| Papers [1-10] of 10 | Search results on "ALTITUDE TRAINING": |
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Altitude Training, 2007.
An analysis of the benefits of altitude training to enhance athletic performance.
1,317 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses altitude training, which involves exercising and/or living at fixed heights for a length of time, in order to take advantage of the reduced oxygen. The paper examines how this condition is accompanied by other physiological disturbances, including mental toughness. The paper discusses how sports experts and other trained observers suggest that one should take caution about investing a large amount of time,money, and health, in a practice which promises only minimal benefits. The paper concludes that altitude training can decrease performance at sea-level, which would be counter-productive for the athlete.
Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Altitude Training and Effects of the Environment
Physiological Effects
Negative Effects
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
" A number of studies pointed to the value of lower oxygen cost of steady-state cycling and running after exposure to hypoxia as an observed but unexpected benefit of LHTL (McConnell 2006). Saunders and group found the oxygen cost of running was at an average of 3.3% lower after LHTL than after two interventions. Otherwise, there were no significant differences between or within subject groups for ventilation, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio or hemoglobin mass. The absence of a change in R field likewise appeared to support the contention of improved mechanical efficiency after LHTL, such as increased use of carbohydrate."
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Effects of Altitude on the Human Body, 2005.
Investigates the effects of altitude on how the body functions.
1,367 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper first offers an explanation of high altitude and then goes on to describe the important changes that occur in the internal environment of the human body.
From the Paper
"The effects of high altitude on the human body is hypoxia, hyperventilation, changes in lung volume, changes in pulmonary diffusing capacity, changes in number of red blood cells, changes in hemoglobin concentration, and changes in cardiac output. The human body is also prone to high altitude stress which includes effects like increased secretion of ADH, redistribution of body fluids, and impairment of mental reactions. "
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Physiology Of Pressure/Altitude, 2004.
An overview of the physiological changes that take place in the body when exposed to high altitudes.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the physiological changes that occur in the body at high altitude, particularly in respect to the heart. The paper examines what happens to the body during short-term exposure and long-term exposure to high altitude, and exposure to extremely high altitudes.
From the Paper
"Several circulatory changes mediated by stimulation of the carotid body which causes activation of the sympathetic nervous system are stimulated by short-term altitude exposure less than three or four days. These changes occur within a few minutes of altitude exposure and are related to a transient epinephrine secretion combined with a more sustained secretion of norepinephrine. These cause immediate changes which include an increase in ventilation, increased heart rate, increased cardiac output and an elevation of blood pressure. There is also an increase in coronary blood flow."
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Altitude & Athletes, 1997.
Effects of high altitude on athletic performance. Looks at how it effects their training needs, oxygen use & availability, endurance and the dangers involved.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, £ 49.95
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From the Paper
" Altitude and its effects on athletic performance will be discussed with regard to the following subtopics: adaptations the body makes as a person goes from sea level to a high altitude; changes brought about by aerobic compared to anaerobic exercises at high altitude; and the effects, positive or negative, of training at altitude. A drastic case study will be cited to demonstrate the magnitude of the effect of altitude change on physiology.
At altitudes of over 5,000 feet, the ability to perform physical work is affected--the higher the altitude, the more severe the effects. In general, one can expect a reduction in endurance capacity as measured by the maximal oxygen consumption of 3 to 3.5 percent for every 1,000 feet ascended above 5,000 feet. Work performance and maximum oxygen consumption are..."
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Environmental Physiology, 1994.
This paper discusses environmental physiology: Negative effects of high altitude, diving and extreme temperatures, oxygen deprivation, acclimatization, endurance, shock, decompression and precautions.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, £ 61.95
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From the Paper
"Normal physiologic function depends on the maintenance of a uniform internal environment. This is achieved through a variety of adaptive mechanisms which enable the body to respond to changes in the external environment. Adaptive phenomena become most evident in environmental extremes. Three such situations include high altitude, diving, and extremes of temperature. These adverse conditions test the body's ability to maintain its independence from continuous changes in the external world.
At high elevations, barometric pressure is markedly decreased (5:462). This is due to the fact that the weight of the atmosphere is considerably less than at sea level. One result of the decreased barometric pressure is fewer oxygen molecules per unit volume. This lower oxygen partial pressure (PO2) is the primary factor ... "
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Acclimatization, 2007.
A discussion of the body's ability to acclimatize or adapt to higher altitudes.
1,555 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines acclimatization, the process by which the body adapts to changes in altitude. The body's various physiological responses to acclimatization are discussed, such as increased pulmonary ventilation and the presence of abnormally high numbers of red blood cells in the circulatory system known as polycythemia, among others. The paper concludes with a literature review which cites and analyzes various research studies in acclimatization.
Outline:
Increased Pulmonary Ventilation
Polycythemia
Rightward Shift in the Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Changes in Capillarization
Changes in Oxidative Enzymes Within Cells
References
From the Paper
" Increased resting and submaximal ventilation is observed in immediate response to altitude related hypoxia (Wyatt, 2002). This increased ventilation is achieved through increased volume and rate of breaths, and individual variation in hypoxic ventilatory response has been demonstrated (Wyatt, 2002). Research has shown that individuals with strong hypoxic ventilatory drives exhibit better performance at high altitudes than individuals with less efficient drives (Wyatt, 2002). The stimulated ventilation that results from exposure to high altitudes is due to aortic and carotid sensitivity to reduced PO2 in arterial blood. This increase in ventilation increases PO2 in the alveoli and reduces end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2), which lends to reduced carbon dioxide and H+ in the blood. In response to these reductions during the initial few days of exposure to altitude, the kidneys gradually excrete bicarbonate (HCO3), which is associated with decreased plasma volume. Increased pulmonary ventilation also results in a reduction in total water in the body due to loss of water vapor that occurs during respiration, which results in rapid dehydration during acute altitude exposure (Wyatt, 2002)."
