials that effectively communicate their message to the targeted population, health care professionals also have a fundamental ethical obligation to ensure that as many patients as possible are provided with information that will allow them to make informed decisions that are consistent with an individual's culture."
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Prostate Cancer, 2002.
An examination of some of the issues involved in screening for prostate cancer.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the trend today is to order cancer screening tests based on age or on risks factors. It examines how a recent report made by the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center says that these tests may not be the best for seniors or elderly persons since they suffer unnecessarily from discovering early cancer and undergoing surgery or another invasive treatments. It discusses some of these issues as related to prostate cancer, which is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among American men.
From the Paper
"Further weight was added by the finding of still another research team, led by Dr. William Black. The team findings concluded that, while early cancer detection generally benefits the patient, it is altogether different when the patient is a senior. Screening patients who are 75 years old or older for breast, colon or cervical cancer may add only a few days to his or her life, according to the team leader, Dr. Black. Dr. Black's group found out from statistics that these screenings are valuable only to those who are 70 years old or younger (Reuters Health 2000). He suggested that a limit be established as to when to stop getting a screening to complement the limit as when to begin getting one."
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Biochemistry and Prostate Cancer, 2004.
This paper looks at prostate cancer and related biochemical research.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses prostate cancer. The writer also examines some of the biochemical research that is being carried out to try and determine the causes of this type of cancer. The paper looks at the oxidative stress on cells and the effects of androgen. The writer discusses NSAID-associated gene protein and some of the multi-drug resistance associated proteins.
From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is a disease of aging brought about by changes in cellular biochemistry which result in an imbalance in the pro oxidant-antioxidant balance and in the cellular response to androgen which this brings about. Many advanced cases of prostate cancer become resistant to chemotherapy making the prognosis for those men dismal. It has been shown ... "
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Prostate Cancer, 2005.
A discussion on the diagnosis of prostate cancer and how it affects the family.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, £ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how prostate cancer not only produces a significant impact on men who are diagnosed but also on their partners and the marital relationship. The paper further discusses how the diagnosis also is a source of impact. The writer argues that while the couple should be considered as the unit of care, in reality this rarely is the case, and the wife's needs, especially in relation to information, tend to be ignored. This paper examines the Calgary Family Assessment Model and various assessment tools to demonstrate how nursing management involving the couple and extended family can be highly effective.
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Prostate Cancer, 2005.
An overview of the diagnosis and treatment of this form of cancer.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
Prostatic cancer is the most prevalent cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death. Despite intensified efforts to improve the diagnosis and treatment of PC, the death rate has remained unchanged for decades. This paper shows that while it is hoped that new screening approaches, including PSA testing, and increased use of radical prostatectomy will drop the death rate, the impact of these approaches on survival will not be known for another 10-15 years.
From the Paper
"Because of the long period over which prostate cancer appears to develop, the chemoprevention or chemosuppression of prostate cancer growth appears to be a real possibility. Finasteride, an agent which inhibits the conversion of testosterone to its prostatic active metabolite dihydrotestosterone, is now in active clinical trials (17). Finasteride, in theory, will interfere with the promotional effects of hormones on prostate cells. Other agents, such as the retinoids, are under development as differentiation and anti-progresslon agents for bladder and prostate cancer."
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Prostate Cancer, 2002.
Discusses possible causes and development of the disease.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 12 sources, £ 32.95
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Abstract
Discusses possible causes and development of the disease. Smptoms. Diagnosis. Tests. Progression of the disease. Controversy surrounding PSA test. Available treatment options including surgery, radiation therapy, diet and non-toxic therapies. Cost-effectiveness of various treatments. New treatments and medicines. Future outlook including molecular targeting and biologically driven treatment of prostate cancer. Outline.
From the Paper
"Outline
Prostate cancer affects millions of men every year and is the second largest cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States.
Many men are unaware they have prostate cancer
Tests for prostate cancer are not always definitive..
Many new options are opening up for treatment of prostate cancer.
The more common treatments of orchiectomy, radiation, androgen suppression and estrogen therapy are being displaced or supplemented by new drugs, gene therapy, immunotherapies, and combination therapies.
The newer therapies are more cytostatic than cytotoxic -
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Prostate Cancer, 2003.
Discusses detection and diagnosis of the disease.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 15 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
Discusses the unknown cause of this common cancer and the imaging techniques used to detect prostate cancer, including computer tomography (CT) scans. Examines how CT scans work and how the scan is done on a patient.
From the Paper
"The prostate gland lies in the pelvis just beneath the bladder and surrounds the middle section of the urethra (Berkow, Beers and Fletcher, 1997). The combined secretions of the prostate and the seminal gland which lies above it provide the fluid which ..."
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Prostate and Ultrasound, 1994.
A description of the male pelvic cavity organ, including development and problems and use of ultrasound in examination and diagnosis.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
"The Prostate and Ultrasound
The prostate is a heterogenous organ located within the pelvic cavity anterior to the rectum. It consists of both glandular and fibrous components, all of which are enclosed by a common capsule. In recent decades, the development of transrectal ultrasonography has provided an effective tool for prostate examination. The technique delineates normal intraprostatic anatomy and is also useful for the detection of both benign and neoplastic prostate disease.
