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Europe's Emerging Banks and the U.S. Banking History, 2002.
This paper analyzes the banking industry in the United States from the mid-18th through mid-19th century in order to understand the evolution of the banking industry in Europe's developing economies in the 20th century.
2,480 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper presents four potential dangers to banks in emerging markets and relates them to the lessons of the founding banking system of the United States: Macroeconomic volatility, connected lending, political involvement and financial liberalization. This paper discusses that the emerging banking industries in Eastern Europe must learn to operate in an objective environment free from burdensome and often disastrous government control; just as, the ever-present tension in the United States between government policy and banking policy ensured the banking industry's objectivity. This paper argues that the primary cause of the banking crisis in Eastern Europe was the banks' decision to allow financiers with little experience and even less capital to set up their own banks.
Table of Contents
Introduction
European Economies and the Evolution of the U.S. Banking Industry
Macroeconomic Volatility
Connected Lending
Government Involvement
Financial Liberalization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The insistence by the American chief executive in the mid 18th to mid 19th century to keep separate government policy from banking policy has not been demonstrated in the communist economies of Eastern Europe. The second major crisis factor for these economies has been connected (or insider) lending, particularly in Russia. Though not unheard of in rich countries, connected lending is a more serious problem in emerging countries, where supervisors are less rigorous about rooting it out. The Economist maintains that connected lending has recently caused serious problems where unscrupulous businessmen have found it easy to set up banks simply to finance their other companies' pet projects. Thus, at many Russian banks, the personal ambitions of owners and managers still come before the prudent assessment of lending risks. Loans to related companies are rarely made on an arm's length basis and tend to be granted at below-market rates, with scant credit vetting."
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The Merger Wave: The History of Branch Banking, 2003.
A look at the history of branch banking in the U.S. and how the banking industry became what it is today.
1,849 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the merger wave in retail and commercial banking, covering the history of banking in the United States and leads into the merger wave of the last twenty years. This paper also discusses the basis for the merger wave, criticism thereof and what may lie ahead.
Contents:
Introduction
History of Banking in the United States
The Merger Wave
The Merger Wave; Reasons and Criticism?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While banking may date back to the early days of man the concept of branch banking in the United States dates back only several hundred years. If you were to look back at the history of banking in the United States you would find a long and winding road that started out with a general consensus against the branching we see today. Fact is like any other centralized structure in the early days of our great nation, a centralized bank was frowned upon. So what happened over time?"
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History of Banking Institutions, 2004.
A brief history of early banking institutions in the United States.
1,001 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how banking in the United States has always been linked to the political situation of the country. It provides a history of the banking system and examines how it was connected to Congress and the ruling party of the time.
From the Paper
"Banking institutions in the United States had a very interesting and rather controversial beginning as their establishment was staunchly opposed by agrarian sections of the society that felt threatened by the existence of commercial banks. But since banking system was needed in a country that was based on capitalist ideals, first US bank was opened in 1781 in Philadelphia and was named Bank of North America. Ten years later, United States witnessed commencement of commercial banking when first central bank of the US received approval from the Congress and began working as first bank of the government. This central bank was to work as a regulatory body for all state banks but agrarian section opposed it on the grounds that it gave unnecessary powers to the federal government and therefore its charter was rejected in 1811 when it was scheduled for its next renewal. Almost same thing happened to the second bank of the United States that was forced to close its operations in 1836 because its existence was considered unconstitutional by some sections of the society."
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Impact of E-Banking on the Banking Industry, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of individual commercial banks and how they service their customers.
13,765 words (approx. 55.1 pages), 31 sources, APA, £ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses individual commercial banks and how they service their customers. It analyzes the quality of banking services that a customer gets and how the services are provided to the customer. It describes the three main channels for banking today - through branches, through the internet and on telephone.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Chapter I
How Internet Banking Has Grown In The Last Decades, Especially Regarding New Product Being Offered
Evolution of Internet Banking
Present Status and Profile of E-Banking Offered By Banks
Nature of Product Offered
Chapter II
The Operations of Banks In Different Areas: What Is The Contribution?
Effects of E-Banking on Banking Operations: What Is The Contribution of Internet Banking Toward The Business?
