| Papers [1-14] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 8] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 —> | Search results on "AMERICA CRUSADING ZEAL": |
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America's "Crusading Zeal", 2007.
This paper explores the American objectives of war and peace in the mid-twentieth century.
747 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the opinion of Professor Fairbank who commented on America's "crusading zeal". The paper maintains that this was a fair critical analysis of America's move toward conflict during the period of 1945-1965, with American anti-communist foreign policy a true example. The paper examines many examples of American efforts to take world enforced peace into its own hands. The paper contends that Fairbank's assessment was warranted and cautionary in a period that was unlikely to see peace with continuous American military interventions.
From the Paper
"Policies during and following World War II set the stage for conflict. Roosevelt's agreements with Churchill and Stalin following the war not only fell apart, but also led to the Cold War and extreme anti-communism in the United States (Kort, 31-32). Stalin fostered many communist nations, threatening the United States and England. British and American forces responded with the support of revolutionaries and governments that took power away from the communists. American foreign policy concerning communism became clear with the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan and was emphasized by American leaders throughout the period (Kort 36-43)."
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The Crusades, 2007.
An in-depth study of the Crusades and their consequences.
3,522 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses motivations, reasons and causative factors for the Crusades. The paper describes the seven crusades and their outcomes. The paper examines the view that the Crusades were a power-driven and imperialistic attempt to take over other regions under the guise of religion. The paper shows how the various Crusades had a profound effect on the social, cultural and political development of the world and were possibly the precursor to the era of European expansionism and eventual colonization.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Motivations, Reasons and Causative Factors for the Crusades
Consequences of the Crusades
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Crusades were an historical event that are often understood in conventional terms to have been a "fulfillment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny." (Crusades) However the crusades from a contemporary point of view are often debated and seen from different perspectives. For example, the Crusades are also described as "...war-pilgrimages proclaimed by the Popes on Christ's behalf and waged for the recovery of Christian territory or people, or in their defense." ( Riley-Smith, J. 2000, p.20) The reasons and the underlying historical facets are complex and the historical significance of the various crusades has had a profound and complex effect on the modern world."
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"The Crusades", 2004.
An analysis of Malcolm Billings' book, "The Crusades".
1,728 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the cause-and-effect patterns of the crusades are the most critical observations for the analytical observer and historian of the period. The paper explains that the crusades was a period of closely linked causes and effects. Malcolm Billings, in his historical work, "The Crusades: Five Centuries of Holy Wars," attacks and categorizes these causes and effects with gusto and relentless energy. The paper examines how Billings diffuses myths that the crusades was a dark ages type period.
Outline
Introduction
Cause/Effect in The Crusades
Change and Continuity
Ideas in The Crusades
Interpretations of The Crusades
From the Paper
"Another strength of the narrative is the way in which Billings deals with change and continuity and also the concept of ideas. The crusades period, after all, was a period of immense technological and social change against the continuity of five centuries of war, so any examination of the period must include an analysis and commentary on the juxtaposition of the two. Also, with that backdrop of religious fervor and the missionary belief structure, the crusades also were one of the first eras with respect for new ideas in western history. Billings deals with the concept of ideas and their ramifications and their acceptance or denial throughout the work."
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The Crusades, 2007.
Examines the influence that the Crusaders had on European and world history.
2,214 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
The Crusades refers to a series of nine separate military campaigns, which took place during the Middle Ages, and were generally considered to be religious in nature. The paper shows that when the Crusades began, they were a Roman Catholic effort against the Muslims and were aimed at recapturing the Holy Land. However, later Crusades were directed against other Europeans. The paper argues that the only Crusade that accomplished its stated goal was the First Crusade. While later Crusades met with varying success, they also created a strong anti-West sentiment in much of the world.
From the Paper
"In fact, the First Crusade was characterized by a tremendous religious fervor. Not only were the Crusaders set to attack the Muslim occupants of Jerusalem, but they also violently attacked non-Christians on their way to the Holy Land. For example, Jews were massacred by mobs of Crusaders passing through Europe and Orthodox Christians were subjected to violence by Western Christians. However, these Crusaders were successful in reaching Jerusalem. Once there, they massacred the state's Muslim population. The First Crusade was the only successful Crusade, because the Crusaders achieved their objective, which was to recapture the Holy Land."
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The Crusades, 2007.
This paper studies the goals of the Crusades and what they actually achieved.
3,074 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that although many people have romantic notions of the Crusades, in reality, the Crusades were a series of military campaigns. The paper describes the nine Crusades that were religious in nature. The paper explains that the Crusades began as a Roman Catholic effort to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims, but also targeted other religions and minority groups within Europe, including Jews and non-Roman Catholic Christians. The paper explains that while the Crusades were unsuccessful at their goals of ending Muslim occupation of the Holy Lands, they did play an important role in the history of Western Europe and the Middle East.
