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ADHD and Medication, 2007.
A look at the controversy surrounding the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with medication.
1,199 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
ADHD is the designation for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, which affects both adults and children but which is seen as a particular problem in children, affecting their ability to learn and to socialize with others during their developmental stage. This paper looks at how medications have been developed that help reduce the ill effects of this disorder and how these medications are often prescribed for children. It also discusses how this fact has produced criticism about medicating such children, about possible side effects and with some recommending behavioral modification techniques over medication.
From the Paper
"Alex S. Hall and Arlinn G. Gushee report on some of the medications available, their possible side effects, and how they may be used in conjunction with psychosocial interventions. Specifically, the authors make recommendations to and offer information for school counselors who may have to deal with these issues and who may have to dispense medication to their charges. The authors first note that there may be a need for mental health and school counselors to partner in order to give information to nurses, physicians, parents, and young people themselves."
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ADHD: An Over Diagnosed and Over Medicated Disorder, 2002.
A debate on whether ADHD should be treated by medication or by behavioral modification.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of medication versus behavioral modifications in treating ADHD. The author suggests that ADHD is over-diagnosed and that medications such as Ritalin are being prescribed when they are not necessary.
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Medicating ADHD, 2004.
An analysis of the issue of medicating children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
1,643 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of medicating children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The paper presents a positive view on this topic, claiming that medication is a good form of therapy for this disorder. In addition, the paper addresses the negative aspects of the issue, but highlights the fact that the positive aspects outweigh the negative. The paper presents convincing evidence that medication is an appropriate treatment for ADHD. The paper examines issues concerning the ADHD child at school and social interactions with peers. Behavior modification is discussed, as well as the extent of awareness in the family/siblings of ADHD children.
From the Paper
" The syndrome known as either Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (ADHD, as opposed to ADD, is Attention Deficit Disorder with hyperactive symptoms ) was first identified in 1937 when Dr. Charles Bradley, discovered "effective treatment of children with stimulants . Moreover, "ADHD has received more scientific scrutiny than any other childhood psychiatric disorder ." Still, some individuals, including concerned parents and even one pediatric neurologist, Fred Baughman, M.D., suggest ADD and/or ADHD have been "made up" for the combined benefit of teachers wanting tranquil children in class, and drug companies . Obviously, such skeptics are opposed to medicating children for a disorder they do not believe exists. However, parents of children actually diagnosed with ADHD are also often confused and uncertain about whether to medicate their children with stimulants. "
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Medicating ADHD, 2002.
Discusses medications and eecommended treatment for children and adults with ADD/ADHD.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
A description of ADHD in children and adults and the details of different pharmaceutical treatments used by contemporary physicians. Also discusses behavioral therapy and briefly mentions popular reaction to the high incidence of Ritalin use among grade school children.
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Medication in the Classroom, 2002.
A look at the impact of using medication to alter student behavior in the classroom with an emphasis on ADHD children.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This discusses changing students' behaviors with medication in the classroom. Using the most recent literature, the author discusses the impact treating ADHD children will have in the classroom in relation to community expectations for schools and teachers.
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), 2005.
This paper argues against the use of prescribed medications for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and suggests alternative methods of treatment.
1,315 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because children with ADHD have behavioral characteristics that are disruptive in the classroom, parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may experience numerous battles with educators and administrators about the need to medicate their children. The author points out that prescribed medications, commonly given to ADHD children such as Adderall and Ritalin have many side effects. The paper urges that a consistent behavior modification program is an excellent and successful substitute for medicating these children
Table of Contents
History of ADHD and its Symptoms
Struggles of having a Child with ADHD
Medications Used for the Treatment of ADHD and their Side Effects
Alternative Options for Treatment
From the Paper
"Another commonly prescribed medication for the child with ADD or ADHD is Ritalin. Ritalin has historically been used for the treatment of ADD of ADHD the longest, and it has the same side effects as Adderall and all of the other medications prescribed for the treatment of ADD and ADHD. In May of 2000 in a Texas court, the law firm of Waters and Kraus brought forth a class action suit against the manufactures of Ritalin. This suit charged that the American Psychiatric Association committed fraud in conspiring to over-promote the diagnosis of ADHD and its treatment with the stimulant, Ritalin (Breggin). What many citizens do not know is that representatives of prescription drug companies visit doctors' offices on a daily basis."
