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African-American Movie and Television Images, 2002.
This paper explores the image of African-Americans in movies and television and their impact on socialization.
3,145 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an extensive chronology of the manner in which African-American have been presented in movies and on television. This paper states that despite the attempt to portray American culture accurately, the media lags behind in regards to the changes in morality and values held by the American people, especially in the portrayal of minorities. The author feels that because television is an intense carrier of socialization, there needs to be much more research to assess the impact of these images on the psyche of black youth.
Table of Contents
Background Information on U.S. Media and Television
The American Audience
Four Functions of Media
The Image of African-Americans on Television
Roots of the Distorted Images of African-Americans
The Birth of Television Images
Life on Television Study
The Neilson Rating System
Televisions Impact on Socialization
Socialization and Comprehension in Childhood
Studies with Children and Television
From the Paper
"The Anglo-Saxon beliefs, which were brought to this country, showed the beginning of racial prejudice in this country. White was seen as pure, clean, good, reflecting the spiritual light; and black was seen as impurity, filth, evil and spiritual darkness. Those people who were prosperous and self-sufficient were the spiritual elect, and those who were enslaved were seen as damned. These beliefs carried on in the South, with the mythology of the happy slaves who were content to serve the master as the ultimate fulfillment of their lives. This became one of the many justifications for slavery and exploitation of blacks. During the Reconstruction period, images of a lazy, slow-witted blacks with loose morals and fondness for alcohol were used to reinforce institutionalized and social racism."
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Portrayal of African-Americans on Television, 2001.
This paper focuses on the treatment of African-Americans in television programs spanning decades.
2,022 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 15 sources, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the treatment of African-Americans in television programs spanning decades. Specific shows are discussed (e.g. - "All In The Family", "Sanford & Son"). Conclusions are drawn by the author based on his/her research regarding trends of treatment of African-Americans in mass media.
From the Paper
"There is no question that media is a very powerful force in all of our lives. Whether we realize it or not the media is an important factor in molding some of our first opinions as children. That is why it is very important for television to be representing all minorities. Television has not historically done a good job of this. However, it has improved drastically from how things were in the 1950?s. It is also very important that other races are portrayed accurately. If they are portrayed in stereotypical ways, that will be the view that children have before they are old enough to make their own decisions. We need to teach our children about other races in order to live in a world that respects all races."
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The Martial Arts in Movies and Television, 2002.
This paper defines and reviews the history of martial arts in movies and television.
2,435 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 20 sources, APA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that martial arts not only is the art of warfare but also has a philosophy based in an elaborate blend of ancient codes of conduct, ethics and a spirituality that appears to be a fusion of Daoism, Zen Buddhism, and Confucianism. This paper states that, making the leap from East to West, this merger of physical and spiritual mastery has become a booming industry in the U.S. resulting in action films and T.V. shows that, besides being a series of highly choreographed fight scenes, also conveys ethical messages, codes of conduct and spiritual direction. The author is concerned that many people are being exposed to the martial arts without any ethical grounding at all; thus a generation is learning the physical aspects of the martial arts without the ethical or spiritual code that has historically been taught alongside it and has no concept of how to take the right action in the face of a dilemma, of delayed gratification or of respect to others.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History of the Kung Fu Film
Bruce Lee and His Successors
Martial Arts in Film and on Television Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Bruce Lee has been credited as the one who officially brought martial arts to the film industry in the United States. Although born in San Francisco, Lee spent most of his childhood making films in Hong Kong and did not return to the U.S. until he was 18 years old. Thus, he began to develop and teach Jeet Kune Do (?way of the intercepting fist?) and to infuse his philosophy into the films he was in, ?which was his ultimate goal in movie-making?. Unable to break through the racial barrier in Hollywood, Lee went back to Hong Kong to become a superstar there. Only after achieving success did Hollywood notice him, resulting in "Enter The Dragon" (1973), the only Hollywood-backed film he would star in."
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African-Americans in the Media, 2002.
A detailed discussion on how African-Americans are portrayed on television and in the movies.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about the way the media portrays African-Americans on television and in the movies. The author uses several examples to illustrate the way the media characterizes and portrays African-Americans the majority of the time.
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Racism and African-Americans, 2007.
