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The Balanced Budget Constitutional Amendment, 2002.
Discusses the motives behind adopting a constitutional amendment that requires a balanced budget and some of the problems associated with the amendment.
899 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the reasons behind Congress's proposal for a Constitutional amendment that would require a balanced budget and the groups that supported the proposal. The paper also looks at the groups that opposed the proposal and their arguments against it. The paper concludes with a counter proposal that is intended to address the concerns of those both for and against the proposed amendment.
From the Paper
"Deficit spending in the eighties, coupled with two Gulf Wars and a slowing economy, have escalated the borrowing and spending of this country for nearly two decades straight. As the federal deficit grows, those within government can not help but heed the warning signs. With no end in sight, many inside the beltway have proposed initiatives for capping federal spending. The most notable of these, and perhaps most drastic, is the adoption of a Constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget. Proponents believe a balanced budget is necessary for the continued prosperity of the nation. They also believe budget oversights can be avoided when the President and lawmakers are held accountable for where they direct money."
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Balanced Budget Amendment, 1993.
An analysis of the balanced budget amendment as a way to force the government to balance the national budget.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, £ 44.95
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From the Paper
"In 1992, the government added another $400 billion to the national debt.. It took two centuries to accumulate $1 trillion in debt, and this debt has grown to four times that amount in just the past dozen years. Interest payments alone will take up 14 percent of the $1.5 trillion budget for 1993. A recent poll conducted jointly by ABC and the Washington Post showed 77 percent of Americans supporting a constitutional amendment to require a balanced budget..
Much has been tried already. All seven of the statutory laws passed since 1978 and designed to control the deficit have failed. Sequestration, budget summits, and five-year deficit reduction plans have all been bypassed. Those who doubt the value of the balanced-budget amendment should listen to the amendment's opponents. Almost every pro-spending special..."
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Deficits and Balanced Budgets, 2006.
A question and answer formatted essay about the U.S. economy.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper provides brief synopses of the most important issues for the U.S. economy. Written in a question and answer format, the paper answers ten questions about deficits and balanced budgets. The questions are:
(1) Why is a balanced budget, and possibly a balanced budget amendment necessary...Or is it?
(2) What is macroeconomics, and does it really affect the average citizen?
(3) Why did we have budget deficits for so long?
(4) Is there a way to cut spending and still cut taxes, and keep the surplus as well as getting the budget balanced?
(5) Is there such a thing as a really "fair" taxation system?
(6) If it is sort of unethical to borrow money and not repay it, how can the government do it?
(7) What would you do if you were asked to create a fair and equitable budget strategy, what would you advise?
(8) You say there have been budget shortfalls for years, and now in the last couple of years, all of a sudden, there is a surplus. So, why am I and my family not feeling the benefits of this surplus?
(9) I keep reading about this new European currency called the "euro" and the problems in Japan and how it might affect the trade balance and the stability of the dollar. Is this anything I should be worried about? Or is it just another game for economists to quibble about?
(10) You had to consult a number of books and articles from so-called experts for this assessment of our balanced budget needs. Have you really learned anything?
From the Paper
"Americans are basically naive about economics. Politicians and Economists duel about surpluses, deficits, the fate of Social Security, interest rates, international trade, and so on. We see headlines that scream that 400,000 new jobs cause fears of interest rate increases, The next day, the headlines about the slowing of new jobs seem to indicate the same (or other) "fears". After more than a generation of budget deficits, now we have surpluses, and the arguments rage about what to do with them. The fact is, a very small, privileged few (Alan Greenspan, head of the "Fed" is one) know what is going on and why, and, furthermore, what to do about it."
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Balanced Budget, 1997.
Examines political causes & effects of unbalanced budget & growing deficit & recommends policy reform based on tax cuts, controlled spending, cost of living adjustments.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, £ 55.95
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From the Paper
" The federal government currently owes around $4.8 trillion and by the end of the decade the Clinton administration predicts that the debt will reach $6.5 trillion. By 2010, without appropriate action, that debt will have reached $8 trillion. Clearly a national debt that doubles in fifteen years of peace means that "there is something profoundly wrong with your budget and your finances" (Gingrich 90). The appropriate action to deal with the problem has two facets: 1) we must establish a "credible, year-by-year spending schedule" that will accomplish a balanced budget within the next six years; 2) a Balanced Budget Amendment must be passed by Congress and approved by the states in order to ensure that, barring emergencies such as war, such deficits never happen again (Dole and Kemp 57). A third aspect of balancing the budget is achieving tax cuts that will, along.."
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Balanced Budget Agreement, 1999.