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ADHD Informative Speech, 2007.
This paper provides an informative speech on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that according to the National Institute of Mental Health, the symptoms of ADHD are chronic inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The writer points out that while all children show these traits to some degree, at different times, when a child suffers from ADHD, hyperactivity, distractibility, poor concentration, or impulsivity begin to affect the child's performance in school, social relationships with other children, and behavior at home. The writer discusses medication often recommended for this disorder and also looks at dealing with ADHD without medication. In the conclusion, the writer presents a personal view of becoming more focused, as it relates to his own personal struggle with the disorder's challenges.
From the Paper
"Children who are inattentive have a hard time keeping their minds on any one task and may get bored after only a few minutes. Hyperactive children are easy to spot in a classroom. They are always running around, talking, and squirming in their seat. Sitting still is nearly impossible. Impulsive children have trouble thinking before they act and appreciating the consequences of their actions, making it hard for them to wait for things they want or to take their turn in games."
"ADHD affects approximately 3 percent to 5 percent of all children. According to the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), there are three patterns of behavior that indicate ADHD."
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Self-Management and ADHD Children, 2006.
This paper discusses the use of self-management by teachers as an alternative to or in combination with medication for children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that self-management is a behavioral technique, which teaches individuals to recognize their own behaviors, set behavioral goals and record and reinforce their own behaviors that can be used to decrease negative or increase positive target behaviors and is one of many ways to help students self-regulate their behavior. The author points out advantages of the use of self-management for students with ADHD as presented in the reported research projects: (1) Instills self-regulated behavior; (2) improves on-task behavior, productivity of work completed and accuracy; (3) used successfully with children in other disability categories and (4) meets many of the educational intervention requirements such as maintaining a schedule and emphasizing time limits. The paper identifies limitations or disadvantages of using self-management: (1) This process requires a lot of time from both the teacher and the students involved, (2) must be implemented consistently despite challenges or apparent failures and (3) uses rewards, which too often detracts from the intrinsic motivation to succeed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background and Rationale
Using the Research to Implement Self-Management
Advantages and Limitations
Implications and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Reviewing the studies by Reid et al. (2005) and Barry and Messer (2003) provide a practical explanation of how educators can implement self-management as a behavioral intervention in their classrooms. Both articles present studies containing elementary students in grades 3-8, who were taking stimulants for treatment of ADHD symptoms, and enrolled in general education settings. Each study describes how the researcher was able to specifically implement self-management to assist students. While the locations, length of study, and other dependent variables varied, the procedure was similar in both. First, students chose reinforcers that they found motivating. Teachers negotiated ones they could reasonably provide. The argument behind this was that student choice would increase the likelihood that the consequence would be reinforcing, thereby increasing motivation for each individual student."
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ADHD Children and Behavior Therapy, 2005.
A look at ADHD children and how behavior therapy is necessary with the use of medication.
3,541 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper explains as to what is meant by attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and how it affects children. The symptoms of the disorder are also discussed. Thereafter, the paper deals with the different aspects of the treatment for this disorder. In terms of the treatment, the paper emphasizes medications and behavior therapy and explains the important role played by both these approaches separately and in terms of a combined approach, as well, and finally ends with a concluding note.
