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U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 2006.
Examines America's foreign policy in the Middle East since 1991.
2,764 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper critically assesses the impact of U.S. foreign policy on the Middle East since 1991. It explores how the post-Cold War global order affects Middle East politics and how the conflict in the Middle East affects the 'New World Order'.
Table of Contents:
Part I: Summary
Part II: Background to and Nature of American Policy in the Middle East since 1991
Part III: Impact of American Policy in the Middle East
Part IV: Conclusion.
From the Paper
"America's policy of coercive appropriation of the region's only major resource has had another parallel, though highly profound impact. In order to break free from what the countries of the region perceive as the American stranglehold over their resources, many countries have started cooperating with each other to exploit the oil-rich Caspian region. Based on the idea of excluding America from the pipeline grid, this brings several countries from even outside the periphery of the Middle East in close ties with each other. This could spell a total alteration of the geo-strategic dynamics of the region."
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U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 2006.
An overview of the objectives of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and whether it can be considered morally justifiable.
2,462 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the quagmire of Middle East politics and how the U.S. has conducted its foreign policy in that region of the world. The paper discusses whether U.S. objectives and its foreign policy in the Middle East are morally justifiable and concludes that they are because the goal of the U.S. is primarily one of helping people of the third world countries, while at the same time protecting her own interests.
From the Paper
"As far as the scourge of terrorism is concerned, it is a sad but true fact that no leader has managed to succeed in getting to the very root of the problem and thereby finding an appropriate solution to it. There may be a satisfactory explanation for this fact; it may be that the very nature of terrorism being what it is: quite unpredictable and also very asymmetrical, it is virtually impossible to find an adequate solution to the problem, and the underlying issues are so many and so widespread that it is an unattainable goal to hope to find an ideal solution to combat 'terrorism'. In fact, it can be safely stated that the West has actually and virtually outstayed its welcome in most parts of the world, especially in the Middle East, rich in oil as it is, and the leaders in those parts of the world, fuelled by their innate greed, grew from being mere allies of the West to real and true despots, and this because of the one thing that all the world needs: Oil. In fact, Osama bin Laden, as well as Saddam Hussein were allies of the USA in both the US war against Afghanistan as well as in the US war against Iraq respectively. (Going Tactical)"
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U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East Since 1991, 2006.
A critical look at the changing U.S. policy in the Middle East since 1991.
3,419 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author takes a critical look at the changing U.S. policy in the Middle East since 1991. He examines how prior to 1991, American policy was aimed primarily at using some countries led by Israel as a bulwark against communism in the Cold War years. He highlights that with the end of a bipolar world there was a radical shift in American policy towards the Middle East. The paper examines how this was brought about by the threat America saw to its most vital interest -oil in the region as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait; at the same time, with the sudden demise of the hitherto counterbalancing factor, the Soviet Union, the stage was set for a decisive policy. In conclusion, the author argues that the American policy of planting democracy in societies that do not have the necessary preconditions and institutional frameworks of accepting and absorbing the system could mean risking backlashes and other actions.
From the Paper
"In the absence of the Soviet factor, American policy in the Middle East has become more intrusive; American policy could have a positive impact if its moves towards establishing its policy are perceived as being salutary. A prime test case of this policy is the way its role is seen in the Israeli-Palestine issue. (Cantori, 1994, p. 452) The immediate years after the Gulf War led to a hyperactive engagement in the region under president Bill Clinton, for whom resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict was a principal goal. In his presidency, America assumed the role of an 'honest broker' in bringing about a peaceful settlement of issues bedevilling the region. However, before substantial headway was made, a new regime took guard under Bush Jr., under whom the same vigour was not enforced. American interventionism, which became low-key under the new dispensation, has led to suspicion in Arab quarters that America, with its uncompromising tilt towards Israel, has not been the 'honest broker' that it promised to be."
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American Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 2002.
A look at the history of the relationship between the Middle East and the Western World.
1,454 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history of foreign policy in the Middle East. It goes into the vast differences between cultures of the Arab world and cultures of the rest of the world and compares them in a global environment. Terms, such as globalization, tribalism, and imperialism are discussed and used to compare relations between the Middle East and the Western world. The paper also goes into current trends in foreign policy toward the Middle East. It has become more manipulating than helpful. The people of the Middle East still suffer, despite the efforts of the United States. In fact, the United States government is more concerned with maintaining a balance of power between Middle Eastern nations than maintaining the integrity of human rights. This paper places all of this content into an organized display.
From the Paper
"The events that are occurring at this very time in the Middle East are grim. Every place one looks, there is a violation of human rights, someone being killed, a war going on, or a level of poverty exists that an American could not even comprehend. Throughout the beautiful landscapes, warlords and military dictators have taken over countries and the populations live in fear. In the news, Americans see huge crowds cheering when the US flag is burnt, and the president being hung. After September 11, 2001, American children could see Arab children on television cheering at the disaster. The roots of this Arab rage lead right back to American foreign policy in the region."
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Foreign Policy towards the Middle East, 2007.
