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Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity, 2005.
Study of the evolution of the Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Acts.
5,956 words (approx. 23.8 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history, origins and evolution of the Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Acts as well as the opposition to such laws. The paper also looks at which agencies enforce and control the Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Acts and how they are enforced. Furthermore, the paper examines both affirmative action and equal opportunity litigation, the outcomes of the litigation and the repercussions of those outcomes. Finally, the paper discusses the effects of the Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Acts on America and how minorities feel when they receive unequal treatment.
From the Paper
"The policies of affirmative action aiming at assisting the black Americans are of recent origin. The policies have sought its origin to varied sources like legal structure, executive instructions, and court rulings. It was during the last three decades that these policies were being developed and they have become debatable as well. (Legal History) During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, a large number of African-Americans officiated in important public posts inclusive of two senators and 20 members in the House. However withdrawal of sustenance for reconstruction by the federal government in the late nineteenth century, the benefits extended to African Americans were wiped out and substituted by a system of legal segregation such as that of Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans. (Affirmative Action: Background)"
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Affirmative Action, Equality and the Law, 2002.
Examines the role of affirmative action in correcting past injustices inspired by gender bias.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
Initially C. Mackinnon's aggressive demands for legal intervention to redress gender inequality are outlined in this paper. Subsequently, criticisms of this activist approach are considered.
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Affirmative Action and Equal Education, 2004.
An evaluation of affirmative action?s ability to provide equal educational opportunity for low-income minority students.
3,495 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how statistical data on affirmative action programs in American institutions of higher learning seems to suggest that affirmative action policies have helped to increase cultural and racial diversity on college campuses. It looks at how minority students have made significant gains in approaching representative populations at American colleges and universities. It also explores how current affirmative action policies do not substantially assist low-income minority students in attaining admission to college and how affirmative action programs that consider only minority status as a factor in determining admission do not benefit low-income minority students.
From the Paper
"Statistically, gender may also play a role in minority utilization of American higher education. According to the American Council on Education (2002), African American and Hispanic females attend colleges and universities at a higher rate than African American and Hispanic males. The last twenty-five years has also seen an increase in the population of white females attending college (American Council on Education, 2002). The gender gap in college attendance for minorities is significant in that affirmative action would seem, on the surface, to be more successful in drawing female minority populations to American colleges and universities than it is in drawing male minority populations. Whatever the answer may be to the question of unsymmetrical gender statistics concerning minority enrollment at institutions of higher learning, the result is the same: lack of true diversity within the educational institution?s population."
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Affirmative Action: Equal Opportunity or Neither?, 2002.
A higher and secondary educational look at equity, race and public policy.
5,330 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 22 sources, APA, £ 91.95
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Abstract
This is an analysis of affirmative action, race, public policy and education at the secondary and higher educational levels. Although it is written from an educational perspective, this paper also weighs heavily in terms of social and political policy. It discusses the two major events in the recent history of education. In 1995 the Board of Regents of the University of California system voted to ?stop admitting students, hiring professors, and awarding contracts on the basis of race." In April of 2001, the Fifth Circuit Court handed down a decision in a case challenging the legitimacy of affirmative action based admissions practices at the University Of Texas Law School.
From the Paper
"While educators have spent the last several years debating issues of quality and accountability in schooling, two fairly recent events have focused at least some attention on the issue of equality in education. In the summer of 1995 the Board of Regents of the University of California system voted to ?stop admitting students, hiring professors, and awarding contracts on the basis of race.? The announcement that all affirmative action considerations would be removed from the largest state system of higher education caused an immediate public outcry. In April of 2001, the Fifth Circuit Court handed down a decision in a case challenging the legitimacy of affirmative action based admissions practices at the University Of Texas Law School. It stated, effectively, that race might not be considered as a factor in the admissions process."
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Affirmative Action Laws, 2006.
A discussion on whether affirmative action laws apply to police officers.
3,378 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how women and minorities have a long history in law enforcement and how, despite this, they continue to struggle for equality. It looks at how affirmative action has been found to be extremely helpful in this struggle and how it has become a legal avenue for fighting discrimination. It also examines the debate on whether affirmative action policies should be repealed and contends that affirmative action laws remain solidly in place, to prevent unfair hiring practices from once again becoming an acceptable norm.