From the Paper
"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, occasionally named as ADHD, is a continual state and the most usually detected behavioral disorder in children and adults. 3 to 5 percent of the school going children suffers from this disorder in a 6-month time frame. (Children's Mental Health Facts: Children and Adolescents with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) ADHD affected children usually show problems in several spheres of operations as well as interpersonal communications with other children and adults, activities in school, and obedience with societal norms for the right behavior. (Nolan; Gadow; Sprafkin, 72) Even though several of these youths might not be securing top marks in educational institutions, a bulk of these possesses average or above-average aptitude. (Children's Mental Health Facts: Children and Adolescents with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)"
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Computer-Aided Rehabilitation in ADHD, 2004.
Review of existing literature on computer-aided rehabilitation in ADHD.
22,169 words (approx. 88.7 pages), 44 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
This research paper tests the idea that the personal computer and the programs that can be designed for it can be a strong, positive tool to help ADHD clients. The paper includes a discussion on the brain's ability to work around damage caused by injury or other insult, a discussion on different types of brain damage, and a discussion on the various ways for healing, or at least softening, the effects of brain damage. The paper also discusses motor, sensory, and autonomic function; the psychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injury; schizophrenia; and cerebrovascular disorder. It includes an extended discussion on the role MRI and PET examination in discovering what really goes in the formation and development of the brain in developmental disorders, including ADHD.
Current Empirical Understanding of Central Nervous System Neuroplasty
Neurophysiology of Intercerbral Neuronal Regeneration and Repair: Intra-
cellular and Extra-cellular Mechanisms.
Neuro-pharmacological Interventions in Neuroprotection and
Rehabilitation in Traumatic Brain Injury, Congenital Central Nervous
System Conditions including ADHD and Psychostimulant Medications.
Diagnostic Techniques in Neurorehabilitation including: PET, MRI, and
Neuropsychological testing (including: Stroop Color Word Test, and
Continuous Performance Tests) applicable to ADHD
Frontal Lobe Neuroplasticity in the Neurocompensation of Cognitive
Deficits in ADHD: A Focus on Executive Functions including: 1.
Response Inhibition (self-regulation); Problem-solving and Self-
monitoring; Working Memory; Planning and Organization.
The Rehabilitation of Attention using Computer Assisted Cognitive
Rehabilitation Programs including: Selective, Sustained, and Divided
Attention.
The Rehabilitation of Executive Function Using Computer Assisted
Cognitive Rehabilitation Programs including Response Inhibition (self-
regulation); Problem-solving and Self-monitoring; Working Memory;
Planning and Organization.
Review of Computer Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation as a Treatment
Modality: A. Empirical Support, B. Limitations, and C. Future
Directions.
From the Paper
"Can the information gathered about how the human brain works to begin with and then repairs itself after injury be applied to helping people born with some developmental dysfunction such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder popularly known as ADHD? Children and adults with this disorder display inabilities to pay attention to the task at hand, appropriately monitor their responses to stimulus and in a range of functions called executive functions such as planning and organization. Building and ordering these functions is what such people need and the hope for the future is that our new technologies can both give us better understanding of causes and provide new, more effective ways to treat ADHD. Besides the new imaging technologies, we also have our societies? love affair with personal computers."
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Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD, 2007.
An analysis of the current trends in diagnosis and treatment of a subtype of behavioral disorder - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
1,948 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the diagnostic system for evaluating ADHD and explains the causes and symptoms of ADHD. The writer also discusses the current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The paper shows that behavior therapy alone has only a limited effect on symptoms or functioning of children with ADHD, although combining behavior therapy with medication seems to improve functioning and may decrease the amount of (stimulant) medication needed.
Outline:
Introduction: Psychological Disorders
Diagnostic Systems and General Criteria: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- IV Edition (DSM-IV)
International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Manual (ICD - 10)
DSM - IV Categories of Psychological Disorders
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD
Causes of ADHD
Symptoms of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity.
Current Trends in Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Current Trends in Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
From the Paper
"Psychological disorders create imbalance in our mental health and cause mental illness. The term "mental illness" is used to describe the more severe types of mental health disorders. Less severe mental health problems are known as "disorders" or "syndromes" rather than "illness".
