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Alzheimer and Dementia Disease.
This paper is an extensive literature review research study of Alzheimer and Dementia Disease (AD), specifically caregivers, especially sons.
15,970 words (approx. 63.9 pages), 35 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper defines a caregiver, both primary and secondary caregivers, as anyone who is able and willing to carry out the numerous tasks associated with managing an Alzheimer and Dementia Disease (AD) patient and specifically describes California caregivers, spouses, adult sons and daughters. Latino caregivers and men and women caregivers. The author points out that, although there is a wealth of research into caregiving by women, there is relatively little literature about caregiving by men because the overwhelming of number caregivers for AD patients are women. The paper concludes that sons as caregivers have generally assumed their role voluntarily rather than as a cultural expectation as is the case with daughters; men have been shown to keep their caregiving role a secret from their workplace: Society has not yet granted sons equality in this arena. Six tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Need for the Study
Goals of the Study
Limitations of the Study
Delimitations of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Operational Definitions
Literature Review
What is Dementia?
What is Alzheimer's Disease?
Research on Alzheimer's and related Dementia
Who is a Caregiver?
Differences between Primary and Secondary Caregivers
Profile of California Caregivers
The Role Theory
Spouses as Caregivers
Adult Children as Caregivers
Women as Caregivers
Men as Caregivers
The Differences between Men and Women as Caregivers
Caregivers' burdens
Caregiving Outcomes
Research Methodology
Results and Discussion
Findings
Discussion
Summary and Conclusion
Support Groups and Other Resources for Caregivers
From the Paper
"Dementia is a word most people think they can define. Classically trained individuals will suggest it is simply the state of being "out of one's mind," based on the Latin roots of the word. But it is, these days, a state of being that is highly technically described, and a diagnosis of dementia-Alzheimer's or any other variety-is generally arrived at by batteries of tests. Functioning in regard to the material tested is assessed; those deviating too far from the norm are likely to be classified as suffering dementia. Lucas notes (1995) that "Clinical assessment has lagged behind research in memory disorders," but it is believed now that memory is regarded as a heterogeneous entity which is comprised of distinct systems; for example, long-term vs. short-term memory, and encoding vs. retrieval memory, and several other pairs of related brain functions. Memory, Lucas suggests, is at the root of a definition of dementia, and he explains a wide variety of memory types in locating dementia."
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Alzheimer's Dementia, 2007.
This paper discusses Alzheimer's dementia and looks at treatment by different drugs.
2,639 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Alzheimer's dementia is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that afflicts 5 million people in the United States and more than 30 million people worldwide. The writer looks at the four main drugs used in present therapy - Tacrine, Donepizil, Rivastigmine and Galatamine. These drugs are discussed in terms of their pharmacologic properties both individually and as a group. Memantine and the experimental use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are also mentioned. The writer notes that Memantine has shown potential in the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's dementia and may have more potency when paired with a cholinergic agent although trials have yet to determine this empirically. The writer notes that the implication of TNF is still under investigation, with pilot studies showing promise.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem
Purpose
Thesis
Research Questions/Methodology/Limitations
Review of Literature/Research Findings
Summary/Conclusions
From the Paper
"Alzheimer's dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is primarily characterized by global atrophy of the cerebral cortex, with a relatively large proportion of neuronal loss in the CA1 and CA2 zones of the hippocampus and the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Cognizant with this are the clinical manifestations of the disease, primarily a gradual onset of forgetfulness, expressive and receptive aphasia, visuospatial disorientation, apraxia and behavioral changes. However, the academic "classical" symptomology of this disease is often irrelevant in the acute clinical setting as the symptoms are often missed as components of dementia or dismissed as manifestations of ageing. Even if these changes are detected early, the progression of Alzheimer's dementia is relentless."
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Cognitive Training and Alzheimer's Disease/Dementia, 2005.
An analysis of cognitive training in Alzheimer and dementia patients.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at two recent and interconnected research articles which study cognitive training in Alzheimer and dementia patients. The paper analyzes each article as to what it is trying to say and why it is important, the research methods used and the proof of the article's claim, and critiques of the article and room for expansion and improvement. Finally, it draws conclusions as to how the articles relate to one another and if they support or contradict each other.