Examines the need for agreement, monetary & fiscal policy, tax cuts, focusing on the Clinton era (through August 1997).
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, £ 38.95
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From the Paper
"MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY, THE BALANCED BUDGET AGREEMENT, AND THE UNITED STATES ECONOMY
During the four fiscal years in which Jimmy Carter was president (fiscal years 1977-1980), the federal budget deficits totaled $226.8 billion. This cumulative Carter Administration deficit followed a cumulative deficit of $144.1 billion in the 1973-1976 fiscal year period of the Nixon/Ford presidency. The cumulative four year deficit increased $82.7 billion, or 57.4 percent, from Nixon/Ford to Carter, in terms of current dollars.
Under President Reagan, the cumulative budget deficit in the Administration?s first term (fiscal years 1981-1984) was $599.9 billion. The cumulative four year deficit increased $373.1 billion, or 164.5 percent, from Carter to Reagan, in terms of current dollars. The deficit for the second term of.."
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Balancing the Budget and Politics, 2002.
A paper which studies governmental budgeting and the decision-making processes.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
An exploration into the decision-making processes in governmental budgeting. The writer of the paper studies several concepts to explain the budget process, how decisions affecting it, or affected by it, are made and what role policy plays in the whole system.
From the Paper
"Within an anarchy organization, decisions are made in one of three ways: by resolution, oversight or flight. A decision by resolution indicates that the decision resolves a problem and is usually only reached after significant amounts of work. Oversight decisions are said to be made when decisions made regarding other problems result in making the decision for the decision-makers. Finally, flight decisions are those which leave the problem unresolved and the choice intact. Unfortunately, oversight and flight decisions are the most common type of decisions made when it comes to budgeting."
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State Budgeting vs. Federal Budgeting, 2002.
This paper details, compares and contrasts the different processes involved in budgeting on the state level and on the federal level.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.
From the Paper
"The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "
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Federal Budget Process, 1994.
An examination of the legal requirements, the role of the president and Congress in theory and in practice, abuses, deficit reduction measures and balanced budget amendment.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 13 sources, £ 89.95
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From the Paper
"The Federal Budget Process
Introduction
This research examines the process involved in the enactment of the federal budget. Congressional and executive roles in the process are reviewed, as are the interactions and conflicts between the Congress and the President in the development of a national budget. Deficit reduction measures, such as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Bill, and the drive for a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution are also addressed.
The Budgeting Process ..."
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First Amendment Rights and Pragmatic Solutions, 2001.
A comparison between the First Amendment rights and courts' pragmatic approach to the Amendment.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 0 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at six applications in order to compare the First Amendment rights to free speech to the courts' pragmatic approach to First Amendment issues.
From the Paper
"When it comes to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution the courts are often caught between a rock and a hard place. If the courts protect the right of the First Amendment there are sometimes substantial consequences that could have been avoided by suppression. If the court rules to protect the interests of many and rules against freedom of speech then it finds itself in violation of the constitution. It is a balancing system in which the court is constantly weighing the good of all against the nature of the first amendment. It is a battle that will continue as long as we are a nation that abides by the constitution, which also allows us to request court intervention and mediation regarding the amendment."
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Healthcare Budget Policy, 2002.
A study of the Balanced Budget Act as seen by the Halifax County Hospitals.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This is a paper on recent budget cuts in Medicare and proposed cuts in Medicaid, which will affect the communities of Halifax County, Florida. The paper focuses on the interaction between state, local and national governments to reveal how these budgetary changes were allowed, and what the local government must do to help patch up voids in the hospital budget while expensive or unnecessary care programs are phased out. The paper takes the position that national government cannot always tell what effect legislation will have on the individual communities it applies to.
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First Amendment Rights, 2004.
An analysis of the First Amendment rights of students and educational institutions.
3,785 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fact that, throughout the 20th century in the United States, the struggle to balance the First Amendment rights of students with the educational institutions' need to maintain a safe and orderly environment has been a constant source of difficulty. The paper describes several cases heard by the circuit courts, appellate courts, and even the United States Supreme Court in which students, fearing the revocation of their rights, have challenged the educational institutions. In contrast, the institutions have sought, through the judicial system, an affirmation of their rights as educators to maintain control and balance, particularly in light of growing violence within the school systems. The paper contends that, while the courts have certainly clarified many of the laws regarding student's rights, the struggle to balance the issues remains constant.
