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American Terrorism: Reconstruction to the Present, 2008.
An analysis of the development of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and its evolution from the time of reconstruction to the present day.
1,699 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and describes acts of terrorism and hate crimes committed in the United States beginning with the evolution of the first Ku Klux Klan (KKK) organized after the Civil War (the era known as reconstruction). It discusses the people, geography and social forces which were instrumental in the formation of the first KKK, as well as subsequent reorganizations of the KKK. It then looks at the evolution of hate crimes in America and uses examples of organizations and activities of hate crime perpetrators as defined by legislative acts.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
American Terrorism
The First Ku Klux Klan
The New Ku Klux Klan of 1915
The Klan after World War II
Hate Crimes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed a hate-crime bill that mandated the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to systematically collect information on hate-motivated crimes. Criminal justice decision makers consequently began to place central importance on attaching hate as a motivation for criminal acts. By establishing racial or religious hate as the component of an incident, the police were able to gain political impetus for expanding financial resources to law enforcement agencies, enabling them to enforce the laws directed at hate crimes (Maxwell, C., 1995)."
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Latin American Influences on Terrorism, 2006.
An examination of the characteristics of urban terrorism, particularly of the group known as the Tupamaros.
912 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper examines urban terrorism and its modern origins. It briefly compares guerrilla warfare and its limited successes. The paper discusses the urban terrorist group known as the Tupamaros, from the organization's beginnings in Uruguay. The paper also highlights various tactics used by Tupamaros and looks at its organizational characteristics.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Theory of Urban Terrorism
Terrorism and Guerrilla War
Urban Terrorism in Practice
The Urban Philosophy
Tupamaros Tactics
Organizational Characteristics
Summary
From the Paper
"The Tupamaros were well organized and became an example for other international terrorist groups. Strong internal discipline and existing as a confederacy had helped the Tupamaros. A large network of supporters also helped considerably. The importance of noncombatant columns cannot be overemphasized - the strength of the Tupamaros came from its logistical columns (White, 2002). Intelligence led the police to attack the support network. Police officials reasoned that if they destroyed the logistical network, they would destroy the Tupamaros (White, 2002). They were right and succeeded in 1972."
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War on Terrorism or Advancing American Hegemony?, 2003.
Examines the extent to which the war on terrorism has accomplished its goals.
3,258 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of the relevant literature to determine the extent to which the war on terrorism has accomplished its stated goals compared to the manner in which American hegemony was advanced in the process. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington DC and the consequent war on international terrorism have created the need for fundamental changes in defense policy. Although the terrorist acts were directed against the US, they were the catalyst for a reassessment and redefinition of the security policies by practically all states and major international security institutions. Because the war on terrorism is unique on historical annals, the proliferation of such multiple centers of power provides a convenient tool for advancing U.S. hegemony. In fact, many critics suggest that it is no coincidence that the goals of the war against terrorism today mirror the stated foreign policy goals espoused by the Republicans long before September 11, 2001."
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Reconstruction and the American Civil War, 2007.
An analysis of the decade of Reconstruction, following the American Civil War, and its implications to Americans.
1,031 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the scope and effects of the American Civil War on American society. It then attempts to provide an explanation for the peculiar trend that the war's denouement and crucial aftermath (the decade of Reconstruction) is so noticeably absent from historical accounts. The paper look at the ways in which Reconstruction is a painful and divisive topic for all Americans, even today.
From the Paper
"Despite some successes, the complicated, limited, 'unfinished' nature of both Reconstructions is most likely the reason for the gap in the scholarship on this topic amongst people who were in favour of Reconstruction, as well as their reluctance to create further antagonism over an issue that continues to divide America. This is not to say there is no literature on Reconstruction, but of the works that do exist, many contradict one another over lines of time, race, location and political affiliation. There does not seem to be consensus over many issues at all, and it seems that no conclusion has been reached with regard to this period's real meaning and significance. It is not surprising that those people who were 'anti-Reconstruction' (many of whom subscribe to the ideas of the 'Lost Cause') remained equally quiet and divided over an issue that incites such passion. They too feel the failure of the period (perhaps more specifically the 20th Century version) in that black people did improve their position substantially from what it was under slavery, and did enjoy gains that so threatened white citizens of the South (provoking the brutality which for some, may be a source of shame). It is no surprise these people remain reluctant to dredge up old scars."
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Reconstruction in African-American History, 2008.
An exploration of Reconstruction and its significance in African-American history.
