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Affirmative Action Debate, 2004.
An opinion paper discussing the way that affirmative action has become obsolete.
1,342 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, while affirmative action policies were necessary in 1965, they are no longer appropriate in 2003. In fact, this paper presents arguments why affirmative action policies are ineffective in addressing the discrimination problems faced by African-Americans, Latinos, and other racial minorities.
From the Paper
"When they were first initiated, affirmative action policies were needed to address the discrimination faced by women and members of minority ethnic groups. These policies have enabled many people to secure better employment and educational opportunities. In their wake, however, affirmative action policies have also spawned criticisms of reverse discrimination, and given rise to charges that in the long run, these policies harm the people they were intended to help."
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Affirmative Action in the Medical Community, 2002.
Looks at the continuing debate over affirmative action programs and, in particular, affirmative action programs in the medical community.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper presents arguments on the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action programs. Specifically, it looks at the arguments presented in favor of and in opposition to affirmative action in medical schools. A landmark legal case about affirmative action is reviewed, and the utilitarian view of affirmative action is stated. The paper concludes by asserting that, ultimately, affirmative action programs do more harm than good.
From the Paper
"COMMUNITY
America has a long history of racial segregation and gender discrimination and unfortunately most actions to resolve these ugly issues have resulted in a failure. The opponents of affirmative action programs maintain that this law is also one of those failed attempts. Affirmative action was developed to remove racial and gender discrimination problems by making merit the only criterion for selection thus promoting equal opportunities among qualified women, colored and disabled people. But it has been noticed that despite its good intentions, the law has failed to produce positive results because it is ironic that while the law aimed at removal of racial discrimination, it has resulted in a new kind of racial segregation, which can be called ?reverse racism?"
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
An explanation and comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. This paper argues that most people who protest against affirmative action are actually against goals-based affirmative action. This paper further argues that a greater emphasis on process-oriented affirmative action policies will more effectively address the concerns of both sides of the affirmative action debate.
From the Paper
"Critics decry race-based admissions policies as an undermining of the merit-based system. However, Jesse Jackson points out the effects of race and socio-economic class in the academic performance of many minority children. Jackson argues that unlike affluent white, many minority students from low-income families do not access to resources like honors classes and SAT preparation courses. Also, the fact that many have to work after school to augment the family income places minority students at a distinct disadvantage at the college applications process (Jackson 290)."
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Affirmative Action in Schools, 2004.
A comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action within the education system.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. In goal-based affirmative action, the emphasis is placed on giving minority racial status special consideration even before a qualified pool of candidates is established. This form of affirmative action was evident in the controversial admissions policies at the University of Michigan Law School, where African-American and Hispanic applicants were given 20 extra points solely based on their ethnicity.
From the Paper
"Other opponents of affirmative action in universities argue that by fostering an atmosphere of race-based promotion, these policies also serve to minimize the individual gains that many African Americans, women and other minorities achieve on their own merit. Instead, their achievements are tainted by a stigma. In one example, a young black woman made the University of Virginia's Law Review just as the university's affirmative action went into effect. The change from the previous, merit-based system significantly reduced the value of the young woman's Law Review achievement (Conti and Stetson 44-45)."
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Affirmative Action, 2002.
Essay on affirmative action, including an outline, history, con and rebuttal, past court cases, recent events including the University of Michigan case, and work cited page.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay covers most topics surrounding affirmative action, including background, first affirmative action case and more recent events. The writer claims that affirmative action, while created to help bring blacks and whites together, only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished.
Table of Contents
History
Civil War
Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
Presidential Orders
Past Court Cases
Con and Rebuttal
Con Quotes and Opinions
Jessie Jackson on Affirmative Action
Lyndon B. Johnson on Affirmative Action
Rebuttal
How Affirmative Action Hurts the Civil Rights Act
Ill Effects of Affirmative Action
Recent Events
Piscataway Board of Education vs. Taxman
Proposition 209
California Ballot
Suit against Proposition 209
Arguments for Proposition 209
Arguments against Proposition 209
University of Michigan and Bush Brief
From the Paper
"According to the Webster?s Dictionary, affirmative action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women. ?Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education, and contracting decisions? (Froomkin 1). It has been a controversial topic in the United States since it began to plague the country in the early 1940?s. Affirmative action as it is now seen, is giving unequal or special employment, or educational rights to minorities. ?Affirmative action programs were originally created to correct racial and cultural discrimination, dating from the days of slavery and public segregation. But the initiative has proven controversial, and enforcement has often applied in a random and confusing way? (Mears 1). While created to help bring blacks and whites together, affirmative action only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished."
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A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action, 2004.
Discusses affirmative action from a historical, economic, and social perspective.
