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Ads and Representation, 2002.
A discussion on how advertisements can be seen as being part of the capitalist ideology.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that advertisements are part of capitalist ideology. They are part of the patriarchal agenda to socially construct certain roles for different groups. They marginalize and exclude the women, the poor, and coloured minorities from positions of power.
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Representations of Masculinity vs. Femininity in Newsweek Ads, 2000.
A look at how advertising in magazines can misrepresent women.
4,370 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of media advertising with regard to representing male and female images. The author examines fourteen print advertisements from the November 29, 1999 issue of Newsweek: eight of men and six of women noting how women and minorities are represented.
From the Paper
"It is a cliche to say that advertisements in women's magazines and pornography are sexist - and the normalizing influence of such media sources have been well documented. However, the pervasive sexism of advertising is not limited strictly to those venues in which sex and sexuality is an outright topic. Sexual roles and values are peddled to the American consumer in every magazine and mass media venture, even those as seemingly innocuous and nonsexualized as newsmagazines. In this paper I will examine fourteen print advertisements from the November 29, 1999 issue of Newsweek: eight of men and six of women."
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Political Parties and Representation in Modern Democracies, 2006.
A discussion regarding to what extent the functioning of political parties can explain the crisis of representation of the 'people' in modern democracies.
9,480 words (approx. 37.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at political parties and issues that surround representation of the people in modern democracies. According to the paper, political parties, in their organization and their functioning, display numerous problems in terms of representation. The paper focuses particularly on two of these problems, the modes of government and the modes of funding. The paper also analyzes the aftermaths of the logic of electoral competition for the representation of the membership and the electorate.
From the Paper
"Political representation is quite a hard concept to grasp. It was rejected by the French during the Revolution as an impediment to the self-government of the people. Nonetheless, I will try to show that political representation is necessary for ensuring freedom in our modern democracies.
But first let us turn back to our French Revolution and the establishment of what could be considered as a quasi-totalitarian regime. In France, traditional feudal aristocratic society was undermined by an absolutist and centralist state. When the French Revolution broke out, the remaining feudal instances were destroyed even further (loi Le Chapelier), so that in fact only the individuals and the state remained without the traditional feudal corporations to mediate between them. The question then is how a society can be held together when it has been dismembered and robbed of the intermediary associations that had given it its concrete form and reality. Most revolutionaries followed republicans like Rousseau or Sieyes. The only way for them to bring about a post-feudal democratic order was by converting particular interests to the common good. Individuals were now called upon to set aside their particular preferences and to identify fully with the common will of the people in order to establish real popular sovereignty and equality. The Jacobin revolutionaries thus assumed that a true democracy could only be established if abstract democratic principles like formal equality, popular sovereignty or the unitary will of the people were indeed completely "turned into reality" (i.e. "actualized" or "materialized"), rather than merely respected (Weymans: 263-282). This is characteristic of totalitarian regimes. More so, to Claude Lefort totalitarianism represents a society's attempt to fully "materialize" or "actualize" democratic principles by making the people really one, equal, free or sovereign. That is also what distinguishes them from democratic regimes. While the totalitarian state tries to realize the principles (by embodying them), a democratic state prevents a society from realizing these (through representation), thus remaining distinct from and dependent on society. This distinction or alienation of the state from society is indeed necessary."
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Cartographic Relief Representation, 2007.
This paper is a literature review to provide a historical overview of techniques for topographical relief representation in map-making.
3,815 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although global positioning systems provide cartographers with the ability to pinpoint topographical features and today the ability to express relief and contours on modern maps is commonplace, it was not always this easy. The author points out that, while the history of map-making is truly ancient, the ability to communicate accurately relief features on maps began in Italy during the 15th century. The paper concludes that today's cartographer enjoys the benefits of centuries of research into different ways of communicating three-dimensional features on two-dimensional planes and that the introduction of powerful three-dimensional computer-based visualization applications represents a true milestone in cartography history. The paper includes quotations and illustrations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Rationale in Support of Study
Previous Research
Objective of the Study
Organization of the Study
Background of the Study of Relief Representation
Theoretical Framework
Methodology
Study Design
Theoretical Basis
Research Strategy Employed
Execution of the Study of Relief Representation
Results and Analysis of Relief Representation Techniques
Results
Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
Summary
Conclusions
Limitations of the Study
Recommendation for Future Research
From the Paper
"According to Kirschenbauer and Buchroithner (2001), although these three-dimensional techniques provide the user with a decent overall impression of the represented relief, the transmission of detailed information and precise height data as it is rendered by contour lines is not simplified to any significant degree. This is because any of the older (which is to say a couple of years) present detailed landforms with techniques that do not provide a truly comprehensive picture yet. However, these authors emphasize that new technological innovations are making strides in this direction every day."