Outline
Introduction
Background
Destroying the Myths
Racial Issues
Gender Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The difficulties did not just lie in the structure of society, however, but in the structure of the laws themselves. For instance, these laws usually centered solely on issues of formal rights (such as the right to vote) that were particularly susceptible to judicial or statutory resolution. The problem with this was that formal litigation-related strategies are often dependent upon hard, factual evidence; They neglected to take into account the more subtle forms of prejudice and discrimination which cannot be proven with a "smoking gun". Because of the blurred lines associated with discrimination, many employers were reluctant to risk litigation and therefore felt safer sticking with an all white, all male work population. It was for this reason the introduction of affirmative action was necessary."
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Equal Employment Opportunity & Affirmative Action Programs, 1989.
Discusses federal acts; development; functions, enforcement; goals & quotas; hiring & promotions and failures & successes.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, £ 54.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and Affirmative Action (AA) programs. A review of the current literature indicates shifts in thinking regarding these federal programs. The areas addressed include legislation (development and functions), enforcement (agencies and procedures), as well as failures and successes through goals, quotas, hiring, and promotion practices.
Legislation. This analysis focuses on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended by the Equal Employment Act of 1972 and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Title VII, as amended by the 1972 Act, prohibits discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin. Title VII covers employers (a) engaged in an "industry affecting commerce" and (b)(...)"
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
An explanation and comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. This paper argues that most people who protest against affirmative action are actually against goals-based affirmative action. This paper further argues that a greater emphasis on process-oriented affirmative action policies will more effectively address the concerns of both sides of the affirmative action debate.
From the Paper
"Critics decry race-based admissions policies as an undermining of the merit-based system. However, Jesse Jackson points out the effects of race and socio-economic class in the academic performance of many minority children. Jackson argues that unlike affluent white, many minority students from low-income families do not access to resources like honors classes and SAT preparation courses. Also, the fact that many have to work after school to augment the family income places minority students at a distinct disadvantage at the college applications process (Jackson 290)."
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Affirmative Action in the Medical Community, 2002.
Looks at the continuing debate over affirmative action programs and, in particular, affirmative action programs in the medical community.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper presents arguments on the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action programs. Specifically, it looks at the arguments presented in favor of and in opposition to affirmative action in medical schools. A landmark legal case about affirmative action is reviewed, and the utilitarian view of affirmative action is stated. The paper concludes by asserting that, ultimately, affirmative action programs do more harm than good.
From the Paper
"COMMUNITY
America has a long history of racial segregation and gender discrimination and unfortunately most actions to resolve these ugly issues have resulted in a failure. The opponents of affirmative action programs maintain that this law is also one of those failed attempts. Affirmative action was developed to remove racial and gender discrimination problems by making merit the only criterion for selection thus promoting equal opportunities among qualified women, colored and disabled people. But it has been noticed that despite its good intentions, the law has failed to produce positive results because it is ironic that while the law aimed at removal of racial discrimination, it has resulted in a new kind of racial segregation, which can be called ?reverse racism?"
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Affirmative Action in Schools, 2004.
A comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action within the education system.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. In goal-based affirmative action, the emphasis is placed on giving minority racial status special consideration even before a qualified pool of candidates is established. This form of affirmative action was evident in the controversial admissions policies at the University of Michigan Law School, where African-American and Hispanic applicants were given 20 extra points solely based on their ethnicity.
From the Paper
"Other opponents of affirmative action in universities argue that by fostering an atmosphere of race-based promotion, these policies also serve to minimize the individual gains that many African Americans, women and other minorities achieve on their own merit. Instead, their achievements are tainted by a stigma. In one example, a young black woman made the University of Virginia's Law Review just as the university's affirmative action went into effect. The change from the previous, merit-based system significantly reduced the value of the young woman's Law Review achievement (Conti and Stetson 44-45)."
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Affirmative Action, 2005.
This paper argues the dichotomy of affirmative action in education and the workforce.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that affirmative action is a moral and political question which seems to divide Americans more than it unites them, because some people regard it as a program designed to rectify racism and reverse the effects of both past and present discrimination but others simply see it as another form of discrimination. The author feels that affirmative action is a program of opportunity, not a program of discrimination; affirmative action's mission has never been about hiring less qualified workers, but about opening up equal opportunity and ensuring that equal opportunity with equal results. The paper stresses that diversity in education and the workforce not only includes African-American men and women but also includes other ethnicity groups, such as Asians, Latinos and Indians, who have been able to gain both an invaluable education and work experience through affirmative action programs.