From the Paper
"Cognitive Training and Alzheimer's Disease/Dementia With the baby boomer generation getting older, and the effects of dementia and Alzheimer's disease having already shown themselves in the generation before, much work has begun to try and head off this ugly and merciless disease. Such groups as the Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral Center (ADEAR) have noted that in studies linking cognitive training and the prevention of Alzheimer's, "Training sessions for 2 hours a week for 5 weeks improved the memory, concentration and problem solving skills of healthy independent adults 65 years and older who participated in the nation's largest study of cognitive training" (ADEAR, 2002). Just what is this "cognitive training?" A recent journal piece states that "Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation are specific approaches designed to address everyday memory difficulties" (Clare, et al, 2005). Another article states that "Mental decline may, in some cases, be reversible."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2005.
This paper discusses Alzheimer's disease and dementias, neurological disorders involving problems with memory and thinking, which affect emotional, social and physical functioning.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Alzheimer's and other dementia characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality, is not part of the normal aging process and is marked by plaques of B-amyloid protein and tangles in the brain. The author points out that Alzheimer's is more likely to occur during the later years; but, when Alzheimer's disease begins in middle-age, it usually progresses quickly, reaching the last phase within 3-5 years. The paper relates that Alzheimer's disease progresses through a series of five developmental stages characterized progressively by absentmindedness, confusion, severe memory loss, need for full time care and, finally, complete withdrawal emotionally and physically leading to death.
From the Paper
"People with Alzheimer's disease are unable to care for themselves and to communicate their needs. They become very confused when it comes to the most simple activities and often alienate their family members because they accuse them of stealing the possessions that they have misplaced due to their inability to remember where they put them last. Eating becomes a problem because the person may eat multiple meals or forgot to eat entirely. Therefore, their meals need to be supervised. The personality that dominated during earlier life is likely to become more dominant at this time. Therefore, they are capable of having angry outbursts and/or becoming very dependent and clingy to others. Depression is also common in this population. Researchers are still struggling to find out the causes of Alzheimer's disease and there is always the hope that a cure is not far away. There has been some evidence for genetic factors involved in Alzheimer's disease; however, this does not apply to all cases."
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Music Therapy and Alzheimer's Disease, 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes the published literature pertaining to the use of music therapy in caring for individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
1,123 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper delves into how and why musical therapy offers a better quality of life when used with patients suffering from the effects of dementia or Alzheimer's. The writer of this paper details the results of the Remington study which exposed individuals to either music, massage or both in 10-minute intervals to see both the long and short-term effects it had on patients diagnosed with dementia and Alzheimer's. The writer analyzes the published scientific reports and studies that prove music and music therapy stimulates the minds of young children and can thus be used in older individuals to aid in re-stimulating the mind. This paper focuses on both the physical and psychological side-effects of dementia and Alzheimer's before music therapy as well as after receiving treatment. This paper also examines the genetic and environmental causes of dementia and Alzheimer's as well as the importance of early detection in order to offset, at least temporarily, the eventually devastating side-effects of both diseases.
From the Paper
"Some studies have also indicated that the risk of developing dementia rises when the individual has a lower education and lower lifetime occupational achievement. Because of this, the importance of stimulating the mind and keeping it active can readily be seen. This is largely where music therapy comes into the equation. Music does stimulate the mind, and there is scientific evidence that children that study music perform better in school. With this in mind, music can then be used to help those whose minds are starting to fail, by stimulating those minds once again. This may not work for everyone with dementia, but studies have shown that there are some positive effects for most individuals, and that is certainly enough to warrant a further examination of the issue. Music therapy has been used for some time for the elderly."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2006.
A review of Alzheimer's disease, discussing the history, symptoms, treatments and issues related to the disease.
2,171 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disorder that was first identified in 1906 by Alois Alzheimer. This disease represents the single most prevalent form of brain disorders and is also the leading cause of dementia, affecting approximately 4.5 million people in the Untied States. The paper provides a brief overview of the disease, the symptoms, the diagnostic procedures and the treatment methods in order for us to gain a better understanding of this degenerative brain disorder.
Outline:
Introduction
Alzheimer's Disease
Early and Late onset Alzheimer's Disease
Symptoms of the Disease
Memory Loss and Language Disorder
Depression
Dyspraxia and Agnosia
Diagnosis
Tests for Cognitive Impairment
Positron Emission Topography
Major Causes of Alzheimer's Disease
Amyloid Plaques
NeuroFibrillary Tangles
Metal ions
Treatment Methods
Restoring Cholinergic Transmission
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Considerable reduction in cholinergic transmission is one of the primary causes for the loss of memory and other associated symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia. Hence pharmacological treatment for AD mainly revolves around rectifying this circulatory deficit within the brain. Compounds designed to enhance cholinergic transmission constitute an important part of the treatment plan. Acetylcholine the neurotransmitter of the brain is considerably broken down in-patients suffering from AD and other dementias. The underlying mechanism of the neurotransmitter can be simplified as follows. An electrical impulse generated passes along the nerve and when it reaches the end it triggers the release of chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, which in turn diffuse along the synaptic cleft and react with the specific receptor sites on the organ. Activation at the receptor junction initiates a series of chemical reactions resulting in a specific biological response. "
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Alzheimer?s Disease, 2006.
