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Administrative Discretion and Active Representation, 2004.
An analysis of an article by J.E.Sowa and S.C. Selden, called "Administrative Discretion and Active Representation: An Expansion of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy."
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines this article whose purpose is to look at the theory of representative bureaucracy in a slightly different way. Most studies dealing with representative bureaucracy have focused on active representation, but have not looked into the administrative discretion that is often tied to it. It explains how this study seeks not only to discuss the theory of representative bureaucracy, but then move on to administrative discretion and how it is often tied into the active representation of what one does. The main research question is whether administrative discretion and active representation are actually tied together and whether it affects how individuals who are making decisions based on minority status tend to make decisions in favor of those who are of the same race or ethnic background as they are.
From the Paper
"The research model that is used is an empirical analysis and is conducted based on a housing loans program and whether individuals who are of minority descent will have a better chance of getting a home loan if the individual who is helping them with the loan is also of their same background. There are several variables in this particular study, with the first one being administrative discretion (Sowa & Selden, 2003). The variables that were chosen were utilized because they were believed that they would affect the behavior of various administrators and this in turn would determine whether decisions that had to do with minority interest would be made by these individuals. The administrative discretion is used in this particular study to see what impact it has on the various policy outcomes that work in favor of minority interest (Sowa & Selden, 2003)."
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Public Administration: Four Major Administrative Traditions, 2004.
This paper reviews four fundamentally different intellectual traditions and offers input as to where the ?public administration? of the U.S. is in 2003.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the issue of public administration and then discusses four major theories of public administration: the Hamiltonian Tradition, the Jeffersonian Tradition, the Madisonian Tradition, and Wilsonian Tradition. The paper then compares these traditions and provides an analysis of the traditions and today?s U.S. executive administration.
From the Paper
"Alexander Hamilton?s insistence on a strong executive branch was not based solely on his desire to push his own philosophy of public administration on the young nation. He had seen the failure of the Articles of Confederation in its attempt to solidify the country; states quarreled about everything before ratifying the Articles, and some even went out on a limb and had their own foreign policy. States couldn?t agree on paying for a national army, nor on taxation and spending. Hamilton?s balancing act was, how does the country create an executive ?powerful enough to make the government strong? (Kettl, page 30) and yet how does the country prevent a concentration of too much authority and power in the White House? Hamilton had plenty of experience in executive decision-making, as he was the very first treasury secretary in the nation; and it was his authorship of documents on public credit, national banking, and manufacturing that later formed the basis of the executive branch of national government."
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Parliamentary Control over Administrative Law, 2008.
An analysis of administrative law in India and the control that the parliament of India has over administrative rule-making.
4,583 words (approx. 18.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes parliamentary control over administrative rule-making in India. It describes the various classifications of administrative action and then briefly defines the meaning of administrative rule-making. Next, the paper provides some insight into the concept of why administrative rule-making is necessary in the administration of the country. The paper then looks at the kinds of parliamentary control imposed over the administrative rule-making so as to keep a perfect balance between its power of delegation and its ultimate authority. Finally, the paper compares the situation in India and the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Chapter 1- Administrative Rule-Making: Meaning and Concept
Chapter 2 - Parliamentary control over Administrative Rule-Making
Chapter 3- A Comparative Study of the Parliamentary Control over Administrative Rule-Making: India and USA
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The position of our country regarding the same has already been discussed in the previous chapter. In this chapter, the same shall be discussed regarding USA. The position in the United States is significantly different. For the U.S. Congress operates under a written constitution and the courts have the authority to interpret the Constitution and thereby declaring a congressional ruling unconstitutional if it conflicts with their views of the Constitution. Also the doctrine of 'delegaus non potest delegare' holds in United States, which means that a delegate cannot further delegate its powers. Thus, the Congress being a delegate of the people cannot further entrust its powers to any other agency."
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Administrative Law: A Manual for Employees, 2008.
A professional manual for employees regarding issues of administrative law as they would apply to an administrative agency.
1,091 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a professional manual for employees of a specific administrative agency. It briefly looks at administrative law and the procedures the department should avoid to ensure that no legal problems arise. Specifically, the paper outlines the concepts of discretion, credibility (and how applicant credibility is to be determined), standards with regards to bias (that is to say, what will henceforth be expected of subordinate decision-makers) and the extent of duty that will now be expected from all employees.