Chapter III
General Benefits of Banks From E-Business and Other Communication
Performance Measurement
Chapter IV
Reality of System Risks and Control
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To understand the relationship that can develop between the Internet and banks, one has to first understand the nature of both these items. The first to be understood is the banks. So far as banks are concerned, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, central banking which is the source of all banking activity would appear to be at a crossroads in their future. Earlier it was the lender of last resort, active participant in stabilizing economic fluctuations, and now the present main function is being the guardian of price stability. As it is still the monetary authority, much is expected from them. At one stage, fiscal policy was considered to be the main instrument of economic policy, the situation changed to an ascendancy of monetary policy and that was noted by the late 1980s in most parts of the industrialized world. This had a lot of implications for the role of the central bank."
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Swiss Banking, 2005.
Examines the difference between Swiss and U.S. banks and explores the history of Swiss banking.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
In addition to the secrecy of Swiss banks, they differ from U.S. banks in two other significant ways, the variety of services offered and the quality of their loans. This paper examines the history of Swiss banking and compares it to the American banking system. The paper also discusses the billions of dollars belonging to Holocaust victims that were held by the Swiss banks for so many years, before a solution was found.
From the Paper
"In 1996 US Senator Alfonse D'Amato (R-NY) brought this issue to the attention of the US government and hearings were held in the Senate. On February 6, 1997, three Swiss banks, following intense pressure form the US, announced they would create a humanitarian fund of 100 million Swiss Francs ($70 million US Dollars). Jewish organizations were critical, however, estimating that there could be billions unaccounted-for. Later that year, the Swiss government created a humanitarian fund of five billion dollars."
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The Pakistani Banking Industry, 2006.
This in-depth paper a provides a benchmark pertaining to the careers of bank managers in Pakistan, while also delving into the banking industry in the Islamic run country.
21,538 words (approx. 86.2 pages), 33 sources, MLA, £ 151.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper examines Pakistan's evolving and constantly developing banking industry from the 1940s and up the present. The writer of this paper supplies in-depth insight into the pressures as well as the numerous financial and cultural demands and expectations currently facing bank managers in both the private and public banking sectors. This paper analyzes Pakistan's political history and its resulting impact on the country's banking industry. The writer of this paper delves into Pakistan's socio-political culture which greatly affects the vision, goals and leadership style of the country's bank managers. This paper also contains various financial tables, lists and illustrated graphs pertaining to this particular topic.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Political and Financial History Intertwined
Effect on Pakistani Bank Managers
Cautionary Tales
The Opposite Side of the Coin
Pakistani Banking Structure
Pakistani Banking: Recent Past
Upsetting Events in Pakistan's Banking History vis-a'-vis Managers
The Best Bank
Other Banks
Challenges for Managers in the Banking Industry
Current Initiatives
Literature Review
Summary
Statement of Research Question
Methodology
Findings
Manager One: NBP Managers
Manager Two: New Hire from Lahore Business School
Manager Three: Year 2000 Graduate of a Business College in Germany
Manager Four: Islamic Bank Manager
Manager Five: Graduate of Irish Business College
Manager Six: Recently Promoted Manager at a Local Branch in the Capital
Manager Seven: Human Resources Manager at the Islamic Bank
Manager Eight: Temporary Branch Manager in Small Town
Manager Nine: Former Bank Employee, Government Bank
Manager Ten: Graduate of Lahore Business College (2)
Bank Manager Career Themes
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix A: Islamic Modes of Financing
Appendix B: Recent Listing of Banks Operating in Pakistan
Appendix C: Questions for Bank Manager Interviews and Process
Appendix D: Recommendations by Mehmood-Ul-Hassan Khan
References
From the Paper
"The best way to determine what the future might hold is to understand the past and the present, and add to that the changes seen by experts on the horizon. Therefore, constructing the history of Pakistani banking forms a major part of the current research; outlining contemporaneous changes and decisions regarding Pakistani banking made by its most senior officials is also important to understanding the influences on bank manager career tracks and attitudes. In addition, an extensive literature review of those factors that generally contribute t manager career orientation in any business will help understand the Pakistani bank managers' positions. Interviews with at least a few current Pakistani bank managers will display the attitudes they currently hold, and provide insight into what they expect in the future and what would make them more or less career-oriented."
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The History of the Federal Reserve System, 2008.
An examination of how the history of the Federal Reserve System has paralleled the history of economics in the United States.
3,406 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the Federal Reserve System, the push towards centralized banking in the United States, the panic of 1907, the evolution of the Federal Reserve during the 20th century, and the future of the institution.The paper highlights the significant role that the Federal Reserve System has played in the history of the United States since its creation. The paper explains that the Federal Reserve System was the final and most successful attempt by the United States government to create a centralized banking system for the nation that could help stabilize the economy and centrally coordinate financial policy-making. The paper then points out that, though significant criticism has been leveled at the Federal Reserve, throughout its history, there are few indications that the Federal Reserve will be abolished in the near future. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the foreseeable future, the Federal Reserve System will be an undeniable feature of American political and economic life.