An assessment of the causes and preventative factors of Alzheimer's disease.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper studies Alzheimer's Disease, which affects more than two million Americans. The paper provides an overview and definition of the disease, which is a progressive form of dementia. Next, the paper examines possible causes of the disease as well as risk factors, such as gender, age and obesity. The paper then turns to preventative factors, including a daily dosage of ibuprofen and Vitamin E. The paper concludes that longevity has an effect on brain deterioration.
Outline
Introduction
Definition of Alzheimer's
Possible causes of Alzheimer's
Preventative Factors
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Alzheimer's is the most common type of irreversible dementia. Some early signs of the disease include mood changes, difficulties with attention spans and memory. There can also be problems with anxiety and restlessness. Some people experience depression as they realize their difficulties. It is important individuals receive proper social support and counseling to cope with their diagnosis. Alzheimer's patients move through disease progression at different rates. There often is a broad distinction made between the early middle, and advanced stages of Alzheimer's. In the early stages the only signs may be mild forgetfulness. As the disease progresses, individuals often have difficultly traveling alone and become confused in unfamiliar surroundings. Finally as the disease progresses to the end stage individuals have difficultly with verbal abilities, incontinence, and trouble walking (Snowdon, 2001)."
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Alzheimer?s Disease, 2002.
An introduction to Alzheimer's Disease - a common form of dementia among older people.
2,120 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper defines Alzheimer's Disease as the most common form of dementia, or brain disorder, that affects older people and affects their ability to communicate and act rationally. The paper covers many issues relating to the disease including its discovery, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Finally, it covers the issue of families living with AD sufferers and the difficulty involved.
From the Paper
"Talking to patients about their roles in life and activities helps patients to maintain their self-identity and enhances the quality of life. The roles that family caregivers accept can be overwhelming. They must help the patient with personal hygiene, dressing and housekeeping. In addition, it is important to ensure mental and physical stimulation by ensuring that they have social and physical activities. The overburdened caregiver is susceptible to stress, resentful feeling and psychological problems. It is usually a good idea to seek assistance in providing care and to join support groups. (Hamdy, Mace)"
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MCI and Alzheimer's Disease, 2007.
This paper discusses the background of mild cognitive impairment and its relationship to Alzheimer's disease.
882 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a fairly new term to the medical community. The paper relates that most healthcare professionals use it to describe "people who have some problems with their memory but do not actually have dementia." The paper discusses how studies indicate MCI can predict Alzheimer's. The paper explains that as research progresses, a new understanding of Alzheimer's disease and its predictors could hopefully allow treatment and longevity for victims of this disease. The paper relates that for those continuing to suffer from the disease, new designs in assisted living and Alzheimer's facilities can facilitate treatment, a better quality of life and increased involvement in eventually discovering a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
From the Paper
"This condition is not a disease, and not everyone who has it develops Alzheimer's disease. However, many studies indicate MCI can predict Alzheimer's and many individuals diagnosed with MCI do go on to develop Alzheimer's within a few years. The Alzheimer's Society of Great Britain notes, "In studies carried out in memory clinics, 10-15 per cent of people with MCI went on to develop dementia in each year that the research results were followed up" (Editors). In other words, about 50 percent of MCI sufferers developed Alzheimer's within three to five years of their diagnosis (Sherman 1)."
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Alzheimer?s Disease, 2002.
A study of the relationship between Alzheimer?s disease and congestive heart failure.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the major points in understanding the link between Alzheimer?s disease and congestive heart failure. The paper describes the discovery and prognosis of both diseases separately and then illustrates the correlation between the two. It describes the common risk factors of hypertension and dementia.
Table of Contents:
About Alzheimer ?s Disease
About Congestive Heart Failure
Correlation between Alzheimer?s and CHD
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Alzheimer?s disease progresses at various different rates. The duration of the illness could vary from 3 to 20 years. The areas of the brain that control memory and thinking skills are hindered first, but as the disease gets worse, cell die in other regions of the brain. Eventually, most Alzheimer?s victims will need complete care. Even if an individual has no other serious illness, the loss of brain function on its own will cause death."