From the Paper
"Before leaving the issue of credibility, I wish also to point out the manner in which concerns about an applicant's credibility are to be spelled out. Henceforth, if there is a suspicion of deceit, precise instances of deception and contradiction must be noted in the final judgment. As well, particulars and context must be provided whenever a claimant cannot answer a question; in other words, if the client was unable to provide certain information because of extenuating circumstances, that needs to be highlighted. Finally, all decisions rendered by an adjudicator must be carefully examined by that adjudicator to ensure that logical fallacies, inconsistencies and contradictions are not present in the text of the decision - and that there is a complete apprehension of all the facts of the case by the adjudicator. For a good example of precisely the sort of thorough, post-mortem examination of their decisions that I want my adjudicators to undertake (especially with regards to decisions about the credibility of an applicant), please see the court decision in Hilo v. Canada (1991)."
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Discretion in Police Work, 2007.
An analysis of common situations where police employ discretion in applying the law.
1,678 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether the myth of the ability for police officers to use discretion when applying laws, does in fact exist or not. The paper begins by defining discretion. It then goes on to discusses certain situations when discretion is most commonly used by the police, such as domestic disturbances and dealing with juveniles or the mentally ill.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
What is Discretion?
The Myths Regarding Enforcing the Laws
Examples of Officer's Discretion
Discretion with Juveniles
Discretion with the Mentally Ill
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What is Discretion?
In order to understand how police officers use discretion, an individual first must know what it is. Discretion is defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary as, "the ability to make responsible decisions, individual choice or judgment, power of free decision or latitude of choice within certain legal bounds." (Merriam-Webster Online, unknown). An officer's ability to use discretion and have the ability to make good judgment calls sometimes in a split second is crucial. Otherwise, an officer most likely will not have an extensive career in law enforcement."
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Administrative Professionals, 2006.
Examines how someone can advance within an administrative professional career.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
Prior to the late 1990's, the skills needed by an administrative professional or secretary were typing speeds of a minimum of 60 words per minute, utilizing dictation equipment and taking shorthand. Today, being successful as an Administrative Professional means that you must have the skills of tomorrow, today. The paper shows that there are various obstacles that administrative professionals will face while advancing in their careers, including the skills needed as an entry level administrative professional, the obstacles that the administrative professional faces on the climb up the corporate ladder and the role that the administrative professional will play in the office of the future.
From the Paper
"Today, skills need to be learned by continuing education and attending training classes in order to keep up on the new technologies. Many professionals entering the industry look to the many local temporary placement agencies to assist them in obtaining the skills needed. Many of these companies offer training courses while allowing the Administrative Professional to gain valuable working experience as a temporary employee for various companies. This flexible schedule will allow entry level Administrative Professionals to obtain basic skills through such devices as community college programs, including Office Technology and Business Administration/Management and attending seminars."
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Secretary and Administrative Assistants, 2005.
This paper provides a labor analysis of secretarial and administrative assistant occupations and discusses how such positions have changed due to technological advances.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a critical analysis of secretaries and administrative assistants. The writer discusses that various fields of occupation need secretaries and administrative assistants, with more and more positions open in this field. However, the writer notes that the duties of these administrative staff continue to change as newer technology is discovered. Further, the writer maintains that the impact of technology on secretarial jobs has changed the role of secretaries and administrative assistants and will continue to change their roles.
From the Paper
"What does a secretary do? What are administrative assistants? Should I even consider being a secretary or administrative assistant? These are important questions in the process of doing a labor analysis in this field. First, what is the main role of a secretary or administrative assistant? This is a difficult question because different secretaries and office administrators do different duties depending on the company."
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?Unmasking Administrative Evil?, 2004.
A review of the book, ?Unmasking Administrative Evil,? by Guy B. Adams and Danny L. Balfour.
1,229 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in "Understanding Administrative Evil", authors Guy B. Adams and Danny L. Balfour explore the idea and evolution of the concept of evil. It looks at how, over time, historical evil has evolved into administrative evil, a form of evil that is unique to modernity, and how the main differences between historical and administrative evil lie in the perpetrator?s motivation. It analyzes how, to illustrate their arguments, Adams and Balfour cite numerous and varied cases of administrative evil, including the Jewish Holocaust, welfare reform, immigration, and the destructive organizational culture at NASA that spawned the Challenger tragedy.