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Administrative Discretion and Active Representation, 2004.
An analysis of an article by J.E.Sowa and S.C. Selden, called "Administrative Discretion and Active Representation: An Expansion of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy."
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines this article whose purpose is to look at the theory of representative bureaucracy in a slightly different way. Most studies dealing with representative bureaucracy have focused on active representation, but have not looked into the administrative discretion that is often tied to it. It explains how this study seeks not only to discuss the theory of representative bureaucracy, but then move on to administrative discretion and how it is often tied into the active representation of what one does. The main research question is whether administrative discretion and active representation are actually tied together and whether it affects how individuals who are making decisions based on minority status tend to make decisions in favor of those who are of the same race or ethnic background as they are.
From the Paper
"The research model that is used is an empirical analysis and is conducted based on a housing loans program and whether individuals who are of minority descent will have a better chance of getting a home loan if the individual who is helping them with the loan is also of their same background. There are several variables in this particular study, with the first one being administrative discretion (Sowa & Selden, 2003). The variables that were chosen were utilized because they were believed that they would affect the behavior of various administrators and this in turn would determine whether decisions that had to do with minority interest would be made by these individuals. The administrative discretion is used in this particular study to see what impact it has on the various policy outcomes that work in favor of minority interest (Sowa & Selden, 2003)."
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Minority Representation in City Government, 2004.
Looks at at-large elections and other factors that could help boost minority representation in city government.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and discusses the impact that at-large elections have on minority representation in city government. The paper explains that, contrary to the author's initial assumption, at-large elections have a negative, rather than a positive, impact on minority representation. A proposal is then provided that would help increase the number of minorities elected to city offices.
From the Paper
"I think a number of methods can be used to increase the number of minorities elected to city offices. Voter registration drives that are convenient to the citizenry should be helpful. Mentoring of possible hopefuls within individual political parties should also be helpful. The news media and influential citizens should pressure the powers at be to appoint minorities when vacancies unexpectedly arise and an interim seat needs to be filled. Cumulative voting is also a possible solution. I?ve like to see cumulative voting where up to 3 votes can be cast for 1, 2, or 3 candidates. It has given people the flexibility to boost a favorite candidate they feel passionate about with three votes instead of one."
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Iconographic Representation in Greek Art, 2008.
An analysis of the ancient Greeks' representation of their gods.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the representation of gods in Greek art, and the very rigid patterns and canons that had been imposed by the masters of the past. The paper holds that those rules were followed religiously by art pupils, who learned the crafts to continue traditions. This is one reason why artistic representations of gods and goddesses show very similar features and obey to the same anatomical rules of body structure and proportion. The Greeks believed that the gods were perfect and their goal was to represent this perfection by finding the key to flawless harmony of features and lines. The paper argues that this created some troubles in representing a vast range of deities, since they all looked alike for following the same anatomical rules. The paper concludes that Greek representations of gods or heroes usually present only the best part of those characters, even if sometimes placed in human positions, with weaknesses, adversities and frustrations.
From the Paper
"In Greek mythology Aphrodite was the goddess of love, lust, beauty and femininity. Although modern culture often refers to her as 'the goddess of love' it is important to state that ancient Greek conception of love was different from our days. The spiritual, romantic meaning of love, given by Christianity, is not what her power refers to. She is the goddess of sexual love."
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The Ban on Tobacco Ads, 2002.
This paper discusses the issue of banning tobacco ads by the New York Times newspaper and questions whether it was the correct thing to do.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why the New York Times banned cigarette advertising. The writer discusses how the banning of tobacco ads reduces the pressures on children to take up smoking and leaves room for advertisements warning the readers against the dangers of smoking. In addition the way in which banning of these ads may prevent nonsmokers who buy The New York Times, from involuntarily contributing to the tobacco industry, is also discussed.
From the Paper
"Little by little, cigarette advertising has been disappearing from American newspapers and magazines. This trend began more than two years ago when the first national newspaper, The New York Times, officially banned tobacco advertising. At the same time, local newspapers such as the Seattle Times and Portland Organdie copied the national newspaper."
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Diet Ads, 2002.