Table of Contents
Educational Aspects of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in the Workforce
The Counter-Argument against Affirmative Action
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These policies have been when minorities are actively sought or preferred, the reason given is usually that this is necessary to compensate for advantages to groups such as males or those of European descent from racism, sexism, results of historical circumstances, and institutional racism. In the U.S., the most prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of tertiary instruction. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are often taken into account when assessing the meaning of an applicant's grades and test scores."
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A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action, 2004.
Discusses affirmative action from a historical, economic, and social perspective.
4,816 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an extensive study of affirmative action programs. It begins with a definition and explanation of the objectives of affirmative action policies and then goes on to look at the many societal areas the policies impact. The paper also looks at the primary focus of affirmative action policies, some of the arguments supporting and opposing affirmative action, and rulings on affirmative action programs that will affect their implementation in the future.
A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action
Worldview
Roles in Affirmative Action
Education
Ethnic View
An Economic Perspective
A Sociological Perspective
From the Paper
"The American government justifies affirmative-action programs as ?the principal of compensatory justice (Giraldo, p. 45)?. Basically, this means that just compensation must be awarded to an injured party if an injustice has occurred. Affirmative action requires employees to hire members of groups that were wronged in the past in an effort to undo or compensate for historical injustices."
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Affirmative Action, 2002.
Essay on affirmative action, including an outline, history, con and rebuttal, past court cases, recent events including the University of Michigan case, and work cited page.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay covers most topics surrounding affirmative action, including background, first affirmative action case and more recent events. The writer claims that affirmative action, while created to help bring blacks and whites together, only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished.
Table of Contents
History
Civil War
Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
Presidential Orders
Past Court Cases
Con and Rebuttal
Con Quotes and Opinions
Jessie Jackson on Affirmative Action
Lyndon B. Johnson on Affirmative Action
Rebuttal
How Affirmative Action Hurts the Civil Rights Act
Ill Effects of Affirmative Action
Recent Events
Piscataway Board of Education vs. Taxman
Proposition 209
California Ballot
Suit against Proposition 209
Arguments for Proposition 209
Arguments against Proposition 209
University of Michigan and Bush Brief
From the Paper
"According to the Webster?s Dictionary, affirmative action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women. ?Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education, and contracting decisions? (Froomkin 1). It has been a controversial topic in the United States since it began to plague the country in the early 1940?s. Affirmative action as it is now seen, is giving unequal or special employment, or educational rights to minorities. ?Affirmative action programs were originally created to correct racial and cultural discrimination, dating from the days of slavery and public segregation. But the initiative has proven controversial, and enforcement has often applied in a random and confusing way? (Mears 1). While created to help bring blacks and whites together, affirmative action only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished."
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
Looks at some of the criticisms of affirmative action programs and argues that, in spite of the criticism, affirmative action is sound policy.
2,156 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses affirmative action, with particular emphasis on how it pertains to decisions on hiring and promoting. The objective of the paper is to show that, for the most part, affirmative action works well. There are only some instances when it is taken too far so that it becomes detrimental to both white males, because they cannot get work as easily, and minorities, because they are believed to be promoted based on race and gender, and not on the merits of their work.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action is a reasonably new development when looking at the history of this country. It is basically designed to ensure that people who were treated unfairly in the past get equal treatment now, but there are some difficulties with this and there are some people who feel that affirmative action is unfair to those that are not minorities. Mainly white males feel that women and/or minorities are chosen before them in hiring decisions and are also promoted at a better rate in companies that have affirmative action policies in place. It has become difficult for many companies to find a balance between being fair to white males and being fair to everyone else."
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Affirmative Action, 2001.
This paper outlines the history of affirmative action starting in the 60s up to present; it is an unbiased argumentative paper on whether affirmative action is still needed.
1,557 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses discrimination and the history of affirmative action in combating it. The author mentions various presidents in American history and their attempts to make a difference in leveling the playing field for all races. Pros and cons for affirmative action are presented by the author.
From the Paper
"For many years minorities were discriminated against in the job market. People in our country felt something must be done to fix this problem in our society. That solution was affirmative action. Affirmative action is a group of policies used by the United States to give minorities jobs and job advancement opportunities by favoring them (Encarta). This affirmative action is in place to make up for years of discrimination in the past, either by the country as a whole or specific companies. The history of affirmative action is a long and interesting one."
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