The embryologic development of the prostate is highly dependent on androgenic hormones. The organ begins to form at about the eleventh week of gestation (7:33-34). Stimulated by testosterone, multiple solid outgrowths emerge from the urethral epithelium about the entrance of the mesonephric ducts. These..."
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Nutrition and Cancer, 1999.
Examines the connection between diet and cancer, types of cancer, effective cancer-fighting foods and nutrients and research.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, £ 41.95
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Abstract
"Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices" by So, Guthrie, Chambers, Moussa, and Carroll (1996) reports that in women from developed countries, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer; incidence is increasing worldwide at an average rate of approximately two percent annually.
From the Paper
"NUTRITION & CANCER
Introduction
"Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices" by So, Guthrie, Chambers, Moussa, and Carroll (1996) reports that in women from developed countries, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer; incidence is increasing worldwide at an average rate of approximately two percent annually. Chemotherapeutic techniques fail to reduce death rates from cancers of the breast, lung, brain, colon, prostate, ovary, and pancreas. Studies on diet and cancer offer information regarding naturally occurring anticancer agents. Research concludes that plant-based diets with whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables reduce risk of cancer. Carotenes and antioxidant vitamins may act as anticancer ..."
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Colorectal Cancer and MBD4, 2004.
A review of recent colorectal cancer statistics in the U.S. and the U.K. including recent facts about a key player in colorectal cancer called MBD4.
1,071 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how colorectal cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer death behind lung and prostate cancer in men and the third behind lung and breast in women in the U.S and the U.K.. It reviews the current statistics of colorectal cancer and the basics for its development as well as the current status of a very significant factor of carcinogenesis a protein called MBD4. Tables and diagrams aer included.
From the Paper
"Cancer is a malignant growth which results from uncontrolled cell proliferation and loss of cell differentiation and programmed apoptosis. The word 'cancer' describes a group of diseases that can affect any part of the human body. Cancer is a problem of great importance, affecting millions of people around the world and owes its success partly to the ability to spread-metastasize to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. According to McDonald (1997), cancer begins when a single cell undergoes mutation. This mutation promotes cell growth and permits this cell to bypass normal controls of proliferation. Additional mutations will occur, producing tumours."
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Skin Cancer And How it is Caused, 2006.
This paper talks about skin cancer, what exactly skin cancer is, how one gets the disease and how to prevent it.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 14.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author essentially talks about what skin cancer is, and how people can be exposed to getting it. He talks about the instances of skin cancer such as people who have a lighter skin tend to have an increased probability of being affected by the rays compared to dark skinned individuals. The paper discusses symptoms attached with skin cancer, like bumps around the head, neck or the shoulder area which might be the sign of a growing skin based tumor. In conclusion the author highlights that instances of skin cancer are growing daily and that more care when in the sun needs to be taken, to prevent the ultraviolet rays of the sun which are the main cause of skin cancer.
From the Paper
"Within the field of medicine, there are a whole range of cancers and one of them is skin cancer. Skin cancer has been getting a lot of media attention in the past couple of years primarily due to the reason that it has been faced by many people, especially in the Western world. In fact, skin cancer, in a relatively short period of time has come to become an increasingly common condition. The most common reason due to the increase in the number of cases of skin cancer has been the increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, against which there seems to be no strong way of prevention. Many people use a number of sun screens (a type of cream) to decrease the effects of this type of radiation from coming into their bodies but at times, this mechanism of protection simply might not be enough."
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Breast Cancer and African-American Women, 2007.
This paper examines several issues concerning African-American women and breast cancer.
6,569 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 23 sources, APA, £ 78.95
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Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.
Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."
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Cigarette Smoking and Cancer, 2007.
This paper discusses the relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer.
703 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 13.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies the extent to which cigarette smoking is responsible for cancer and the types of cancers caused by smoking. The paper examines the main cancer-causing ingredients in cigarette smoke and explains how they cause cancer.
Outline:
Abstract
How Far is Cigarette Smoking Responsible for Causing Cancer
Types of Cancer Caused by Cigarette Smoking
Cancer-causing Ingredients in Cigarette Smoke
The Cancer-Causing Mechanism
From the Paper
"A major WHO Cancer Report in 2003 identifies tobacco consumption as "the most important avoidable cancer risk" worldwide ("Global Cancer Rates" 2003). According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute , "cigarette smoking alone is directly responsible for approximately 30 percent of all cancer deaths annually in the United States" ("Cigarette Smoking and Cancer," 2004). Since active smoking is a purely voluntary act, these statistics make cigarette smoking the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Statistics on Cancer in other developed countries are no different with approximately a third of all cancer deaths in the UK being attributable to smoking in the year 2000 ("Fact sheet No. 4" 2005). Although the rising smoking trend in the developed world, including the United States, has reversed in recent decades due to increased awareness about the harmful effects of smoking, it is increasing in the developing world by 3.4% per year ("Tobacco and the Developing World," 2007). "
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