From the Paper
"To support their argument, Adams and Balfour apply their theory to a number of modern historical events. In their first study, the authors analyze the Holocaust, first by summarizing the debate between intentionalist and functionalist scholars. However, to fully understand the German society?s complicity in the Holocaust, Adams and Balfour argue for a synthesis ? that the Holocaust grew out of a ?confluence of historical and political forces, racist ideology and anti-Semitism, organizational competition and the bureaucratic processes of a highly developed modern society? (59)."
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Administrative Culture, 2007.
This paper applies public administration fundamentals and Weberian theory to understanding the administrative culture of the University Student Council of the University of the Philippines.
4,195 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the University Student Council of the University of the Philippines is not only a service, campaign and activity center for students but also plays a historic militant role in political upheavals, which support the democratic interests of the Filipino people. The author points out that, while the members of an organization understand the formal structure, rules and regulations of the organization, its administrative culture dictates how and why members of an organization operate and deliver its goals. The paper stresses that the Weberian characteristic of strict subordination is very difficult to implement in the USC because of the strong notion of democratic leadership in the student council.
Table of Contents:
The UPM University Student Council (USC) Constitution in Brief
The NUSP Edgar Jopson Student Council Manual
Maintaining Leadership
Develop Expertise in Technical Work
Reviewing Waldo's the Study of Public Administration
The Pull of Culture in the University Student Council
Militant National Democratic Culture
Contemporary Youth Popular Culture
Understanding Culture is Key
From the Paper
"Nonetheless, understanding the politics-administration dichotomy might be very important in understanding the dynamics of the USC due to its fused politico-administrative character. The dichotomy stems from the notion that politics and administration can never be totally isolated from each other, no matter how big or small the bureaucracy is. In terms of structure, the administrative portion of the bureaucracy is clearly accountable to the political branches of government, to the policies laid down by the political actors at a given time."
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School Administrative Decisions, 2004.
This paper discusses that the most effective group to influence school administrative decisions are teachers.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines that one of the major disputes within educational institutions is the distribution of power and administrative responsibility: One side believes the administration and structuring of education needs to be left with ?professional? administrators, while the other side believes that teachers deserve a more central role. The author points out that teachers are affected by the decisions of administrators to a very high degree and need to have some control and influence over their fate. The paper concludes that the contention that teachers will advance their interests alone if given more administrative influence is absurd.
From the Paper
"Obviously, it is the unanimous opinion of those within our educational institutions is that teachers? opinions are not granted the same attention as others of power, so the next step in analyzing this phenomenon is asking ourselves?why? Paul Moreno, a reporter for the Massachusetts News, believes the problem lies within the teacher?s union. He writes of teacher?s unions throughout the nation using coercive power for control. Unions maintain strong positions of power within state legislatures and parental groups within school systems."
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Cartographic Relief Representation, 2007.
This paper is a literature review to provide a historical overview of techniques for topographical relief representation in map-making.
3,815 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although global positioning systems provide cartographers with the ability to pinpoint topographical features and today the ability to express relief and contours on modern maps is commonplace, it was not always this easy. The author points out that, while the history of map-making is truly ancient, the ability to communicate accurately relief features on maps began in Italy during the 15th century. The paper concludes that today's cartographer enjoys the benefits of centuries of research into different ways of communicating three-dimensional features on two-dimensional planes and that the introduction of powerful three-dimensional computer-based visualization applications represents a true milestone in cartography history. The paper includes quotations and illustrations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Rationale in Support of Study
Previous Research
Objective of the Study
Organization of the Study
Background of the Study of Relief Representation
Theoretical Framework
Methodology
Study Design
Theoretical Basis
Research Strategy Employed
Execution of the Study of Relief Representation
Results and Analysis of Relief Representation Techniques
Results
Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
Summary
Conclusions
Limitations of the Study
Recommendation for Future Research
From the Paper
"According to Kirschenbauer and Buchroithner (2001), although these three-dimensional techniques provide the user with a decent overall impression of the represented relief, the transmission of detailed information and precise height data as it is rendered by contour lines is not simplified to any significant degree. This is because any of the older (which is to say a couple of years) present detailed landforms with techniques that do not provide a truly comprehensive picture yet. However, these authors emphasize that new technological innovations are making strides in this direction every day."