This paper discusses crime rates in the U.S. as it relates to African- Americans.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that one has only to watch television or read a newspaper to see that crime is a daily concern for many Americans. The writer discusses that African-Americans are arrested for crimes out of all proportion to their numbers. The writer maintains that American justice may once have been poisoned by racism, but some say, the figures speak for themselves - a higher percentage of African-Americans are arrested and imprisoned, because they are responsible for the bulk of criminal acts. The writer concludes that although the African-American prison population proportionally far outreaches the prison population of any other group, little has been done to help prevent young African-Americans from continuing to follow in the footsteps of their elders.
From the Paper
"The problem of juvenile crime is particularly acute. To a much greater extent than Whites, African American children often lack proper adult supervision. They turn instead to television and other forms of media as sources of inspiration. Desperate for role models, young African-Americans latch onto characters whom they feel represent themselves, people who look, speak, and act as they do. But what comes out of these characters' mouths? What actions do they perform? Minority youths watch as their "heroes" commit assault and murder, rape and steal, sell and use drugs. With little knowledge of appropriate behavior, the criminal counterculture seems a real and viable alternative to the world in which many minority children live. Brutality begets brutality."
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Product Placement in Movies or Television, 2006.
A review of the article "Benefits to Corporate America" by Samuel Turcotte.
993 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The writer details the main points from the article by Turcotte. The paper explains that product placement is when a product is used by actors in films or in television shows. The paper discusses the benefits of product placement in movies and in television programs, as seen in the article. The writer concludes that Turcotte's article is excellent, but that because of the rapid changes in how movies are being distributed in the past few years, Turcotte may have to review his findings in light of the mass distribution of DVDs within six months of a movie's original release.
Table of Contents:
Implied Endorsements
Far Reach (Long Life & Global)
Low Cost
Low Clutter
High Profile
Optimum Viewing Environment
A Captive Audience
From the Paper
"One of the most important benefits a corporation can gain is by having a star imply endorsement of their product by using it in a film. Most specifically, big name stars almost never appear in U.S. television advertisements but if they are seen using a company's product in a "reality like" situation in a film, Turcotte notes that it has been shown that the audience is more likely to believe that this action might imply the star's endorsement of the product than if the star were to do a paid advertisement."
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The Achievement Gap: Why African-American Students Lag Behind, 2002.
A study done to find the factors associated with why African-American students achieve less academically than their white counterparts.
2,361 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the factors that may cause African-American students to receive lower test scores or grades than white students. Factors include genetics, stigmatization, peer influence, teachers' expectations, test bias, and television. The author includes a possible hypothesis for further study.
From the Paper
"Ferguson (2001) further analyzed a possible correlation between the number of hours spent in front of the television and student performance, a theory distinct from other hypotheses. He found that black students watched more television than whites, and the black/white ratio for the number of hours watched on school nights is almost 2-to-1 for females (Ferguson, 2001). Collectively, black students did report lower homework completion rates than white students who report the same amount of time doing homework. However, when a test was conducted to determine whether watching television might cause the lower homework completion rate, the results showed that the estimated effect of television watching was so small as to be completely inconsequential."
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Made-for-Television Movies, 2006.
A discussion regarding made-for-television movies and how they affect the home-viewing market.
1,511 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses made-for-television movies and the impact they have had or not had on the cinema, and home-viewing market. The paper further examines the role of the producer, and discusses the differences between theatrical release producing and television producing. The paper also takes a look at the success of the telemovie on pay-TV as opposed to free-to-air broadcasts.
From the Paper
"In terms of the budget, there are large differences between a feature film and a made-for-television film. The cost of "blockbuster" feature films keeps spiraling upwards - at last count, the most expensive films are hovering around the 200 million dollar mark just to produce. Made-for-television productions (depending on quality) will rarely breach the three million-dollar mark, with some coming in as low as 750,000 USD. These costs are kept low by short shooting times, with the average shooting time for a 2-hour Movie of the Week a mere three to four weeks in length with a 30-day preproduction time. A high-profile undertaking, such as HBO's Angels In America, or a film shot overseas, may touch the six million mark, but such cases are the exception rather than the rule. Considering that the major networks who finance these undertakings are reporting combined revenue of up to twenty billion dollars a year, it is easy to see why made-for-television movies are a cheap, attractive option for them. "
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American Television in the 1980s, 2004.
