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Adlai Stevenson and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
Examines the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis and the involvement of the UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper chronicles the events that took place during the Cuban missile crisis from the perspective of the UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson. The first half of the paper concentrates on various proposals, options, and Stevenson's role in shaping U.S. policy during the crisis. The second half of the paper seeks to illustrate how Stevenson was influenced by the liberal perspective in international relations.
From the Paper
"For two weeks in October 1962, the world stood at the brink of nuclear war. The United States and the Soviet Union came close to the direct conflict that many feared would bring global annihilation. The crisis began upon the discovery of Soviet SS-4 nuclear missiles in Cuba on October 15. The Soviets had assured President John F. Kennedy earlier that month that the weapons in Cuba were of a purely defensive nature, however U-2 spy plane photographs had revealed otherwise (White 117). The next morning, Kennedy immediately convened an Executive Committee of the National Security Council to help decide a course of action (White 116)."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Policy Forecaster, 2008.
An examination of the predicted outcome of the Cuban missile crisis using the policy forecaster model and whether these correlate to the actual outcome of events.
1,171 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Cuban missile crisis and explains that the discovery by surveillance planes of Soviet missile silos being built in Cuba was one of the major confrontations of the Cold War. The paper analyzes the Cuban missile crisis with the use of the policy forecaster model. It then looks at the predicted outcome using the policy forecaster model and whether it corresponds with the actual outcome of events.
From the Paper
"The next variable that I will discuss is that of salience. The United States had a high salience regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis. Almost immediately following the discovery of the Soviet missiles in Cuba, it became the most pressing issue to the country. The Cuban Missile Crisis was of great importance to every actor involved, and even those not involved, as a wrong move could have triggered a chain reaction of nuclear attacks. I believe that the issue was of added importance to the US because of the closeness of Cuba to the mainland. The issue was also of high importance to the Soviet Union, as the United States already had missile bases located close to their border. At the time, the US held the advantage over the Soviets in most areas. The salience variables I will use for the Policy Forecaster are ninety for the United States, and eighty-three for the Soviet Union."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
A look at the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis from a Soviet perspective.
3,833 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Soviet Union's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis between America and Cuba in 1962. The writer explores the crisis from the Soviet Union's perspective using documents from the Soviet Union archives and puts together a historical account from their view. The paper shows that the Cold War was triggered by the crisis and the eventual dismantling of the former Soviet Union was a result of the Cold War, therefore the Cuban missile crisis, while it scared the world for 14 days, set the stage for today?s friendly relations between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union.
From the Paper
"The Soviet Union placed the missiles in Cuba as a strategic military and political statement to the world about the actions of America. According to recently released documents pertaining to the crisis the idea came to then Soviet Union leader, Nikita Khrushchev, to use as a counter message to the US. He felt the United States had been flexing its muscles and some of the more recent decisions and actions by the states had countered what the Soviet Union had been led to believe(COLD WAR: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIShttp://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html). The crux of the disagreement was nestled in he direct actions of the United States. The problem as realized in retrospect was that the Soviet Union used deceit and lies to accomplish its point instead of holding discussions with the US powers about its concerns."
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Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
The role of President Kennedy in the Cuban missile crisis.
1,752 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the Cuban missile crisis and how then President John F. Kennedy dealt with the issue. The writer believes that the 1962 Cuban missile crisis established JFK as a heroic and able president who was the first and only president to challenge the Soviets directly. The paper offers a brief background on the lead-up to the event and America's involvement in the near nuclear disaster. The paper includes a section on the memory of this event in American psyche today, evident through the many plays, movies and stories which can be seen throughout the U.S.
From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis teaches much about the nature of international relations during the Cold War and about such relations at any time between adversaries. It affirms the characteristics of the American political system that have helped the country succeed for two centuries in the face of considerable international opposition and numerous crises. Kennedy represented a change in the presidency, a youthful man rather than an older political leader, and his vibrancy affected the nation and made people ready to do more than they might otherwise have wanted to do."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Unsung Leadership of Khrushchev, 2008.
An in-depth argumentitive report on the Cuban Missile Crisis and its implications as a result of the interactions between Kruschev and JFK.
1,379 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the importance of the challenges that arose between Kruschev and Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the result of their actions and decisions.The paper endeavours to portray Kruschev as the person responsible for easing tensions in the area and not being responsible for causing the Cuban missile crisis and further shows that, in fact, as a result of Kennedy's actions in the area, Kruschev had no option but to assist Cuba as he did. The paper appends relevant source material.
From the Paper
"Those who want to rescue Khrushchev's reputation from the dustbin of history frequently note that the Soviet Premier was every bit as responsible in his thinking as was Kennedy during the height of the crisis and, in many respects, even before it began. For instance, whatever his failings, it was not Khrushchev who stepped up surreptitious assaults against Castro, launched the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion - those were all things initiated by the Kennedy Administration. Further, the aggressive American build-up under Kennedy was understandably worrisome for the Soviet Leader, who had to watch this unfold fully cognizant of the fact that NATO had missiles pointed at the heart of the Soviet Union from nearby Turkey (Meyer, 113). Seen in that light, Khrushchev's secretive military support of Castro during the summer and fall of 1962 was entirely understandable - even if he erred in deploying missiles by stealth to the tiny island. More significantly, Kennedy's clandestine and not-so-clandestine efforts to unseat Castro surely raised tensions between the Soviet Union and America inasmuch as the US President had to have known on some level that the Soviets would feel compelled to protect the embattled Cuban leader from US efforts to kill him. All in all, the blame for the escalation of the crisis prior to mid-October of 1962 cannot solely, maybe not even mostly, laid at the feet of Nikita Khrushchev."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2006.