2,188 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Reconstruction, the formal system set up in 19th century America to deal with the aftermath of the civil war, including dealing with newly-freed African Americans. The writer discusses how Reconstruction was responsible for the passing of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, and actively promoted African-American involvement in politics and public life. It was a very social as well as a political movement, and led to the increased educational levels of southern blacks. The negative effects of Reconstruction, such as the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist groups, are also discussed. The writer concludes that Reconstruction paved the way for there to be sufficient numbers of educated, organized, and determined African Americans to force the social changes that it promised by the time of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement.
From the Paper
"While the treatment of former slaves may have been an issue in Reconstruction, it is important to keep in mind that the North and the South had many political differences. Therefore, northern Republicans were concerned about the southern Democrat dominance in politics. As a result, the Republican Party took over Reconstruction. The first major act of Reconstruction was the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, which extended citizenship to blacks and extended the protections of the Bill of Rights to the states."
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African-Americans and Reconstruction, 2007.
This paper discusses the Reconstruction period in America and looks at the treatment of African-Americans.
3,670 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Reconstruction period and examines how the African-Americans were treated. The writer also discusses that there were issues that Caucasian individuals had to deal with as well, and many of these issues also affected the African-American population. The writer concludes that African-Americans have never completely gained their freedom, but things are working toward more freedom for African-Americans. The writer maintains that when they are no longer judged by the color of their skin, they will truly be free.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
African-Americans and Bias
Violence and Significance
Problems with Reconstruction
The Emancipation Proclamation
Land Grants and Job Opportunities
Masters and Freedmen
The Freedom of African-Americans
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Originally, the Reconstruction was hailed as a terribly boring time in U.S. history, but much of it is rich with interesting information and recently some credibility has come back to it, designating it a part of history that deserves further study. Many believed that everything that was learned and accomplished throughout the Reconstruction had been lost before it was actually over and that the idea of social improvement that it carried ended up being a failure. However, some of the things that were accomplished during the reconstruction and a great deal of what was learned remained with the country after it was over and built the foundations for many of the things that go on today.
The Reconstruction period was very valuable for many reasons and not all of these had to do with the emancipation of African-American individuals. Examples such as the slaves who took care of Jefferson Davis's plantation after he died indicated that African-Americans were very much interested in the reconstruction and found it very valuable."
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The Second American Revolution and Reconstruction, 2006.
A discussion of the Civil War and its effects on American Society today.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the claim by Civil War historian, James McPherson, that the Civil War brought about more radical changes in government than the American Revolution of 1776. The paper shows how the country was tested in such a way that it did gain strength in many ways, but also once the Union reformed, suffered many weaknesses that still exist in today's American culture. The Civil War also, in many ways, acted as a catalyst for change in American identity. The paper also looks at the issue of slavery in the South and argues that the South was never whole after the war and that it continues to function within the ghost of slavery. The paper concludes that the issue of slavery remains ingrained in American culture as it divides Americans in identity whether it be race, class or economic status.
From the Paper
"The life of a slave prior to the Civil War was an ugly, dehumanizing life that as modern people, one would be appalled at the conditions and the treatments of African Americans at the time. Slave men were worked to death with very little food or water while slave women feel victim to rape and controlled reproductive rights. The way Southern society worked was to continue demoralizing and dehumanizing the slave existence. To the Southern slave owner, the slave was simply property, a tool to make the owner's life free of back breaking labor. As a result, much of even today's Southern culture is based on leisure and proper behavior, including separation of the races and class division. In the years before the outbreak of the Civil War, many slaves were not even aware changes were coming. They were at a disadvantage being uneducated and isolated from information. In 1860, Lincoln committed to keeping the western territories free of slavery and later signed in 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation long before war ever broke out. Still as much as this seemed like change in the right direction for slaves, Lincoln's main objective was to keep the Union together (Africans in America 4). This action seems only half hearted but essentially, Lincoln nor government policy has control over slave owners freeing their slaves. In fact, months after the signing of the Proclamation, many slaves were not aware this document freed them (Africans in America 4). The South's secession from the Union put an end to this freedom as it established its own constitution making slavery legal again. It is this break from the Union, in Lincoln's mind that started the war."
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Terrorism and Counter Terrorism, 2004.
A study of the development of international terrorism and counter terrorism, both in general and specifically, since the events of September 11th, 2001.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whetherr or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.
From the Paper
"As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."
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The Marginalization of Native Americans and African-Americans, 2004.
Examines how post-colonial American history impacted the emancipation of African-Americans and Native Americans, or Indians.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
Before American society become liberated and independent from British rule, two important events became the catalyst for social and political changes that occurred within the American nation: the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the American Civil War (1860). These significant events in American history contributed to the liberation of America as a nation and the independence of marginalized sectors in America, the native American-Indians and African-Americans. This paper discusses the impact of the American Revolution and American Civil War in encouraging/discouraging the emancipation of the American Indians and African-Americans from prejudice and discrimination in the American society. In addition, this paper also focuses on the implications of the emancipation or non-emancipation of these sectors to the future of American society and nation.