From the Paper
"In dealing with so many protected freedoms, set forth in such a broad manner, there are bound to be difficulties with interpretation and enforcement. As early as 1943, in West Virginia Sate Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), the issue of First Amendment rights violations was brought to a national level. In the Barnette case, a group of Jehovah's Witnesses sued in the United States District Court on behalf of their children, and other children in West Virginia. A previous court decision had inspired the Board of Education of West Virginia to order that saluting the flag become a "regular part of the program of activities in...public schools" and that all students were required to participate. Refusal to salute would result in expulsion of the student. However, due to their religious beliefs that the flag was a "graven image", and that saluting the flag would be in violation of God's commands, the Jehovah's Witness members sought to avoid the forced expulsion upon their refusal to salute. The Supreme Court found in favor of the students, noting that the First Amendment protected the student's rights to dissent."
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Wrongful Dismissal and the First Amendment, 2002.
An in-depth study of the abuse of the individual right in the American First Amendment.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 17 sources, APA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the fact the history shows that uncertainties of a fragile First Amendment during times of crisis are well founded, as seen in the post September 11th era. It defines and provides a history of the First Amendment. It uses numerous legal cases to support its claims. The paper describes the Five Freedoms. The author states that the First Amendment right of free association has been rigorously compromised, particularly for those connected with Muslim organizations that the government believes supports anti-American causes.
Table of Contents
History and the First Amendment
Free Expression on Private Property
Hate Speech
Clear and Present Danger
The Problem of ''Symbolic Speech.''
Conclusion
Reference:
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The most basic element of freedom of expression is the right of freedom of speech. The right to freedom of speech allows individuals to utter them without interference or constraint by the government. The Supreme Court requires the government to provide extensive justification for the interference with the right of free speech where it attempts to normalize the content of the speech. A less rigorous test is applied for content-neutral legislation. The Supreme Court has also recognized that the government may proscribe some speech that may cause a breach of the peace or cause violence. The right to free speech includes other mediums of expression that communicates a message."
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Interrogations and the Sixth Amendment, 2005.
A look at the implications that the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution has for legal interrogations.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the Sixth Amendment. More specifically, the paper discusses interrogations and the Sixth Amendment, while addressing why a statement is sometimes inadmissible under the Sixth Amendment, despite the fact that Miranda did not apply or was complied with. It also questions when the Sixth Amendment attaches, how it is violated, and what precautions are necessary.
From the Paper
"The Sixth Amendment is very intricate. Often, a statement is inadmissible in court for the smallest of reasons, such as an officer forgetting to administer the Miranda rights to a suspect, or not getting a lawyer fast enough when a suspect becomes "the accused." A suspect should not be able to incriminate himself by compulsory questioning, and often this happened, and so, judges took on and defined the Sixth Amendment so suspects and police departments both had more rights. Even when Miranda is complied with, there are other situations that can hinder Sixth Amendment rights, such has having an attorney present, and not questioning a suspect until an attorney is present. In addition, even though Miranda has been correctly administered, law enforcement personnel can threaten, coerce, or frighten a suspect into self-incriminating themselves, and this would make the information inadmissible in court. Even if the suspect voluntarily gives information, if they have not specifically waived their rights, they cannot incriminate themselves, and the evidence will not stand. This is why law enforcement personnel must be completely aware of the Sixth Amendment and all its' implications."
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The Balanced Scorecard, 2008.
An analysis of the balanced scorecard as a management tool in a port facility.
1,619 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the balanced scorecard that was developed to help organizations achieve an efficient synergy between vision and strategy. The paper uses the case of a port facility that has problems related to motivation, leadership, customer service and operational issues and shows how the balanced scorecard can alleviate some of these inefficiencies. The paper analyzes the major facets of the balanced scorecard as a management tool that will improve the port operations.
Outline:
Introduction
Implementing the Balanced Scorecard
Performance Measure #1: Financial Perspective
Performance Measure #2: Customer Perspective
Performance Measure #3: Internal Business Processes
Performance Measure #4: Innovation and Learning Perspective
From the Paper
"The balanced scorecard is not a new concept however, its design is ideal for an organization such as the port facility that can use key performance indicators or measurements to monitor the activities of the organization. The key performance indicators suggested by Kaplan et al are: financial, customer, internal business processes, innovation and learning perspective. The idea behind the methodology is to link goals and measures so as to connect individual units to the overall strategic development of the port by helping individuals to focus on specific measures and goals, (Kaplan et al 133).
"This particular methodology is useful to a port that is losing money, has a poor workflow, a disengaged staff, ineffective leadership, undocumented work instructions, poor shipment clearance times; and is essential to the overall success of the company since it allows management to focus on it own measures rather than a generic and ad hoc set of procedures that would not be applicable to the port."
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