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Affirmative Action and the United States Constitution, 2005.
An examination of the current issue of affirmative action and equal opportunity employment. Argues pros and cons of current legislation, how they may be violating constitutional rights and possible reforms.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper is mainly argumentative in nature, but also thoroughly analyzes the pros and cons of the issue, as well as compares and contrasts views of both sides. The main argument is that current laws regarding affirmative action in the workplace may be seen as unconstitutional. The paper touches on important related issues such as reverse discrimination and constitutionality of other related laws. It concludes with a variety of ways that law reforms could make these policies more Constitution friendly. The paper also includes a brief summary and history of the U.S. Constitution.
From the Paper
"So what exactly is unconstitutional about affirmative action? Some may argue that Amendment XIV should be interpreted to mean that equal rights is one of the privileges of being an American citizen, no matter what color or gender. If everyone has the same rights, why does affirmative action have the power to force schools and employers to choose one over another? After all, free enterprise and freedom of opinion are the main factors that make America envied by most other countries."
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Affirmative Action, 2007.
An analysis of the history and development of affirmative action in the United States.
2,368 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about affirmative action and its current impact on the United States. The writer explores and explains the premise behind affirmative action plans and describes the history of their development in the United States. It argues that the dismantling of many affirmative action programs around the nation is premature and may prove to be a mistake.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Current Events
Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Affirmative action is a program that was put in place for a valid and needed reason, however, when White males began to see that it was working they began to protest its existence. The fact that the White detractors were vocal and numbered enough to pressure the government to alter the program or remove it all together is the single most powerful argument that it is too soon or still needed. While affirmative action should have an end it should not be until minorities are represented in the workforce and on college campuses with the same numbers that they demographically represent in the US."
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
An explanation and comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. This paper argues that most people who protest against affirmative action are actually against goals-based affirmative action. This paper further argues that a greater emphasis on process-oriented affirmative action policies will more effectively address the concerns of both sides of the affirmative action debate.
From the Paper
"Critics decry race-based admissions policies as an undermining of the merit-based system. However, Jesse Jackson points out the effects of race and socio-economic class in the academic performance of many minority children. Jackson argues that unlike affluent white, many minority students from low-income families do not access to resources like honors classes and SAT preparation courses. Also, the fact that many have to work after school to augment the family income places minority students at a distinct disadvantage at the college applications process (Jackson 290)."
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Affirmative Action Policies, 2004.
Looks at the history of affirmative action in the United States.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the origins of affirmative action, considers the pivotal role that the Warren Court ruling on Brown vs. Board of Education played in affirmative action policies, and highlights their purpose. The paper, while recognizing the need for affirmative action and expressing an overall positive opinion of the concept, also details some of the negative consequences of affirmative action programs, mistakes made in their implementation, and suggests a need to revitalize present affirmative action programs.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action statutes have in recent years been struck down in a number of parts of the country. Despite this fact, affirmative action remains important in this nation and the premise behind it ? that all Americans should be given an equal opportunity to succeed, especially in some arenas such as school and the workplace ? remains even more important, especially in the area of education. Much of the social, political and economic progress that African-Americans have been able to make in the second half of the 20th century came about as the result of legal and social challenges to the second-class education that they had been receiving. Without a continuing, firm commitment to providing equal education opportunities to all children, the continuing differences that exist among different groups of Americans as defined by race (including everything from average salary to expected lifespan) will never disappear."
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Affirmative Action in the Medical Community, 2002.
Looks at the continuing debate over affirmative action programs and, in particular, affirmative action programs in the medical community.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper presents arguments on the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action programs. Specifically, it looks at the arguments presented in favor of and in opposition to affirmative action in medical schools. A landmark legal case about affirmative action is reviewed, and the utilitarian view of affirmative action is stated. The paper concludes by asserting that, ultimately, affirmative action programs do more harm than good.
From the Paper
"COMMUNITY
America has a long history of racial segregation and gender discrimination and unfortunately most actions to resolve these ugly issues have resulted in a failure. The opponents of affirmative action programs maintain that this law is also one of those failed attempts. Affirmative action was developed to remove racial and gender discrimination problems by making merit the only criterion for selection thus promoting equal opportunities among qualified women, colored and disabled people. But it has been noticed that despite its good intentions, the law has failed to produce positive results because it is ironic that while the law aimed at removal of racial discrimination, it has resulted in a new kind of racial segregation, which can be called ?reverse racism?"