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Air Safety Devices, 2004.
This paper investigates the use of radio altimeters as part of ground proximity warning systems (GPWS) and the way these devices can help avoid controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) incidents, approach, and landing accidents (ALA).
3,005 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the air travel industry is built on principles which maintain its safety records, including multiple redundant systems, and the ability of the pilot and crew to override the systems if they malfunction. The author points out that ?Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)? is responsible for more than half of all commercial aviation fatalities, making it one of the international aviation community's most pressing safety problems. The paper concludes by proposing a study comparing the accident rate of aircraft with EGPWS systems installed, aircraft with GPWS installed, and aircraft with neither installed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Controlled Flight into Terrain
Approach and Landing Accidents
Advancements in the GPWS Systems
Minimum Safe Altitude Warning System (MSWA)
Methods and Procedure for the Study
From the Paper
"Non-precision approaches increase levels of risk ?significantly,? said Khatwa. The danger is even higher when pilots have a low exposure to such events. Assuming that accident characteristics can be observed in everyday conditions, the research went on to study correlations between ALAs and data from regular aircraft operations. In addition to the 4,000 normal flights, they considered almost 300 worldwide ALAs, as well as other incidents, using International Civil Aviation Organization statistics. Some 287 fatal ALAs from 1980 to 1996 represented an annual incidence of about 17 events. The researched projected that with increasing levels of air travel, ALA incidents were likely to rise to 23 a year. About 50 percent of all accidents are ALAs, and the most dominant circumstance was controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). Almost 75 percent of ALAs involved approaches to airports with no glide slope."
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Organic Carbon in Ecosystems, 2005.
This paper analyzes the factors effecting global patterns of organic carbon accumulation in various ecosystems.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 11 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that numerous factors account for variations of global patterns of carbon accumulation. The author points out that some of these factors are climate, precipitation, cultivation, degree of irrigation,and altitude. The paper relates that also very significant, especially for tropical and temperate forests, are the measurement standards applied.
From the Paper
"Numerous factors account for variations of global patterns of carbon accumulation. Among those factors are climate, soil texture, soil cultivation, amount of nitrogen in soils, and the interaction of altitude and precipitation. Also very significant especially for tropical and temperate forests are the standards applied; not only do these studies use differing measurements depending on the ecosystem, but variations in measurements must often be used within a single ecosystem because of forest floor diversity (Schlesinger, 1977). One factor is geomorphological and/or hydrological instability in swamp and marsh, especially when edged by tree growth."
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Nazi Medicine, 2003.
An examination of how the Nazis did horrendous and unspeakable experiments on their prisoners for the sole purpose of advancing medical technology of their SS military.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the Holocaust killed millions of Jews, Gypsies, and other ethnicities that didn?t fit the description of the super-race and how only the blond-haired, blue-eyed Aryans were accepted under Hitler?s order of ethnic cleansing. It examines how one of Adolf Hitler?s orders as leader of all Germany was to corral a large group of Jewish, Gypsy, and Russian prisoners on several different occasions and perform experiments on them as if they were animals or worse. It shows how prisoners were forced into deadly tests for the sole purpose of providing research information for the future technology and training of the Nazi military and how experiments were performed on the basis of high altitudes, extreme temperatures, disease, infection, genetics, battle wounds, and fertility.
From the Paper
"The freezing experiments performed by the SS doctors were just as disturbing as any other experiment. Men were strapped down to stretchers and lowered in large tubs of ice water or stuck outside in negative-degree weather. They were left until their body was at its limit, and then brought back inside. The experimentation began with the method of reheating the prisoners? bodies. Some were injected with boiling water into their veins. Most died after their internal organs melted over. Some were placed into warm baths and the temperatures were slowly increased. This seemed to be the most successful, though some died of shock if the temperature increased too rapidly."
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Air Pollution Causing Global Warming, 2001.
This paper provides a looks at at how air pollution is causing global warming by destroying the ozone.
1,985 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 12 sources, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the causes and effects of air pollution. Other stratospheric research is concerned with the downward trends in global ozone that have recently been measured over populated regions in the mid altitudes. The author focuses on the various factors associated with global warming.
From the Paper
"Air pollution is any visible or invisible substance found in the air that is not part of the normal composition of air. Some air pollution is natural and has always been a part of the earth's history. However, over the past one hundred years or so, pollution created by humans has become a major environmental problem. Natural air pollution has been around for millions of year. Dust and a variety of gases from forest fires, volcanoes, and decaying material in rivers, oceans, and other bodies of water continually enter the atmosphere. Sometimes this natural pollution can have dramatic effects. Air pollution is a major factor in causing humans to get ill. Tuberculosis, bronchitis, heart and chest diseases, stomach disorders, asthma and cancers can all be traced to chemicals in the air. Pesticides and fertilizers release gases and particles into the air which poison people and kill animals."
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