From the Paper
"However, over time, a strong public sentiment began forming as atrocities against the black slaves were exposed to the American nation. Because of strong public sentiment against black American slavery and continuing conflict between the South and North, the American Civil War erupted, and the anti-slavery vs. pro-slavery conflict ended with the issuance of the Emancipation Declaration of 1863 by then US President Abraham Lincoln. Thus, African-Americans, unlike the native American-Indians, were able to achieve their freedom from American rule and colonization, bringing down social prejudice and discrimination of the African-American sector in the American society and nation."
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The African American's American Dream, 2002.
An overview of the history of the African American's American Dream through the works and ideals of W.E.B. Du Bois, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of the history of the African American's American Dream. It looks at the history of independence-minded thinking in W.E.B. Du Bois and follows through the civil rights movement with the contrasting style and messages of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. It concludes that the American Dream for the African American has not fundamentally improved over the past one hundred years, and it seems almost more limited now than it was before the civil rights movement.
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African-Americans and American Prisons, 2007.
This paper examines the relatively high number of African-Americans incarcerated in American prisons.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the drive to control American populations through incarceration and notes that this has disproportionately affected the nation's African-American population. The paper shows how nearly half of all inmates in America's prisons are African-American, despite the fact that they make up only twelve percent of the overall population. The paper examines the social and political reasons for this disparity and reveals that a form of racial prejudice would appear to be underlying these statistics. The paper discusses how the mass incarceration of America's African-American population is destroying their community, and the African-American people in general.
From the Paper
"In a time of great economic and social change, one American industry is booming: the prison-industrial complex. These prisons represent an ever-expanding apparatus of social control (Ward, 2004), one that, according to Julia Sudbury, is focused specifically on regulating, and further marginalizing the underprivileged masses in today's neo-liberal regimes (Ward, 2004). Recent decades' "get tough on crime" policies, such as mandatory minimum sentences, "three strikes" laws, and so forth, have witnessed historically unparalleled rates of incarceration in the United States."
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Assimilation of Jewish Americans and Italian Americans, 2002.
Evaluates the assimilation experience of the Jewish American and Italian American population.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Jewish American and Italian American experience, using Milton Gordon's text, Assimilation in American Life (1964), to evaluate the experiences of both groups.
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Relationship between American Films and American Ideas, 2000.
Examines the relationship between the establishment of American films and American Ideas.
3,366 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 0 sources, £ 66.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the relationship between the establishment of American films and American Ideas. It features the works of John Ford ("Birth of a Nation") and "The Iron Horse". In addition, the writer tackles the issue of the promotion of the American ideal in Europe and how this influenced immigration.
From the Paper
"This new and exciting medium offered a new method of presenting ideas. While there were many movies concentrated around melodrama and the vaudeville tradition, the opportunity was there for film-makers to present their own vision of America. This relationship between film-makers and American history was compounded by the similarity of their development. As with America, film making began in the east. The major studios were to be found in New York with Chicago and its suburbs also being colonised by production companies. At first locating in the east had advantages. It was the centre of American civilisation and had access to labour and supplies and as such was perfect for studio based film making. However, at this time all but the most affluent studios were without adequate lighting systems and relied upon good light to film. This was a problem in the north and east due to seasonal changes in light conditions."
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Mexican-American and African-American Assimilation, 2004.
A comparative analysis of Mexican-American and African-American assimilation in the United States today.
4,544 words (approx. 18.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the processes and sub-processes of assimilation. It looks at how sociologist, Milton M. Gordon, viewed assimilation as a collection of sub-processes emphasizing three main processes: cultural;
structural; and marital assimilation. It focuses on cultural, structural, and marital assimilation between African-Americans and Mexican-Americans in Texas and New York, as represented by 1990 and 2000 figures from the U.S. Census Bureau.
Outline
Introduction
Cultural Assimilation
Marital Assimilation
Secondary Structural Assimilation
Primary Structural Assimilation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Oppression has been a part of the patchwork of American history since the nation?s inception, leading to a fairly paradoxical culture in which equality and justice are theoretically cherished at the same time they are questionably practiced, and also in which a legacy of xenophilia, or the welcoming of immigrant contributions to the larger culture, has been mixed with a seemingly contradictory legacy of xenophobia and oppression of minority and immigrant groups. As the result of this historical legacy of oppression, members of a minority group such as African-American and Mexican-American cultures may, over the course of time, internalize the low self-image of themselves that has been traditionally projected by the dominant group as a justification for its oppressive policies."
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