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Affirmative Action in Schools, 2004.
A comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action within the education system.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. In goal-based affirmative action, the emphasis is placed on giving minority racial status special consideration even before a qualified pool of candidates is established. This form of affirmative action was evident in the controversial admissions policies at the University of Michigan Law School, where African-American and Hispanic applicants were given 20 extra points solely based on their ethnicity.
From the Paper
"Other opponents of affirmative action in universities argue that by fostering an atmosphere of race-based promotion, these policies also serve to minimize the individual gains that many African Americans, women and other minorities achieve on their own merit. Instead, their achievements are tainted by a stigma. In one example, a young black woman made the University of Virginia's Law Review just as the university's affirmative action went into effect. The change from the previous, merit-based system significantly reduced the value of the young woman's Law Review achievement (Conti and Stetson 44-45)."
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Against Affirmative Action, 2006.
An argument against affirmative action in the United States.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 21 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a well researched argument against the policy of affirmative action in the United States. The author argues that whatever genuine aims and goals the policy had when it started, affirmative action today fails to realize its goals. In fact, the paper presents evidence that affirmative action has actually worked in opposition to its goals.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action has created the perception that someone owes disadvantaged members of our society not only a living but a virtually problem-free existence. The only thing society should owe them, however, is an equal opportunity to become educated or employed. If the beneficiaries of that opportunity fail to make the most of it, then it is no more society's fault than if a white male fails to take advantage of his opportunity."
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Affirmative Action - A Definition of Issue, 2002.
This paper studies the issue of affirmative action in the United States since its implementation in 1965 and its affect on employment policies.
5,600 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 94.95
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Abstract
An examination of the affirmative action policy that was introduced in 1965 and has since been both praised and denounced as an answer to racial equality. According to the author, it was President Johnson who felt that it was an appropriate remedy to discrimination, which continued to plague the United States regardless of civil rights laws and constitutional pledges and who therefore introduced the affirmative action policy as a temporary remedy that would end when a "level playing field" was created for all Americans.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action has increasingly become a popular subject of debate. Not only does the phrase "affirmative action" mean different things to different people, but also there are different arguments for and against it. The most controversial kind of affirmative action includes some sort of "preference" for black Americans when applying for jobs or to colleges and professional schools. Affirmative action means different things; and the arguments vary. It is not even clear what counts as a preference. Many people want to keep it as it is, saying that it is necessary for democracy. Others support affirmative action but see it as a flawed remedy in need of change. A third group believes that a fair playing field has been established and is pushing for the elimination of affirmative action policies."
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Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States, 2002.
Discusses affirmative action (AA), equal employment opportunity (EEO)and the hiring process in America.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
Affirmative action (AA) refers to the social practice in which members of historically disadvantaged groups are given preferential treatment in an attempt by the United States to compensate for any harm that was caused to their ancestors in the past. The paper shows that equal employment opportunity strictly prohibits employment discrimination and its main purpose is to eliminate any form of bias in the hiring process or the workplace. The paper examines the requirements for AA/EEO and shows arguments for and against these policies. It also examines the effectiveness of AA/EEO requirements and ultimately argues that these requirements have ensured that the majority of businesses do not practice unfair employment practices in the United States.
From the Paper
"Opponents of affirmative action believe that it is actually reversed discrimination in the workplace. However, a recent study by Rutgers University law school revealed that only a few dozen cases of reverse discrimination were reported in federal courts over a four-year period (Wilson, 1995) and the courts rejected most. Opponents also say that affirmative action policies also lead to lower hiring standards.
Affirmative action does not require quotas. In areas where minorities or women are underutilized, hiring or promotional goals are established, but quotas do not result in reverse discrimination."
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
A look at the history and implementation of the affirmative action policy in the United States.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
The term ?Affirmative Action? is used to represent the employment practices in the United States work force that has been provided sanctions by the federal government for the purpose of protecting the rights of women and minorities. This paper examines how the policy came about, the various judicial laws that came about because of them, and how employers have gone about implementing the policy. The paper looks at the views of proponents and critics of affirmative action, and, finally, looks at how it is viewed today in America's labor market.
From the Paper
"We can state that job discrimination is basically because of bias and elimination, and it is important that we opt for affirmative action when and wherever required to try and overcome discrimination or prejudice. The best way to bring about this change is by getting the society and its people to try and come about with new techniques and methods to do exactly what the affirmative action requires of us. The same way we would treat a nutrition deficiency we should treat affirmative action with vitamin supplements."