4,816 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an extensive study of affirmative action programs. It begins with a definition and explanation of the objectives of affirmative action policies and then goes on to look at the many societal areas the policies impact. The paper also looks at the primary focus of affirmative action policies, some of the arguments supporting and opposing affirmative action, and rulings on affirmative action programs that will affect their implementation in the future.
A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action
Worldview
Roles in Affirmative Action
Education
Ethnic View
An Economic Perspective
A Sociological Perspective
From the Paper
"The American government justifies affirmative-action programs as ?the principal of compensatory justice (Giraldo, p. 45)?. Basically, this means that just compensation must be awarded to an injured party if an injustice has occurred. Affirmative action requires employees to hire members of groups that were wronged in the past in an effort to undo or compensate for historical injustices."
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Affirmative Action, 2005.
This paper argues the dichotomy of affirmative action in education and the workforce.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that affirmative action is a moral and political question which seems to divide Americans more than it unites them, because some people regard it as a program designed to rectify racism and reverse the effects of both past and present discrimination but others simply see it as another form of discrimination. The author feels that affirmative action is a program of opportunity, not a program of discrimination; affirmative action's mission has never been about hiring less qualified workers, but about opening up equal opportunity and ensuring that equal opportunity with equal results. The paper stresses that diversity in education and the workforce not only includes African-American men and women but also includes other ethnicity groups, such as Asians, Latinos and Indians, who have been able to gain both an invaluable education and work experience through affirmative action programs.
Table of Contents
Educational Aspects of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in the Workforce
The Counter-Argument against Affirmative Action
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These policies have been when minorities are actively sought or preferred, the reason given is usually that this is necessary to compensate for advantages to groups such as males or those of European descent from racism, sexism, results of historical circumstances, and institutional racism. In the U.S., the most prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of tertiary instruction. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are often taken into account when assessing the meaning of an applicant's grades and test scores."
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
Looks at some of the criticisms of affirmative action programs and argues that, in spite of the criticism, affirmative action is sound policy.
2,156 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses affirmative action, with particular emphasis on how it pertains to decisions on hiring and promoting. The objective of the paper is to show that, for the most part, affirmative action works well. There are only some instances when it is taken too far so that it becomes detrimental to both white males, because they cannot get work as easily, and minorities, because they are believed to be promoted based on race and gender, and not on the merits of their work.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action is a reasonably new development when looking at the history of this country. It is basically designed to ensure that people who were treated unfairly in the past get equal treatment now, but there are some difficulties with this and there are some people who feel that affirmative action is unfair to those that are not minorities. Mainly white males feel that women and/or minorities are chosen before them in hiring decisions and are also promoted at a better rate in companies that have affirmative action policies in place. It has become difficult for many companies to find a balance between being fair to white males and being fair to everyone else."
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Affirmative Action, 2001.
This paper outlines the history of affirmative action starting in the 60s up to present; it is an unbiased argumentative paper on whether affirmative action is still needed.
1,557 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses discrimination and the history of affirmative action in combating it. The author mentions various presidents in American history and their attempts to make a difference in leveling the playing field for all races. Pros and cons for affirmative action are presented by the author.
From the Paper
"For many years minorities were discriminated against in the job market. People in our country felt something must be done to fix this problem in our society. That solution was affirmative action. Affirmative action is a group of policies used by the United States to give minorities jobs and job advancement opportunities by favoring them (Encarta). This affirmative action is in place to make up for years of discrimination in the past, either by the country as a whole or specific companies. The history of affirmative action is a long and interesting one."
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Affirmative Action and Public Policy, 2002.
This paper examines how various interpretations of equality are mirrored in the contentious debate on affirmative action.
2,254 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
The first part of the paper, examines how the liberal camp?s belief in the ?disparate impact theory of discrimination? conflicts with the more conservative view of equality based on access to the same opportunities. When affirmative action was first enacted, the liberals were successful in enshrining the disparate impact approach.
The second part of this paper looks at the impact this disparate impact approach has on both the political and judicial landscape. The most evident problem of affirmative action as it is currently practiced is seen in the backlash effect. In the last section, the paper evaluates the possibility of a unified definition of equality being enshrined in affirmative action principles.
From the Paper
"In the book Equality Transformed, Herman Belz (1991) presents two clashing views on the nature of equality. One theory, which Belz associates with conservatives such as Mississippi senator John Stennis, saw equality as a question of individual rights. The focus was on nondiscrimination, in providing equality of opportunities in areas such as employment. By removing the obstacles to discrimination, many conservative theorists believed that every person ? black or white ? would thus have equal opportunities for advancement."
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Has Affirmative Action Outlived its Usefulness?, 2005.