This paper discusses the problems of American television in the 1980s, television's cultural history, the postmodern television consumer culture as explored in DeLillo?s ?White Noise? and Wallace?s ?Girl with Curious Hair", and television sports.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the decade of the 1980s is seen as the explosion of television culture in terms of the proliferation of networks and the availability of programming through the cable. The author points out that Wallace and DeLillo are both concerned with postmodern characters that are absent internal selves, or rather, characters that seem to be informed of behavior primarily through the use of television. The author believes that sports on television now seems to be as dysfunctional as the nuclear family: a series of different schedules with a lot of hype, dreams or delusions of grandeur, with no meaningful connection to the simple love of the game.
Table of Contents
Cultural History of American Television
The Postmodern Television Consumer Culture: ?White Noise? and ?Girl with Curious Hair?
Television?s Impact on Sports
From the Paper
"The FCC continued to be the regulating body that determined what would be permissible for the American public to view. However, the Reagan administration that preached supply-side economics, believed that deregulation was the best method of growing the economy given the many slow-downs that dominated the 1970?s. ?For FCC chairman (Reagan appointee) [Mark] Fowler, the only kind of regulation that was legitimate came from the market itself, and he made this clear to gleeful industry executives from his earliest days in office? (Steyer 137). Fowler also acknowledged that such regulation should be at the hands of media and broadcasting executives because they had first hand knowledge of what Americans really wanted to see. Ironically, it seemed that the Reagan administration passively promoted a liberal media that looked for alternative methods of programming even though the business executives would assess its effectiveness and its decency."
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South African Television, 2007.
An analysis of the financial and ownership structures of South African television.
3,924 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
In the following research paper, the financial and ownership structures of South African television are scrutinised, using the political economic approach. By explaining key concepts in media economics and using qualitative research, the financial and ownership structures of the SABC, e-TV and M-NET channels are described and analysed. The paper concludes that the South African television media market is a rising media power in the country as well as on the continent and internationally.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Fundamental Concepts
Media Concentration
Convergence
Media Conglomerate
Allocative and Operational Control
Legal and Economic Ownership
Corporatisation
Monopoly
Oligopoly
Critical Political Economy
The Concept of Power
Methodology
Legislation
Independent Broadcasting Authority Act
Broadcasting Act
Independent Communication Authority Act
Television in South Africa
The Sabc
M-Net
Multi-choice
E-TV
Conclusion
Sources Consulted
From the Paper
"Convergence is the merging of information and communication technologies, in order to increase the ways of production and distribution, as well as the use of knowledge, information and entertainment (Fourie, 2001a). As convergence becomes more widespread, the boundaries between sections of media become blurred. Convergence is increasingly occurring in modern media circles, adding to the concentration of the media. Convergence is visible in the example of M-NET and Multichoice. M-NET is not only a television channel, but also available online is the Internet offshoot of MWEB, as well as the M-NET and DSTV magazines that are published on a monthly basis. "
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Portrayal of Overweight vs. Thin Women in American Television Series, 2003.
Compares how overweight and thin women are portrayed on American television series. Cites "Everybody Loves Raymond," "The Drew Carey Show" and "The Parkers."
1,127 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on how overweight women are portrayed in American television, stressing the comical roles in which unattractive women are cast. While thin, attractive women are prevailing with more dominant, powerful roles, overweight female characters are cast in demeaning roles. Given the dominant role allows an attractive woman to address important women's issues, where her overweight counterpart is often cast in roles that confine her to the undesirable stereotype of of the pushy, nosy, nit-picker.
From the Paper
"Over the past few years, actresses have found themselves in greater positions of freedom with regards to the roles open and offered to them. Women are prevailing in television with more dominant, powerful roles and given a chance to address issues that concern the female public. However, it is usually the younger, thin women who get to stretch the limits of society. They get to explore roles of sexual and personal liberation. Thin women are shown as holding high positions in the economic world as well as having the ability to attract many men. For the most part, their older, overweight counterparts are still confined to roles that portray them as intrusive busybodies. When they push these attitudes beyond the normal social expectations, they become the joke of other characters and must then deal with their ridicule. Overweight female characters in sitcoms are demeaned and made fun of by other characters in the show. They are often characterized by overly flamboyant clothes, makeup and personalities, and as a result the other characters show a slight fear of them. These roles are especially prevalent in the evening situational comedies that one might watch."