Outline:
Introduction
What Is the Federal Reserve System?
Early History of Banking the United States, 1791-1913
The Panic of 1907 and the Birth of the Federal Reserve
From 1913 to the Present: The Evolution of the Fed
Criticism and the Future of the Fed
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was first established in the wake of the Panic of 1907. Earlier attempts to create such a system of federal banks had failed, but the Panic provided the impetus by apparently highlighting the need for a system like the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) called for a system of eight to twelve mostly autonomous regional reserve banks. These banks would be owned by commercial banking interests, but coordinated by a committee appointed by the President of the United States (Flaherty sec. 13). In this way, the Federal Reserve System was originally devised as a private banking system that could operate largely in the public interest."
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Canadian Banking, 2002.
Discusses the critical role of banks in the development of Canada's economic history.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 10 sources, £ 75.95
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Abstract
During the evolution of the banking evolution in Canada what became supremely clear was that Canada's branch banks had accumulated a great deal of power over their tenure. Canada's economy had grown almost exclusively through the intermediation and financing of the country's few chartered banks. How did they become so powerful? Why did the situation have to change? These are important questions in Canadian economic history. This study strives to resolve these issues by tracing the development of banking in Canada in the post-1850 era. The primary argument will be that formative years of banking in Canada; i.e., those circa 1850, were critical in establishing the unusually high influence and authority of chartered banks in this country. By making brief comparisons and contrasts with the English and American banking systems, the uniqueness of the Canadian situation in this regard will be revealed. By the end of the paper it will be clear that the lack of government intervention in the economy until the 20th century greatly expanded the legitimacy of the country's banks.
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Islamic Banking, 2002.
This study investigates the feasibility of introducing Islamic banking as an alternative system of banking in the United States, but not as a replacement for the existing system of banking in this country.
7,325 words (approx. 29.3 pages), 32 sources, MLA, £ 98.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine and assess the issues involved in any effort to implement Islamic banking as an alternative system of banking in the United States. The study pursues this purpose through the investigation of the following research questions: 1. Is it probable that Islamic banking and interest-based banking can co-exist within the economic structure of the United States? 2. Is the potential market for Islamic banking in the United States sufficiently large to make Islamic banking feasible in American society? 3. What laws, state and federal, require change to permit Islamic banking to operate in the United States?
Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Purpose of the Study
Key Factors for Investigation
Background on the Problem
Approach to the Investigation
Overview of the Study
Chapter 2
Literature Review
The Crucial Role of Interest
The Development of Banking Systems
Sources & Uses of Funds in Islamic Banking
Chapter 3
Method
References
From the Paper
"Islamic economics has two principal components. The first component is a constant set of principles derived from the Qu'aran, which are the economic principles governing all Islamic activity, and which are unchanging. The second component is a flexible set of principles also derived from the Qu'aran, but which may be adapted to environment, time, or place, while remaining within the boundaries of the unchanging principles (El Araby, 1997). In Islam, any enterprise ? economic or otherwise ? may be an act of devotion, if entered into with the correct intentions. The welfare of the whole of the human race according to the will of God is the ultimate goal of all Islamic economic activity. The social responsibilities of business organizations are part of the moral obligations of the individuals operating such organizations in an Islamic society (El Araby, 1997). All economic systems are concerned with the relationship between the public and private sectors. In capitalist systems, the emphasis is on the private sector, although the degree of such emphasis varies between countries. One result of this capitalist emphasis is the cyclical recurrence of significant problems ? inflation, unemployment, and recession, while a second result is an increasing concentration of productive capacity ownership into a relatively few private hands. Islamic economics assumes that no conflict exists or will develop between the public and private sectors, and that each sector works for the greater good of society. The applications of the principles of any system ? capitalist or Islamic ? are usually less than perfect. Therefore, conflicts do occur within Islamic economic systems; however, in Islam, the settlement of such conflicts is according to the criterion of the greater societal good, as opposed to settlement on an ideological basis of property ownership, political imperative or agenda, or similar factors that is often true in capitalist economies."
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Islamic Banking - Religion as an Excuse, 2006.
This paper explains the differences between Islamic banking and conventional banking. It argues politically, as opposed to economically, that both systems are the same.