An analysis of the debate over affirmative action.
1,503 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the debate over affirmative action. It ultimately argues that there is a need for affirmative action, and the policy is the only just way of creating a more diversified and equal community.
From the Paper
"The debate over affirmative action has been polarized into two camps: either that it is still necessary in order to right the wrongdoings of the past, or that the act itself is unconstitutional. In Finterbusch's Taking Sides, he presents two sides to the issue, but first reminds the reader that "the unemployment rate for blacks today is much higher than that of whites," and that "disproportionately higher numbers of blacks experience poverty, brutality, broken homes, physical and mental illness, and early deaths, while disproportionately lower numbers of them reach positions of affluence and prestige" (165). In making this point, Finterbusch shows the reader that he or she must identify that there is a problem of social inequity afflicting black Americans, and the issue is over whether affirmative action is a just way to remedy this problem."
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Affirmative Action, Against whom are we Discriminating?, 2001.
A closer look at how Affirmative Action affects the College Admissions process.
3,710 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This argumentative paper deals with the issues surrounding today's struggle to get into colleges and how race is involved in this process.
Table of Contents
Introduction of Affirmative Action and how it relates to today and the college application process.
History and evolution of Affirmative Action
Causes for Affirmative Action
Pros of Affirmative Action
Cons of Affirmative Action
Theories of how to maintain diversity while eliminating Affirmative Action
Resolutions
From the Paper
"Year after year as high school seniors apply to colleges they are turned away from their school of choice and are forced to watch silently as a less qualified person takes their spot. These students are not turned away because of their test scores, or because they do not have good grades. They are not pushed away from their dream college for a lack of community service or extra-curricular activities. Contrary to the usual reasons for not being accepted into colleges, these students are denied the chance of higher education because of what basically comes down to their skin color. One might assume that racial discrimination ended in the 1960?s with the Civil Rights Act, but that person would be wrong. Perfectly qualified students are being rejected by college admissions time and time again for students who are less qualified, but are ethnically diverse. Affirmative action is often used on college campuses in order to maintain diversity among the student population, as well as to furnish opportunities of higher education to minorities who would have otherwise been unable to attend college. Yet, many students believe that affirmative action has outlived its intended purpose, and that granting preferences towards anybody for anything other than his or her own academic merit is a form of discrimination in itself, a sort of reverse discrimination. Although some schools are slowly ridding themselves of this practice, affirmative action still exists throughout the college world. Should this trend of ?dissolving? affirmative action continue, or do minorities still need the help getting into post-secondary institutions that affirmative action provides? Or, is there some sort of middle ground that can be reached?"
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Affirmative Action in College Admissions, 2003.
Discusses the recent affirmative action lawsuits filed against the University of Michigan and the argument for affirmative action in society today.
1,790 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
A look at how affirmative action is a necessary policy in college admissions because it promotes diversity on campus. This paper discusses how a diverse learning community is essential in order to create a well-rounded student. The University of Michigan Supreme Court lawsuits are used to emphasize the main points of this argument.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action, a policy introduced in 1965 by President Johnson, has always been a topic of heated debate. Initially created as a program to give reparations to minorities, especially blacks, for past discrimination, affirmative action is now seen in a slightly different light. These days, the goal of affirmative action is not so much about paying reparations as it is about promoting diversity. Racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic diversity are the basis in the argument for affirmative action, as they provide a richer, more varied, and real-world learning environment for students. Affirmative action, although controversial, is a necessary evil in our society as it is required in order to promote the integration of various ethnicities and races into the melting pot of American society. As the University of Michigan President Mary Sue Coleman stated, ?Our diversity is our strength." "
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Affirmative Action, 2002.
A study of an affirmative action policy in a hospital setting.
2,130 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the subject of affirmative action and shows that while many states are curtailing and even eliminating affirmative action programs at the beginning of this new millennium, the fundamental problems that affirmative action was meant to address - the unequal treatment of people not because of their talents or characters but because of the sex or race - remain. The paper looks at the possible uses of affirmative action programs in a hospital setting. Beginning with an historical overview of the way in which affirmative action programs developed in general for their possible usefulness in a hospital setting cannot be understood independently but must be considered within an historical context. This paper then incorporates interviews from individuals in a number of different hospital-related jobs to help understand the ways in which affirmative action might hurt or help hospital administration.
From the Paper
"'When affirmative action emerged in the 1960s, it was part of a larger quest to achieve real equal opportunity and integration throughout American society. But the original purpose of affirmative action changed during the 1970s, from "racial preferences as a temporary bridge to color-blindness" to "racial preferences as a permanent way of life" (Kahlenberg, 1997, p. 11)."
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