This paper explains what must be the goals of the U.S. administration's future Middle Eastern policy.
1,247 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the the goals of future U.S. Middle Eastern policy should be peace, the promise of a new United States image in the region, and greater independence from the nations that would cause harm. The writer then argues that the three main goals of the next administration should and must be to begin to bring the current conflict in Iraq to a successful or at least manageable political and diplomatic solution rather than a military conclusion, to facilitate new negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians and finally to reduce U.S. dependence on Middle Eastern oil. The writer concludes that diplomacy and acting multilaterally must be the goal, both of the U.S. policy in its phased withdrawal from Iraq and also in continuing to strive to broker an effective peace between the Israelis and the Palestinians.
From the Paper
"At present, Iraq is a failed state and American military policy is a failed policy. The Iraqi government cannot protect its people, deliver services, collect revenues, or administer its laws. Renegade Iraqi militias are the real legal powers. Embedding more U.S. troops will simply result in further U.S. causalities. A diplomatic solution is the only hope."
"The goal of the next administration must be to create a representational Iraqi government over the next four years that is able to exert control over its oil reserves, force the militias to transfer military power to the state regime, and enforce minority rights. In exchange for turning over arms there will be amnesty for all combatants, to avoid diverting important resources into show trials that will only further divide the nation, as did the trial and execution of the former dictator Saddam Hussein."
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U.S. Foreign Policy: Anti-Americanism in the Middle East, 2001.
2,430 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 14 sources, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the origins of hatred in the Middle East linking it to the U.S. Foreign Policy. The author cites examples of US involvement in the region -- emphasizing the US's bias towards Israel over its neighboring countries, Jordan, Egypt etc.
From the Paper
"It is said that U.S. Foreign Policy is to blame for widespread anti-Americanism in the Middle Eastern nations and regions. Major policy critics and politicians for instance Zunes, Chomsky, Telhami, and Blum brought up many important issues that are directly linked to the foreign policy. Political and military actions taken by the United States in the past raised much disapproval and hate in the Muslim world population and planted a cause for the formation of Islamic extremist groups and their followers."
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The Middle East and Foreign Policies, 2005.
A discussion on the effects on foreign policy after the discovery of oil reserves in the Middle East.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that it was not until the discovery that the Middle East was rich with oil reserves that the countries of the United States, England, France and the Soviet Union became significantly involved in the region. It explains that it was with this discovery, however, that foreign policies were no longer about mere relations with countries, as much as they were about protecting oil interests in countries that brought them riches. It contends that when oil became the most prominent factor for these nations their loyalties to one another were tested, their goals were altered and tensions with the Middle East became inevitable.
From the Paper
"It was not until the discovery that the Middle East was rich with oil reserves that the countries of the United States, England, France, and the Soviet Union became significantly involved in the region. It was with this discovery, however, that foreign policies were no longer about mere relations with countries, as much as they were about protecting oil interests in countries that brought them riches. When oil became the most prominent factor for these nations their loyalties to one another were tested, their goals were altered, and tensions with the Middle East became inevitable. United States foreign policy in the Middle East became significant in the 1920s due to the interest in oil that was promising in the region. Standard Oil and Texaco, two American oil companies, won bids to begin the exploration for oil in Saudi Arabia in the early 1930s, finally ..."
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U.S. Policy in the Middle East, 2006.
This paper compares two books which discuss current U.S. policy in the Middle East.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Ali Ansari in "Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Next Great Conflict in the Middle East" paints the current crisis with Iran as a lesson in mutually antagonistic behavior that is demonstrated by the inability of United States presidents, from Carter to Bush, to formulate an effective policy for dealing with this country. The author points out that Dennis Ross in "The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Peace in the Middle East" commends the U.S re-involvement in the Israel-Palestinian problem, introduced in President Bush's historic 2002 speech, which outlined a strategy for peace calling for a two state solution. The paper relates that both Ansari and Ross are strong believers in the power of communication because, as long as all sides to these political clashes are still talking, there is hope for peaceful solutions and cooperation rather than chaos.
From the Paper
"Ansari does not take a particularly optimistic tone about the chances of these changes happening. He is very adamant that they must happen or the resulting conflict will "make Iraq look like the cakewalk it was prophesied to be." . Ansari presents his argument in a very matter-of-fact manner, taking the struggle between Iran and the United States step by step from their first official contact in 1856 all the way into the present day. A very realistic, pragmatic tone is taken that, while not entirely hopeful, does suggest that differences can be bridged."
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American Foreign Policy, 2002.
This paper examines the need for change in American Foreign Policy through the opinions of three articles.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
An examination of American Foreign Policy from three articles from Annual Edition?s American Foreign Policy: Article 33, ?Musclebound: The Limits of U.S. Power? by Stephen M. Walt; Article 12, ?A Small Peace for the Middle East? by Arthur Hertzberg; and Article 11, ?To Be An Enlightened Power? by Wu Xinbo. It discusses the overall foreign policy theme that links the articles together, the central arguments of each article, the article the author tends to support, and what should be the final foreign policy responses and solutions to the problems.