From the Paper
"Given the political events of modern times, it is not difficult to understand the type of religious fervor that would give rise to a religious-based military campaign. However, one can better understand the Crusades if one understands the developments that were happening in Western Europe throughout the Early Middle Ages. (Wikipedia). While much of the Dark Ages was characterized by constant struggles between European countries over borders, by the Early Middle Ages borders had stabilized. In addition, during the Dark Ages, much of Western Europe was still under the influence of pagan religions. However, by the Early Middle Ages, the Vikings, the Slavs, and the Magyars had been converted to Christianity."
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The First Crusade, 1990.
This paper examines the reasons why the kings of European countries did not themselves take part in the First Crusade: Political instability, Pope-king antagonism, dominance of Church, role of princes, People's Crusade and personal gain.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, £ 54.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the reasons why the kings of European countries did not themselves take part in the First Crusade.
The historical realities in Europe at the time of the First Crusade (1096-1099) were such that disruption and instability reigned, and yet, at the same time, "The West was discovering its own internal balance. This was, admittedly, precarious. There were bitter struggles between pope and emperor for the domination of Italy, uprisings among the great feudal lords in Germany and the great vassals of the French crown, the quarrels of Saxons and Normans in England, and the Christians' fight against the IV Moors in Spain, but none of this could prevent Europe from becoming . . . a collection of peoples belonging to one civilization, the product of Western feudalism and of the ... "
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The Crusades, 2002.
A look at the history, purpose and outcome of the crusades.
1,815 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Crusades, one of the major activities of Christianity during the Middle Ages which began in 1095, triggered by the desire to reach and conquer the Islamic believers who were occupying the Holy Lands. It attempts to understand what the purpose of the crusaders was and whether they were successful at achieving that goal. Through a literature review, it shows how historically, there isn?t even a complete agreement about what actually happened during the Crusades, or even exactly when they took place and what the overall impact of the Crusades was and whether or not they were successful.
From the Paper
"The Fourth Crusade, although technically under the Pope?s control, was actually never responsive to his authority. Their decision to take over the already Christian Constantinople made it abundantly clear that the goal of strengthening and uniting Christianity was not paramount. Although the Fifth Crusade was assembled with the deliberate aim of restoring power and authority over the Crusades to the Pope, it too was basically a failure. It was the diplomatic strategy of Frederick II during the Sixth Crusade that finally resulted in even a small gain of territory for the Christians. However, as we have seen earlier, the Crusades themselves had actually been considered a basic failure by this time."
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The Crusader March to the Levant, 1147 - 1158, 2005.
A look at the problems faced by the leaders of the German and French armies on their march to the Levant during the Second Crusade.
2,665 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the problems faced by the second crusaders on their march to the Levant during the Second Crusade, and makes an assessment of how far these problems adversely affected the Crusade as a whole. Key issues discussed include the relationship with the Greeks, Crusader lack of knowledge of local conditions, lack of supplies and poor leadership on the part of Louis VII.
From the Paper
"Odo of Deuil describes an incident where Turks attacked the French army at Adalia, and the non combatants attracted the attention of Louis, who boldly went to defend them. He says of the Turks, 'they thrust and slashed, and the defenceless crowd fled or fell like sheep.' A prominent eastern source, John Kinnamos, also describes the crusader army as being like sheep 'flocks of sheep might vainly be reckoned in entire myriads if they suffered a single lion leaping at them.' The fact that western and eastern sources are agreed on the nature of the army supports the fact that the large numbers of non combatants had an adverse affect on the crusading army and caused considerable problems. This problem was not overcome, as the both the French and German army never managed to be rid of the non combatants. "
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Crusader Rule and the Middle East, 2005.
An examination of the impact that Crusader rule had on the Middle East.
2,870 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the period of the Crusades and Crusader rule in the Holy Land. The main focus is on their impact on Islam and the Middle East. Examines the concept of 'holy war' and how the battle between religious control of the masses developed.
From the Paper
"Traditionally, authors have defined the Crusades as an expedition to the Holy Land. The clergy, on the other hand, have always referred to them as great pilgrimages. Both conveniently package these events into a number of numbered crusades, beginning in 1095 and ending in 1291. This approach, however, is quite simplified, given the fact that the Crusades were not discrete and unimportant pilgrimages, but a continuous stream of marching Western armies into the heart of the Muslim world, culminating in the creation and consequently the fall of the Latin Kingdoms in the Levant. The Crusades were a Holy War of Western Christianity against Islam, the first great clash of civilizations, in which the greater part of Western Europe united against the infidels East of the Bosporus."
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"The Fourth Crusade", 2004.
A review of "The Fourth Crusade" by Donald Queller and Thomas F. Madden.
1,301 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how "The Fourth Crusade" by Donald Queller and Thomas F. Madden is valuable in its reasoned, articulate description of a confusing and tumultuous time in human history. It looks at how the authors follow the entire period from Pope Innocent III's initial call for a holy war in 1198 to the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Queller and Madden outline how crucial overestimating the number of crusaders was in the misdirection of the Fourth Crusade. It shows how the book is clearly written, organized, well-researched and, ultimately, valuable in providing an in-depth understanding of the complexities and realities of the often confusing events of the Fourth Crusade.