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Police Discretion, 2008.
A discussion on the mythical aspect of police discretion, its sources and suggestions for how it may be controlled.
1,666 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how discretion is a certificate of authority which gives police officers a vast amount of freedom and how it gives officers authorization to act freely and use that authority in carrying out the rights and responsibilities of policing. The paper further discusses how, in order for police officers to exercise good discretion, there must be guidelines and proper training to apply this discretion successfully. The paper concludes that, without using this unspoken practice, an officer's job would be burdened with another layer of complexity that they would have to overcome.
From the Paper
"There are a number of strategies that could be implemented for controlling discretion. First and most important is for law enforcement to hire officers who exhibit use of good police judgment and this comes from having good character. Law enforcement should take more time in hiring officers to be able to assess if they have common virtues of character as honesty, modesty, and empathy. After they determine these features, then the other police requirements for using discretion can be learned from on the job training. Another strategy for controlling discretion is for officers to be properly trained on how to use discretion. With the denial of this practice, discretion training is not part of the academy's program, but it should be incorporated into the procedures of when and where an officer can use discretion. "
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Police Discretion Position, 2008.
A discussion of the appropriate use of discretion in police work.
1,692 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversy that has arisen over the use of police discretion and discusses several of the myths that have come to be connected with it. The paper also explains that, since full enforcement of all the laws is not possible, and since not every scenario is covered by the law, police discretion continues to be a necessity. The author concludes that a more open agency policy will foster a trustworthy relationship with the public which will enable police officers to use discretion without fear of reprisal, civil liability or corruption.
From the Paper
"Police work encompasses what other professions do not, in that there are few uncontroversial areas within its realm. Professionalism, thus, comes at a cost to police officers because the public seems unwilling to trust them informally; instead, the public seems to want strict, formal accountability mechanisms in place. Simply put, society at times, desires loose enforcement, at other times, strict enforcement. "
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Political Parties and Representation in Modern Democracies, 2006.
A discussion regarding to what extent the functioning of political parties can explain the crisis of representation of the 'people' in modern democracies.
9,480 words (approx. 37.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at political parties and issues that surround representation of the people in modern democracies. According to the paper, political parties, in their organization and their functioning, display numerous problems in terms of representation. The paper focuses particularly on two of these problems, the modes of government and the modes of funding. The paper also analyzes the aftermaths of the logic of electoral competition for the representation of the membership and the electorate.
From the Paper
"Political representation is quite a hard concept to grasp. It was rejected by the French during the Revolution as an impediment to the self-government of the people. Nonetheless, I will try to show that political representation is necessary for ensuring freedom in our modern democracies.
But first let us turn back to our French Revolution and the establishment of what could be considered as a quasi-totalitarian regime. In France, traditional feudal aristocratic society was undermined by an absolutist and centralist state. When the French Revolution broke out, the remaining feudal instances were destroyed even further (loi Le Chapelier), so that in fact only the individuals and the state remained without the traditional feudal corporations to mediate between them. The question then is how a society can be held together when it has been dismembered and robbed of the intermediary associations that had given it its concrete form and reality. Most revolutionaries followed republicans like Rousseau or Sieyes. The only way for them to bring about a post-feudal democratic order was by converting particular interests to the common good. Individuals were now called upon to set aside their particular preferences and to identify fully with the common will of the people in order to establish real popular sovereignty and equality. The Jacobin revolutionaries thus assumed that a true democracy could only be established if abstract democratic principles like formal equality, popular sovereignty or the unitary will of the people were indeed completely "turned into reality" (i.e. "actualized" or "materialized"), rather than merely respected (Weymans: 263-282). This is characteristic of totalitarian regimes. More so, to Claude Lefort totalitarianism represents a society's attempt to fully "materialize" or "actualize" democratic principles by making the people really one, equal, free or sovereign. That is also what distinguishes them from democratic regimes. While the totalitarian state tries to realize the principles (by embodying them), a democratic state prevents a society from realizing these (through representation), thus remaining distinct from and dependent on society. This distinction or alienation of the state from society is indeed necessary."
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