From the Paper
"All three authors, Walt, Hertzberg, and Xinbo, clearly believe that the United States should change its approach to foreign policy. The authors? views are linked by their portrait of the United States as the major super power in the world and the problems and responsibilities that arise with this reality. They contend that the United States has involved itself in issues that either cannot be solved by U.S. intervention and that the United States tends to paint a picture of all problems being resolved on the White House lawn or through military force. All three authors point to the failures of the U.S. policies throughout the world and each prescribes an alternative approach."
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American Foreign Policy and Israel, 2003.
A research paper on American foreign policy, specifically the ties between the U.S. and Israel.
1,597 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the role American foreign policy had on the creation of the state of Israel and on the current Middle East crisis, emphasizing the conflict between Israel and Palestine and the American support for Israel.
From the Paper
"Ever since the end of WWII the American government has adopted a foreign policy based on lies, economic and power interests. The former ?cradle of democracy? has turned into a hypocritical, corrupted and ignorant superpower. Now, after the fall of communism this superpower is more untouchable than ever. The hate towards America and everything American has been increasing around the world with every bad political decision the American government makes. Still, many Americans were stunned and confused by the September 11th tragedy, not knowing the exact reasons for it. As history shows, there is a reason for every event, and for September 11 the reason was the US foreign policy. The American government must change its foreign policy, otherwise worst tragedies will happen."
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Israel and the Role of US Policy in the Middle East, 2000.
An affirmation of the primacy of geo-strategic imperatives.
11,900 words (approx. 47.6 pages), 20 sources, £ 159.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the Israeli in international politics during and after the cold war. The first section discusses Israel's domestic and foreign policy pertaining to the non-Jews of the region and the role of West European powers in strengthening the state and its policies. The third section discusses the basis of American involvement, tracing the path through which Israel became significant to the maintenance of a regional balance, hence American hegemony. The fourth section then returns to the objectives of Israeli foreign policy focusing on the Palestinian issue and concluding with the combined implications of American and Israeli strategic objectives in the Middle East. The last section sums up the analysis by providing a summary of post-cold war US policy and its effect on the world order.
From the Paper
"Even though Israel throughout its history has been dependent on external support it has managed to maintain a substantial level of autonomy in its foreign policy. This has been mainly because of two inter-linked factors: the services provided by Israel and position that the State occupies in the Middle East, both instrumental in strengthening the client-state relationship with the United States. The primacy of establishing and maintaining hegemony in the Middle East (for American policy) has been instrumental in consolidating Israeli power. "
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U.S. Policy in the Middle East, 1990.
This paper discusses American interests and security policy in the 1990s: Background, oil, Israel, Arabs, terrorism and coercive diplomacy.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 13 sources, £ 71.95
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From the Paper
"This research proposes an American security policy for the Middle East for the 1991-2000 time period. This proposed policy is developed through consideration of (a) the factors causing the Middle East to be important to the United States, to include current American interests and objectives, (b) assumptions relating to the Middle East for the 1991-2000 time period which may be expected to influence American policy, and (c) proposed policy changes for the United States with respect to the Middle East."
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U.S Middle East Policy, 2007.
A look at the argument that U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East
is based primarily on securing the flow of affordable oil.
3,467 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that American foreign policy towards the Middle East is dictated by oil and that weapons of mass destruction are used as an excuse to impose American will on those that disobey American oil interests. It argues that a continuation of such a policy will only result in making the threat of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East a reality and that countries that cannot counter the immediate and direct threat that America imposes on its regimes if they do not offer a pro-American oil policy have no choice but to develop weapons of mass destruction.
From the Paper
"A major argument for the United States going to war was that Iraq not only had the capabilities to build weapons of mass destruction, but that the program was well under way and that Iraq had connection to terrorist organizations that were capable of utilizing those weapons on American soil. This was a lie and this has been proven to be a lie. No weapons of mass destruction were found and there were no ties between the Iraqi Regime and Al Qaeda. But before we discuss the current war lets go back a few years and take a look at America's decisions or perhaps a lack of decisions to show that the current conflict in Iraq was not because of security risks inherent to the area, but because of American imperialist tendencies. "
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U.S. Middle East Policy, 2002.
This paper reviews the problems the United States faces in establishing foreign policy in the Middle East.
2,305 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 5 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses that it is not easy to identify the important issues when countries are far away and located in areas with long histories of turbulence and conflicting needs such as the Middle East. The paper presents the history, treaties and international political pressures of the area. The author believes that foreign policy is not a matter of laws passed by Congress but is fluid and changes according to current needs.
From the Paper
"All these conflicts and intertwining issues, impossible to completely separate after centuries of conflict going back to the Crusades, require a delicate hand. In addition, the Department of State and government leaders have to consider the effects of finances given to Israel, especially military support, given that the U.S.S.R. can no longer make significant contributions to Israel?s potential enemies. Public sentiment in the United States must be considered also. Most Americans recognize Israel?s right to exist, but many are often appalled when Israel responds to terrorist acts with what Americans tend to view as excessive force."
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