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Affirmative Action, 2005.
This paper argues the dichotomy of affirmative action in education and the workforce.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that affirmative action is a moral and political question which seems to divide Americans more than it unites them, because some people regard it as a program designed to rectify racism and reverse the effects of both past and present discrimination but others simply see it as another form of discrimination. The author feels that affirmative action is a program of opportunity, not a program of discrimination; affirmative action's mission has never been about hiring less qualified workers, but about opening up equal opportunity and ensuring that equal opportunity with equal results. The paper stresses that diversity in education and the workforce not only includes African-American men and women but also includes other ethnicity groups, such as Asians, Latinos and Indians, who have been able to gain both an invaluable education and work experience through affirmative action programs.
Table of Contents
Educational Aspects of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in the Workforce
The Counter-Argument against Affirmative Action
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These policies have been when minorities are actively sought or preferred, the reason given is usually that this is necessary to compensate for advantages to groups such as males or those of European descent from racism, sexism, results of historical circumstances, and institutional racism. In the U.S., the most prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of tertiary instruction. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are often taken into account when assessing the meaning of an applicant's grades and test scores."
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A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action, 2004.
Discusses affirmative action from a historical, economic, and social perspective.
4,816 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an extensive study of affirmative action programs. It begins with a definition and explanation of the objectives of affirmative action policies and then goes on to look at the many societal areas the policies impact. The paper also looks at the primary focus of affirmative action policies, some of the arguments supporting and opposing affirmative action, and rulings on affirmative action programs that will affect their implementation in the future.
A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action
Worldview
Roles in Affirmative Action
Education
Ethnic View
An Economic Perspective
A Sociological Perspective
From the Paper
"The American government justifies affirmative-action programs as ?the principal of compensatory justice (Giraldo, p. 45)?. Basically, this means that just compensation must be awarded to an injured party if an injustice has occurred. Affirmative action requires employees to hire members of groups that were wronged in the past in an effort to undo or compensate for historical injustices."
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Affirmative Action, 2002.
Essay on affirmative action, including an outline, history, con and rebuttal, past court cases, recent events including the University of Michigan case, and work cited page.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay covers most topics surrounding affirmative action, including background, first affirmative action case and more recent events. The writer claims that affirmative action, while created to help bring blacks and whites together, only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished.
Table of Contents
History
Civil War
Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
Presidential Orders
Past Court Cases
Con and Rebuttal
Con Quotes and Opinions
Jessie Jackson on Affirmative Action
Lyndon B. Johnson on Affirmative Action
Rebuttal
How Affirmative Action Hurts the Civil Rights Act
Ill Effects of Affirmative Action
Recent Events
Piscataway Board of Education vs. Taxman
Proposition 209
California Ballot
Suit against Proposition 209
Arguments for Proposition 209
Arguments against Proposition 209
University of Michigan and Bush Brief
From the Paper
"According to the Webster?s Dictionary, affirmative action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women. ?Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education, and contracting decisions? (Froomkin 1). It has been a controversial topic in the United States since it began to plague the country in the early 1940?s. Affirmative action as it is now seen, is giving unequal or special employment, or educational rights to minorities. ?Affirmative action programs were originally created to correct racial and cultural discrimination, dating from the days of slavery and public segregation. But the initiative has proven controversial, and enforcement has often applied in a random and confusing way? (Mears 1). While created to help bring blacks and whites together, affirmative action only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished."
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Affirmative Action, 2002.
This paper is an analysis of current affirmative action policies. It also refutes the morality of many of the current programs.
2,660 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 17 sources, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper is a historical analysis of affirmative action in the United States. It covers the period from the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the leaders involved in the decision to pass this amendment to the Constitution, and the motivation behind this historic decision. It then compares the policies of more recent years, and shows how the intentions of the originators of this Act have been manipulated, and how the group that it was intended to benefit from these actions, are now suffering reverse discrimination.
From the paper:
"The Declaration of Independence states, "all men are created equal." Our Constitution is based on giving each citizen the same equal rights. However, policies have been implemented since 1961 to go against the words of the founding fathers of this country. Affirmative action is, by definition, "a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups" or "encouragement for increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment." Problems associated with affirmative action include reverse discrimination. Also, merit and accomplishments may be replaced by the requirement of a quota for a certain race or gender."
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