Mental disorders are considered as a major public health problem, thus, health services play an important role regarding their management. A World Health Organization (WHO) study of the global burden of disease assessed that "mental disorders make up five of the ten leading causes of disability". Since the management of these disorders takes place to a great extent in general practice and primary care settings, it is important to determine the effectiveness of current trends in diagnostic and treatment. According to Epidemiological studies conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH the Centers for Disease Control, CDC) in 1970s, about 15% of the population in the U.S. experience a serious psychological disorder. It further increases to 25% when milder problems with drug & alcohol abuse are considered as a part of the study."
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Children with ADHD.
This paper evaluates research reported in the "Journal of Abnormal Psychology" on February 1, 2004, in the article, "Difficulties in Comprehending Causal Relations among Children with ADHD: The Role of Cognitive Engagement," by Elizabeth Pugzles and assoc
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the overall conclusion of this research is that children with ADHD are no less capable of comprehending information from stories presented in television shows than non-ADHD children; however, if there are distractions present, ADHD children will not pay as much attention to the television and, therefore, will not have as complete of an understanding of the story presented as non-ADHD children who did not become distracted by the toys. The author points out that one of the reasons children with ADHD, as well as adults with ADHD, do not keep their visual attention fixed in one place for as long as non-ADHD children is their inability to maintain attentional inertia, which is linked to cognitive engagement. The paper raises some questions criticizing this article: (1) who wouldn't be distracted by toys rather than watching television, and (2) does the withdrawal from the medication skew results?
From the Paper
"The results show that without the toys as a distraction, ADHD and non-ADHD children have very similar test results; 90 percent visual attention is paid to the television by all children if there is not a source of distraction. These children also had similar test results when asked questions to show their understanding and recollection of the show they watched. However, when toys (distractions) were added to the experiment, there was a very measurable difference between the ADHD children and non-ADHD children in their ability to understand causal relations and understanding of factual events from the TV show."
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Medical Ethics, 2007.
An analysis of the the pros and cons of stimulant therapy for children with ADHD.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between drugs, children and behavioral control. The paper provides an exploratory analysis of the literature currently available with regard to the clinical utility of using stimulant medication to treat children with ADHD. The researcher concludes that more studies are necessary to determine whether children would benefit more from behavioral interventions than from medication treatment.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Current Situational Analysis
Recommendation
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"During the early 1980s the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1994) amended the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for evaluating children with ADHD suggesting that impulsivity and hyper motility were criteria for diagnosing this condition in children (Brogstedt et al, 1998). Borgstedt et al (1998) note that this revision came about resulting from evidence that children with these characteristics often faced problems with associative learning and other deficits that might be addressed through use of stimulant drugs. In the years following mixed results occurred when therapists or health care providers attempted to evaluate the potential benefits of using stimulant medication as a priority or front line treatment for children with ADHD. "
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ADD/ADHD, 2007.
An analysis of the positive effects that the school nurse can have on the management of ADD/ADHD.
786 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the condition ADD/ADHD. Specifically, the paper discusses the role of the school nurse in dealing with children with ADD/ADHD. The paper describes the role of the school nurse in improving some of the symptoms of ADD/ADHD such as low self-esteem, slow academic progress and behavioral problems, as well as being effective in its management by helping to administer drug treatment, providing counseling and therapy and educating other people in dealing with and improving the condition of ADD/ADHD students.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Diagnosis
Medication
Working with Parents, Teachers, and School Personnel
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The National Association of School Nurses (NASN) and Novartis have also launched a national campaign to provide nurses important information about ADD/ADHD. They emphasized working with parents, teachers, and health care providers in dealing with the condition. The organization has developed a kit containing manuals and texts that contain important information in handling ADD/ADHD. This kit may be purchased both by members and non-members and can be very useful in a school environment (KidSource n.d.)."
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