3,225 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 17 sources, APA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that the emergence of Islamic banking is an example of how religion has become subservient to economic needs, and more specifically, how Islam has become subservient to capitalism. The paper explains that although advocates claim that Islamic banking is distinctive from interest rate banking, such methods are merely window dressing - a way for the banks to legitimize themselves. The writer explains that in Shariah, Islamic law, people are prohibited from charging and receiving interest. The paper draws parallels between conventional banking systems and the new modes of so-called interest-free banking. The paper states that Islamic banks have been mimicking conventional banks, pushing for short-term, low-risk investments that are similar in quantity and risk to those obtained by other conventional banks. The writer explains that the methods used to evade interest prohibition include mislabeling interest under the false pretense of administrative costs and delegating puppet banks to alleviate responsibility from Islamic institutions. The writer challenges the advocates of this system who claim that it is Shariah-compliant. In summation, the writer states that it is evident that in the current Islamic system, Islamic beliefs have taken a second place to the capitalist system. Table of Contents: Introduction Lack of Sources for Islamic Banking Same Method, Different Name Murabaha is Not Profit Sharing Using Puppet Banks The Ulama Power Vacuum Advocates Conclusion Bibliography
From the Paper
"During the 80s, Muslim countries such as Sudan, Iran and Pakistan underwent the growth of Islamic banking due to an oil boom and the need for Muslim communities to establish a unique economic presence in the new international economic order (Pipes, 1982:45; cf. ICO: 1982). By 1995, 144 public and private banking institutions had been established claiming to practice a??Islamic bankinga?? (Shaik, 1997:118). However, this paper will argue that Islamic banking is conventional banking in disguise. Islamists have merely used the former to bypass religious restrictions to meet their capitalistic needs in a manner that is compliant, and sometimes even not compliant, to interpretations of the Shariah. Such assertions can be supported by examining characteristics of the current Islamic banking system. Nazih N. Ayubi has written about religion being subservient to the state. In this particular case, the evolution of Islamic banking has become an example of Islam being subservient to capitalism."
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Taiwan Banking Industry, 2006.
A review of the Taiwanese economic history and how it influenced Taiwan's banking industry.
4,302 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper takes an in-depth look at the factors that have affected the Taiwanese banking industry and help to shape and mold it into the 'tiger' it is today. According to the paper, Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy that is gradually requiring decreased guidance on investment and foreign trade from the national government. The paper discusses how in time, government-owned banks and industrial companies became privatized, mainly as a result of the export industry.
From the Paper
"Taking control for Asian buyout investors did not only extend the lives of failing companies but also realized a high level of profits in the first half of 2005 (AltAssets 2005).In the first six months, divestments earned US$13.5 billion, 71% of which came out of "control" deals. There were, however, problems confronted by buyout investors. Buying out was a strange concept to Asian companies, which would not cede control of their business to foreign institutions. An exception is South Korea, where foreign-led buyouts proved successful early in the experimental stage and accounted for the turn-around of its economic crisis at the end of the last decade. It was, however, a different situation in Taiwan. The Taiwan banking sector was always an attraction to foreign buyout investors because of its combined assets at approximately US$750 billion, one of the largest in Asia. It was largely government-controlled, overcrowded and fragmented. The government claimed 50-60% ownership of the assets of these 48 banks. None of them had a market share of more than 10% and was, therefore, not a major player in the island or the region. Yet the government was willing to introduce foreign and local investors to hasten the consolidation of the industry. In May that year, Taiwan's Financial Supervisory Commission revised the rules, which would allow foreign financial companies to take full ownership of domestic banks. After selling 20% equity state of Changhwa Commercial Bank to the local Tashin Financial Holdings, the government privatized its holdings in Taiwan Business Bank, the 9th largest by assets. Taiwan Business Bank was far behind Hong Kong's Hang Seng Bank and Singapore's DBS Bank. Unlike the Changhwa Bank, which attracted foreign investors, such as Japan's Shinsei Bank and The Carlyle Group, Taiwan Business Bank attracted three local financial groups, such as E. Sun Financial Holding Company, Mega Financial Holding Company and Fubon Financial Holding in the government sale of its 43% holdings. It was a frustration to the Ministry of Finance and half of its almost 5,000 employees expressed deep apprehension towards the sale and went on strike in order to demand better benefits for themselves. The bank's business chairman resigned 10 days later, apparently because of his inability to introduced changes. The failure of takeover in the Taiwan Business Bank sent clear and powerful resistance from vested parties who saw that their interests were under threat. But the government would not give up despite this failure. It rallied by inviting bids for a majority state of China Shipbuilding Corporation, the island's largest shipbuilding company, and kept its hopes high that the move would prosper (AltAssets)."