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Alzheimer?s Disease, 2004.
A look at current hypotheses and effects of Alzheimer?s disease.
3,294 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 24 sources, APA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper covers a broad range of areas pertaining to Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating disease that ravages the brain, robs the sufferer of their identity and eventually causes death. It looks at how AD is not an inevitable part of aging or an acceleration of aging and how it is a disease belonging to a category of diseases known as dementias, which cause a severe deterioration of several mental functions such as judgement, language and memory. It explores different areas from its neurochemistry, anatomy and neurophysiology, to the alarming statistics, the psychology and observable behavioral changes in all stages of this disease. It also discusses causes, current treatments, and treatments under investigation.
From the Paper
"The first symptoms of AD occur at a microscopic level which affects many areas of the brain and may begin as early as the 20?s. Initially, subtle symptoms arise such as forgetfulness and mood change (Jones, 1999). This is due to nerve cell death in the limbic system which undergoes the most severe degenerative changes in AD. The entorhinal cortex is affected earliest and most severely, and shows the clearest evidence of cell loss. This structure is the major relay through which information from the neocortex gets to the hippocampus and back to the neocortex, and it is this degeneration that is thought to cause initial memory loss in AD (Kolb & Whishaw, 1996). Short-term memory is made worse as the hippocampus is gradually ridden with plaques and tangles. Sadly, even long-term memories fade away."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2004.
This paper discusses a new generation of drugs for Alzheimer's disease.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This papr explains that the current drugs being used only treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The author points out that the new generation of drugs being tested hold promise for being able to slow or halt the onset of Alzheimer's disease in individuals with mild dementia. The paper describes these drugs.
From the Paper
"There are more than ... million Americans who currently suffer from the disorder known as Alzheimer's disease. The current generation of Alzheimer drugs were designed chiefly to treat symptoms of the disease but have little to no impact on slowing or stopping its progression. However, a new generation of drugs aimed at slowing and stopping the progression of the disease are in late phases of testing. The following drugs are in late phases of FDA testing to treat Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: ..."
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A Study of Alzheimer?s Disease, 2002.
This paper examines the literature regarding caregiving for individuals with Alzheimer's Disease.
9,025 words (approx. 36.1 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 129.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses the ways in which caregiving can be successful or meaningful for those involved with the Alzheimer's patient. The paper argues that the problem is that we live in a society that is not designed to care for an immense aging population with dementia that demands attention seven days a week. Finally, the paper suggests methods for caring for this population.
Table of Contents:
The Problem
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope or Delimitation of the Study
Review of the Literature
Introduction
Organization of the Literature Review
Literature Review
Alzheimer's: Causes and Consequences
Causes
Symptoms
Progression
Consequences
Care Options and Financial Considerations
Caregiver Burdens and Non-Medical Admissions
Psychosocial Impact of Alzheimer's Disease
Variables
Impact
Culture
Doing Family Caregiving Well
Coping Strategies
Summary
Conclusion
Implications of the Study
Position of the Author
References
From the Paper
"Using neurophysiological methods can also be helpful. For example, using the MRI, measurements of brain atrophy and the hippocampus may help identify dementia development at an early stage. Another problem area that can be measured is hypometabolism in bilateral parietotemporal brain areas. Finally, recent work in biochemistry has identified certain proteins which may be associated with the disease process. These include the A beta 1-42/43 metabolite of the amyloid precursor protein, among others. The authors note that since the mechanism of Alzheimer's is not completely understood, it is important to use many different sources and multiple markers in order to arrive at a good, early diagnosis of Alzheimer's (Almkvist and Winblad, 1999)."
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Alzheimer?s Disease: Not Just Loss of Memory, 2002.
This paper looks at Alzheimer's disease, discussing the history, symptoms, diagnosis and hopes of a cure for the disorder.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This disease produces a full blown dementia in its patients and affects millions of people and their families. The paper looks closely at the disease and the ways in which individuals and the medical establishment are treating it. Finally, the writer looks at the current research that is looking into fighting the debilitating effects of the disease.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Current Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The progression of the disease is classified into three phases: forgetfulness, confusional and dementia. The forgetfulness phase is the first stage and is characterized by a loss of short term memory. Patients in the phase will often have trouble remembering names of well known people and misplace items on a regular basis. This stage also may include behavioral changes. A loss of spontaneity and social withdrawal often occur as the individual begins to be aware that there is something inherently wrong. Speech problems and difficulty with comprehension may also appear. Cleary, it is difficult to distinguish this patient from normal everyday people or people with other disorders."
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