This paper discusses the question of how close to war were the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1961 Cuban missile crisis.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, considering the information now available, it seems unlikely the Soviets would have attacked the United States over the Cuban missile crisis. The author states that it actually appears the United States was the aggressor: The missiles were placed in Cuba by the Soviet Union as deterrents in response to a real threat from the United States because the United States had been planning on attacking Cuba for years, going back to the Eisenhower administration. The paper concludes that the weapons did ensure a peace because (1) the United States government agreed not to invade Cuba if the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles from Cuban soil, which they did, and (2) the United States agreed to remove missiles from Turkey. Several long quotes.
From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis is one of the defining moments in twentieth century United States history. The Cold War was at its apex. The Cubans asked the Soviet Union to protect them against an American attack. In 1961, the United States sent troops into Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. The attack failed and later became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco. In 1962, Kruschev sent missiles into Cuba in order to deter an American attack. We were at the brink of World War III, both sides used verbal threats, and War was only averted when the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American promise to not invade the island."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
This paper discusses the Cuban Missile Crisis, a confrontation between President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev over the placement of Russian missiles in Cuba in October, 1962.
2,420 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the Cuban Missile Crisis confrontation involved an American blockade around Cuba to prevent the Soviets from delivering any more missiles or other weapons to Cuba. The author points out that the event recently was compared to September 11, 2001, as a time when Americans realized that the oceans no longer protected us from enemy attack. The paper stresses that the speeches Kennedy made on American television demonstrated his concern about public opinion and his desire to have the American people watch carefully as he challenged the Soviets.
From the Paper
"Kruschev believed that if he could get the missiles into Cuba, he would close the gap between the Soviet Union and the United States and gain a strategic advantage. Kennedy certainly saw this possibility as well. Kennedy knew that American strategic interests lay in keeping the Soviets from gaining this advantage and in keeping the Soviets out of the Western Hemisphere, asserting the Monroe Doctrine that told all other powers to keep out of this part of the world. Kennedy also knew the Soviet capacity in terms of missiles and other weaponry, though he could not be sure that the Soviets would not use those weapons even if they could not follow up an attack with as much power as could the United States. Morgenthau also cites the mass of intelligence data gathered from the Russian spy Penkovsky, a trove called Ironbark, which told the United States what weapons the Soviets had and much more about their operations."
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Krushchev's Cuban Missile Crisis, 2006.
A discussion of the Soviet role in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1,111 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that the Soviet Union, led by Krushchev, intentionally caused the Cuban Missile Crisis. The paper shows how Kruschev used Cuba as an indirect means to stop the United States from abusing power in international affairs. The paper describes the Soviet Union's strategies of taking advantage of the United States' political upheaval and turning Cuban leader Fidel Castro into a communist. The paper discusses how although Krushchev agreed to withdraw his missiles from Cuba, the United States had to pledge "never to invade Cuba again." The paper uses MLA style footnotes in place of a bibliography.
From the Paper
"One of the most dramatic events in U.S. diplomatic history, the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, led the world to the brink of nuclear war. The crisis began when U-2 reconnaissance planes illegally flew over Cuba and discovered new Soviet medium-range ballistic missile bases on the island. America's "formidable Cold War adversary" had installed the weapons within range of the U.S. in order to protect Cuba and threaten the U.S.; The Soviet Union, led by Khrushchev, intentionally caused the Cuban Missile Crisis and used Cuba as an indirect means to stop the United States from abusing power in international affairs."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An analysis of the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, the crisis itself and the way that President Kennedy handled the issue.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Cuban Missile Crisis and President Kennedy's handling of this confrontation with the Soviet Union. First, the paper briefly examines the global events and Cold War conditions that precipitated the missile crisis. The paper then discusses the tensions between Moscow and Washington and why they had increased throughout the decade of the 1950s after the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, then its first hydrogen bomb and brutally invaded Hungary in 1956.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, President John F. Kennedy's ability to balance issues of national interest against the imminent threat of global nuclear war was the most important aspect of his leadership during the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October of 1962. Ironically, it was disagreement among Kennedy's advisors that ultimately produced a tough but measured response that compelled Khrushchev to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba and thus avoid an American invasion and likely escalation into nuclear war.
"By the narrowest of margins, World War III had been avoided. Despite the ill-considered decision of Premier Khrushchev to antagonize the United States by deploying nuclear missiles in Cuba certain to be discovered, and President Kennedy's ill-considered decision to authorize the Bay of Pigs invasion the preceding year, which antagonized Khrushchev into deploying those nuclear missiles to Cuba, both leaders managed to restrain their hawkish advisors and generals, and found a way to resolve the crisis through back-channel diplomacy and covert compromise."