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Performance Appraisal System in Banking in India, 2008.
An analysis the past, present and future view of the banking industry in India, with a focus of performance appraisal systems in the industry.
12,441 words (approx. 49.8 pages), 31 sources, APA, £ 145.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the literature with regards to performance appraisal systems in the banking industry in public and private sector banks in India. It provides a historical overview of the banking industry in India and looks at a future view of its banking industry. The paper then discusses reforms and management issues in banking in India and the need for performance appraisal.
Table of Contents:
Historical Overview Of Banking Industry In India
Future View Of Indian Banking Industry
Reform And Restructuring Of Banking Hr Management
India Banking Sector Reforms
Challenge-Management In The Banking Industry
Innovation HRM In A 'Hyper-Competitive Environment
People-Centric HR Management In Banks
New Emphasis On HRM Related Practices
Banking Sector Technology Deployment
India Banking Industry HRM Report (2000)
Intensive Bank Restructuring Program: State Bank Of India
Performance Management & Appraisal Systems
Talent-Management In The India Banking Industry
Limitations And Scarcity In Performance Appraisal In Banking HRM
Recent Studies In HRM Performance Appraisal Methods
Summary Of Literature Reviewed
From the Paper
"Stated to be a good measure of devolvement was an increase in proactivity in personnel function in the past five years and in both the Indian and British interviews relating to involvement another measure was revealed stating to be "continuous feedback from line managers." (Budhwar and Sparrow, 2002) It is held that this is "an important measure of devolvement as it helps to evaluate whether things are working according to plans or not, and what changes will be required in the future." (Budhwar and Sparrow, 2002) An expectations that such type examinations might reveal "the extent to which managerial cognition of strategic HRM actually relate to practice. Similarly, the influence of possible new dimensions of national culture, as suggested by both Indian and British managers' viewpoint should be examined. The thinking of personnel specialists and different levels of employees from other sectors, regarding their function, should also be examined." (Budhwar and Sparrow, 2002)"
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Internet Banking: A Technology in Search of Acceptance, 1998.
Examines the potential dangers of Internet-based banking. Reviews the history of Internet banking, the banking industry's commitment to the concept, the technological implications, & analysis of the possibility of public acceptance.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 20 sources, £ 82.95
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From the Paper
" INTERNET BANKING: A TECHNOLOGY IN SEARCH OF ACCEPTANCE
Introduction and Thesis Argument
On January 21, 1997, the Royal Bank Scotland announced that it had completed the technological fine-tuning and was now Britain's first fully-fledged Internet Bank (1). The announcement generated the suspected editorial comments that suggested that retail banking is dead, and that a brave new world of cyber transactions are the wave of the future. Is Internet Banking the trend to watch out for?
That's the leading question behind the banking industry's
top-to-bottom redesign of the entire retail operations of some of the world's largest banks, a concept some analysts are calling "Future Banks." This concept is a mix of all the elements.."
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Industrial Banking Structure, 2005.
An examination of the move from traditional banking to industrial banking.
1,158 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper researches the diffusion of innovation in the banking industry and examines the role it plays and how it has contributed to the decline in traditional banking. Further examined are the securitization, junk bonds and commercial papers in the financial markets. Finally, this work seeks to discover the bottom-line or the actual outcomes of innovation in spite of the "decline" which the traditional banking industry has been said to have experienced.
Objective
Introduction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Representative of one of the most influential activities within countries of fully developed financial processes in the institutional service provision sector, the banking industry has links into all areas and regions of the world. The one sure thing in banking is that no process is so perfect that it cannot be improved upon. As history certainly validates in relation to processes in banking it is certain that change will be experienced by the institutions in the financial and banking sector. The innovation in the banking sector in British banking or the development experienced technologically which transferred to changes in the processes of banking began with electronic communication of the telegraph in the late 1850's. These innovations have progressively and persistently continued to the present day of what is termed by many to be that of "cyber-banking". After the initial birth of banking in modern terms came the "Database Management Systems" or DBMS which represents a key moment in banking history and which led next to automation of the "Clearing System" or CS hereafter in this work, characterized by automated statements. Next after the CS followed the local networks which served to "increase consumer's awareness in relation to their preferences and machine transactions as well as "increasing the search for profitability around the idea that the provision of services could become immediate and more integrated with a network of providers." Consoli (2003) "
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