From the Paper
"Queller and Madden's book covers the periods before, during and after the Fourth Crusade, and is valuable as a thorough description of the events of the Fourth Crusade. The Fourth Crusade, which took place from 1202-1204, was originally intended to conquer Egypt, but ultimately resulted in the conquering of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire in 1204. The book's analysis of the crusades begins with an analysis of Pope Innocent III's 1198 elevation to the papacy. Queller and Madden note the pope, "acutely conscious of his responsibility as the head of Christendom, intended to reassume papal leadership of the holy war," (1) and proclaimed a new crusade in the same year."
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The Causes and Results of the Crusades, 2006.
A brief history of the Crusades, its causes and consequences.
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the period in history, known as the Crusades, where Western European Christians led a series of wars against the Muslims in an effort to reclaim Jerusalem. The paper also explains that, while the term Crusades literally refers to the period when the Christians were fighting the Muslims over Jerusalem, it also has come to refer to the general efforts that Western European Christians led against non-Christian religions. The paper also describes the economic and social consequences of the crusades.
From the Paper
"The most significant effect of the Crusades was economic (Origins pp). Italian cities prospered, replacing the Byzantines and Muslims as merchant-traders in the Mediterranean as trade passed through Italians to Western Europe at a substantial profit (Origins pp). This commercial power became the economic base for the Italian Renaissance and also encouraged Atlantic powers such as Spain and Portugal to seek trade routes to India and China (Origins pp). The efforts of such explorers as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus, helped to initiate and expand most of the world to European trade dominance and colonization, as well as to shift the heart of commercial activity from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic (Origins pp)."
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The Early Crusades, 2007.
An analysis of the first and third Crusades from a Muslim perspective.
2,506 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the first and third Crusades in terms of their success and failure and ultimately their impact on Christian-Muslim relations in the Middle East. The author describes the first Crusade and the eventual internal conflicts among the Christians that allowed Muslims to rise up against the Europeans. Leaders on both sides are described, especially Saladin. The paper gives historic details of various battles, with particular emphasis on the fight for control of Jerusalem. The paper includes a discussion of anti-Western attitudes by Muslims that may have developed as a result of the Crusades.
From the Paper
" Generally speaking, the First Crusade was ignited in 1095 by predominantly French Christians whose main intention was to seize the sacred city of Jerusalem from Muslim control. This First Crusade was considered as a magnificent success in 1099, due to the crusaders conquering Jerusalem and maintaining control of the Holy Land for seventy-eight years despite much Muslim restlessness and bitter resentment. Internal conflicts among these crusaders then began to increase as a result of more nations joining in their actions against the Muslims. Some of these conflicts include arguments on leadership, political differences and war strategies."
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"The Origin of the Idea of Crusade", 2002.
An analysis of "The Origin of the Idea of Crusade" by Carl Erdmann, translated by Marshall W.Baldwin and Walter Goffart.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "The Origin of the Idea of Crusade" by Carl Erdmann and seek to understand the basic theories of the Crusades of the Christian medieval kingdoms. This book promotes its main thesis that the Crusades were formed for the cause of the Church to expand its lands.
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The Crusades and Islam, 2005.
This paper discusses that the tensions between Islam and Christianity extend back almost to the beginning of Islam, with some periods in history, such as the Crusades, showing open conflict.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the Crusades as expeditions undertaken, in fulfillment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny, with the tyranny more or less assumed because the nations involved were Islamic and not Christian; religion was both the reason for the Crusades and a tool to get the warriors to fight. The author points out that, in the Muslim context, the holy war is known as a "jihad" meaning "striving" and has nothing directly to do with war, but it has been taken over by those Muslims who want to give a religious tinge to their war against the West and against Israel in particular. The paper relates that the First Crusade provided the Byzantines with the opportunity to recapture lost lands by repelling the Turks from vast territories, which enabled the empire to last for three more centuries.
From the Paper
"The Crusades began with the departure from Europe of the People's Crusade of Peter the Hermit. Five groups marched east, and the first two committed such excesses along the way that they were annihilated by the Hungarians. The third group started to butcher Jews on the Rhine and was also scattered by the Hungarians. The final two groups reached Rome in 1096. Alexius received these Crusaders with caution, giving them food and money and urging them to wait for the next contingent of Crusaders outside the city walls. They began to loot the suburbs and even sacked churches, so Alexius sent them over to Civirot, a fort that he had built on the Marmara's Asiatic shore. They continued to maraude, however, and even began torturing Christians. They began to ravage in the Sultanate of Rum. Alexius had warned their leader to avoid contact with the Turks until support arrived, but he lost control of his followers. Some 25,000 were killed. Three thousand survivors were brought to New Rome to wait for the next Crusaders."
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