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Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
An analysis of the significance of American and Soviet intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
3,506 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the thirteen days between the discovery of the missile sites and the final conclusion of the crisis known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Specifically, the paper looks at what the Americans and Russians knew in the lead-up to event and shows how the CIA and KGB definitely had information prior to the actual start of the conflict. The paper explores the historical significance of Russia's involvement in Cuba and the rise of Fidel Castro to power there. The paper also explains the economic and political consequences of the event.
From the Paper
"In 1945 American had demonstrated the unparalleled destructive powers of their nuclear weapons, and subsequently taken unconditional control of the Japanese nation and its culture. This was done during war-time, of course. It followed an unprovoked attack against America itself, was necessary to stop countless casualties, and may have been entirely justified. The justification of that act is somewhat irrelevant to its psychological impact on both sides of the cold war, however. America learned the lesson that atomic bombs gave them unlimited bargaining power. The Soviet Union learned that America was willing to use that power to wipe out entire nations. In 1958 the USA had threatened China with nuclear weapons in regards to a dispute over Taiwan. From 1959 to 1961 it threatened nuclear strikes whenever the Soviets agitated for control of the divided Berlin. America had proven at least rhetorically willing to use nuclear strikes for political rather than merely defensive purposes."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
A look at the events surrounding the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.
2,874 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were shattered when American intelligence confirmed reports that the Soviet Union was building missile sites on the island nation of Cuba some ninety miles off the southern coast of the state of Florida. The paper also discusses the military debacle known as the Bay of Pigs in which the U.S. attempted to invade Cuba in order to overthrow the dictatorship of Fidel Castro and how the Cuban Missile Crisis became the most dangerous passage of the Cold War.
From the Paper
"The overall story of the Cuban Missile Crisis has been examined in very great detail by a large number of scholars and historians, all of whom have focused almost exclusively on the perceived roles of President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the affair and the political machinations of the Soviet Union under the control of the Communist Party and Nikita Khrushchev. However, few have ventured into an area which holds much surprise, drama and intrigue, namely, the viewpoint of Fidel Castro on an event which held the potential to begin World War III between the U.S. and the powerful Soviet Union in the final months of 1962, a time which Castro "has always been most anxious to offer his interpretation of the events. . . to form the historical record" (Szulc, 578). "
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Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2001.
This essay discusses the policies of President Kennedy and his administration during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the possibility that President Kennedy had advanced knowledge of Soviet intentions to place missiles in Cuba, but did not or could not prevent it, and instead used the peaceful settlement of the crisis as a means of moving toward detente.
From the Paper:
"The Cuban Missile Crisis was precipitated by Soviet desires to overcome the strategic superiority that the United States had developed in order to continue an aggressive global foreign policy. President Kennedy then allowed the crisis to develop so that it could be used as a stepping stone toward detente and the new world order."
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The CIA and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
The paper explores the role of American intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1,894 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the CIA's failings in investigating the build-up of Soviet missiles in Cuba and President John F. Kennedy's skepticism towards anything coming from the CIA. The paper explains how the intelligence community's failure at the Bay of Pigs made Kennedy less than receptive to any information he received from them. The paper concludes that had Kennedy been more receptive, the Cuban Missile Crisis could have been headed off months earlier.
From the Paper
"In an article that was published less than three years after the Cuban Missile Crisis of October, 1962, Roberta Wohlstetter comments at length upon the role that intelligence played in the international incident. Specifically, she floats the idea that the U.S. intelligence establishment knew about the missiles long before they chose to act on them. For example, she mentions U.S. Senator Kenneth Barnard Keating and how he asserted in August of 1962 that he had reliable evidence of "cylindrical objects" being transported by flatbed in Cuba, as well as evidence of Soviet motor convoys. Still, despite Senator Keating's public proclamations, the dramatic (and conspicuous) arms build-up in the fall of 1962 seemed to catch U.S. leaders - both military and civilian - by surprise when it became evident that some sort of decisive action was needed."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
A comparative analysis of the roles of the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. during the Cuban missile crisis.
1,769 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
The occurrences that surround the Cuban missile crisis certainly can be said to have highlighted the differences and similarities between the U.S.A and the Soviet Union. This papers compares these individual countries, focusing specifically on power and policy-making during this time, and ultimately evaluates their variation.
From the Paper
"The power and control - within both the USA and the Soviet Union - over nuclear weapons during the Cuban missile crisis must be noted. If there was "unambiguous" evidence that a war had started, Strategic Air Command regional commanders were given the power to use nuclear weapons before receiving any instructions from the White House. This was exceptionally dangerous, as an unintended detonation of nuclear weapons could easily have been regarded as "unambiguous" under high alert situations. At Incirilik air base, sixteen F-100s, which were on fifteen-minute alert, were not commanded or required to wait for permission from the president before setting off any nuclear weapons. Perhaps the most dangerous situation, in which nuclear weapons could have been used before Washington could respond, was the Siberian U-2 incident. "
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