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Got Television?, 2003.
A compare-and-contrast paper on two books by Neil Postman that deal with the evolution and penetration of television into the American market and American home.
2,512 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the far-reaching effects that television has had on the American family and American mindset. Since its introduction, television has become more and more of a staple in the American home. People spend about 1/4 of their day watching television, which is coming to have a greater impact on all facets of American life. The paper uses "Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business" and "Conscientious Objections: Stirring Up Trouble About Language, Technology, and Education" by Neil Postman as references.
From the Paper
"I will never forget the day that I lost all trust in and respect for the television news media. Amidst the endless broadcasts covering the attacks of September 11, one of the many scenes that seemed to be stuck on repeat was that of children in Afghanistan celebrating joyfully in the streets. The video footage depicted young children running rampant in the streets with expressions of glee pasted on their faces and waving noisemakers in the air. According to the various television news stations, these children were celebrating the successful terrorist attacks which had just taken place in America. By constantly playing this recording, the onus of blame was attributed to Afghanistan as a nation as opposed to those who were actually responsible- the Al-Qaida network."
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Television Ratings, 2007.
This paper examines current rating systems and looks at whether the
Q-Score reports accurately represent the American television viewing public.
4,800 words (approx. 19.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 84.95
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Abstract
This research proposal identifies the known problems with the rating systems and proposes a study that would help determine if the Q-Score reports are misrepresenting the American television viewing public. In this article, the writer discusses whether Marketing Evaluations'
Q-Scores for television ratings accurately represent the television viewing habits of all Americans, including minority groups, or whether the limited population samples and data analysis methods are skewed in such a way that minority populations are underrepresented in ratings and the media. The writer claims that this is an important study because of the integral role that television and the media play in the lives of all Americans, and as a part of American society overall. The writer concludes that if there is a misrepresentation of minority groups in the current Q-ratings reports, this must be identified and this information made available to the public so that all members of society can make an informed decision regarding media-related activities, such as advertising, that are affected by the quality of television ratings reports.
Outline:
Abstract
Purpose and Rationale
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Limitations
Works Cited
From the Paper
"If a small-scale study finds a significant problem, other researchers will be interested in doing further analysis on this issue. Also, the public may simply be made aware of the issue, therefore considering these questions when taking stock in ratings reports. It is known that the television media industry and their advertisers depends on ratings reports to make decisions regarding programming and product placement. It is also well documented that minority groups have been significantly underrepresented in the Nielsen ratings, the country's leading marketing provider of television ratings, as will be illustrated by the following literature review. What is not known is whether the Q Rating system, which collected data in different ways than the Nielsen ratings, also has a problem in properly representing minority groups and providing accurate data on the television viewing habits of the American public."
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Minorities in Film and Television, 2006.
This paper discusses the role of minorities in front of as well as behind the cameras in Hollywood's film and television industries.
1,967 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the lack of positive role models of various ethnic minorities in both the film and television industries. While the writer of this paper notes that there are more African-Americans working in TV news as it seems to be one field where color and race have made a far greater impact in hiring practices, there is still much work to be done in the positive portrayal of different ethnicities in both film and TV. This paper also explores the careers of past and present professionals who have made great strides in promoting themselves as positive ethnic role models.
Topics covered in this report include:
Introduction
Hispanics
African-Americans
Asians
Native Americans
Summary and Conclusion
Works Referenced
From the Paper
"This brings up the issue of whether the portrayals of African-Americans in films and on TV should only be handled by black directors and writers. It seems that there is a vast difference of opinion, with some citing the old Cosby Show as one preaching family values to every ethnic group, while the comedies "What's Happening?" and" Good Times" became the precursors of the black comedies on WB and Fox networks today. Some critics feel the new shows, and such programs as the "Wayans Brothers" and the "Martin Lawrence Show" are basically anti-white humor, just as stereotypical in their way as the old Step'n'Fetchit anti-black humor was in the Thirties and Forties."
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