Discusses deceptive diet ads and their effect on public health.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 10 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
Advertising has long been associated with unreasonable claims, in fact, we have come to expect them. Advertisements quite often imply qualities about the products and people within the context of the ad that are simply impossible. Over the long-term, our culture has grown to accept advertisements as a fiction into which we are drawn for 30 seconds. During that time, the viewer suspends disbelief because of the formula at play and simply accepts the fiction that surrounds the product. In the realm of diet advertising, however, such fictions have turned out to be potentially dangerous or even deadly. Diet product and diet advertising has long made irrational claims about enormous changes in the body over impossibly short periods of time. Research shows that the level of false advertising in commercials for diets and diet products is staggeringly high. The FTC found that 55 percent of weight-loss ads make claims that lack proof or very likely are false (Eggerton, 2002). In fact, this problem has been ongoing since one of the first false-advertising in diet commercials claims was made; in 1993, the Federal Trade Commission charged that five of the nation's largest commercial diet-program companies have misled consumers by making unsubstantiated weight-loss claims and by using deceptive testimonials ("FTC Accuses Five Diet Programs of Deceptive Advertising", 1993; Cordes, 1993). It is proposed that research will demonstrate that the effect of false advertising (and thus false expectations) about diets and diet products has resulted in a greater health crisis in relation to weight than ever before.
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Proportional Representation, 2002.
Shows the advantages to proportional representation within the American electoral system, comparing it to the systems of South American countries.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
Describes alternatives to the single-member district and two-party electoral system, contrasting the current U.S. electoral system with those of Mexico and Nigeria, outlining the major differences and pointing out both practical and ideological reasons for a switch to proportional representation.
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Breaking the Barrier: False Representation and True Identity, 2002.
An analysis of the representation of Asian identity by the West in Hunt Hoe's documentary," Who is Albert Woo?", Maxine Hong Kingston's novel, "The Woman Warrior", Mina Shum's film," Double Happiness" and the movie "The Wedding Banquet".
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This essay will explore Hunt Hoe's documentary, Who is Albert Woo?, Maxine Hong Kingston's novel, The Woman Warrior, Mina Shum's film, Double Happiness, and the movie The Wedding Banquet in order to explore the complex representation of Asian identity in the west and the attempt by these three works of art to break racist stereotypes, which not only reduce and minimize Asian identity, but additionally negate the immigrant, cross-cultural experience.
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Race & Gender in Magazine Ads, 1999.
Compares ads of 1920s-1930s & 1990s as reflections of social roles of women & minorities.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper compares magazine advertising of the 1920s and 1930s with magazine ads of the 1990s in the way each portrays contemporary views of race and gender in America. Advertising has always represented a mirror on society, sometimes reflecting the newest trends but more often showing the way that society sees itself at the time.
From the Paper
"This paper compares magazine advertising of the 1920s and 1930s with magazine ads of the 1990s in the way each portrays contemporary views of race and gender in America. Advertising has always represented a mirror on society, sometimes reflecting the newest trends but more often showing the way that society sees itself at the time. During the 1920s, magazine advertising first became a major advertising tool, and its colorful pictures and even more colorful copy reflect the brash, loud confidence of a nation that had just won its first world war. The ads of the time reflect the growing independence women were experiencing, as they gained the right to vote and began to do in public what they had never before dared - smoking cigarettes, showing their legs, traveling on their own. The ads also reflect the continued subservience of blacks and other minorities; when they appeared.."
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Sacred Representation in Film, 2003.
A discusses on sacred representation in modern film.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of sacred representation, particularly those that are Christian in nature, in modern film using the movies. The paper uses the films, "Seven," "The Green Mile" and "Dogma" as examples. The paper also includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"Chris Arthur stated that there are some important questions as yet unanswered as to where film intersects or should intersect with religion in contemporary society Arthur believes that popular film can be an important ..."
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Modes of Representation in Three Classic Documentaries, 2003.
Shows three modes of representation in "Man with a Movie Camera", "Listen to Britain", and "High School".
3,290 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
An essay that analyzes the modes of representation and the different ways in which 'truth' is conveyed in three classic documentaries. The styles examined are poetic documentary, observational film, and reflexivity. The films are Vertov's reflexive "Man with a Movie Camera", Jennings's poetic "Listen to Britain". and Wises's observational "High School".
From the Paper
"Although documentary as a cinematic form usually has an implicit claim of ?truthfulness?, it is generally recognised that documentary can never be entirely ?realistic?, in that it cannot represent real events in a manner that is indistinguishable from the events themselves (Bruzzi 2000: 68). This is partly because of theoretical and practical constraints, but also because of the ambiguous nature of the term ?realism?. Nick Lacey defines realism as a style which ?just happens, at a particular time and place, to have more credibility in its representation of reality than other forms? (1998: 200) while Barthes sees it as a form which attempts to efface its own production (ibid: 132). Such diverse philosophies have given rise to a range of different modes of representation among documentary makers over the past hundred years, many of which have been the subject of classification attempts. Bill Nichols? six modes of representation provide a roughly chronological framework within which different methods and conventions used to encode reality in documentaries can be classified and analysed."
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