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The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 2006.
A discussion on whether the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 have managed to meet their intended objective of eliminating discrimination in relation to equal pay.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
Legislation relating to discrimination in the workplace that affects modern workers can be related to the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Equal Pay Act focused on gender and wages, attempting to create a national law that prohibited employers from paying women less than men for the same type of work. This paper maintains that, unfortunately, discrimination in relation to equal pay still exists in the United States, demonstrating that these laws had little effect on the realities within the workplace.
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX).
This paper investigates the ability of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) to promote corporate ethics by evaluating the effect of the Government in Ethics Act of 1978 on government ethics.
4,025 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act of 2002, a set of complex regulations designed to enforce corporate accountability and responsibility, represents one of the most important business reform acts since the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The author points out that the Government in Ethics Act of 1978, which established a comprehensive code of ethics for federal officials, not only the House and Senate but also the entire government including the executive branch, requires government officers to file financial disclosure statements in order to make it possible to identify conflicts of interest and places tighter restrictions on executive-branch employees' ability to register as lobbyists after leaving government service. The paper concludes that, although there are benefits to adhering to the Government in Ethics or the Sarbanes-Oxley Acts, without any real enforcement or retribution for violations, these federal legislation measures appear to be emblematic of the old adage: Same story, different day.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Intended Consequences
Government in Ethics Act
Financial Disclosures
Conflicts of Interest
Sarbanes-Oxley Implementation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ethics in Government Act
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the more significant measures associated with the act is the disclosure of personal finances and investments. This evaluation is intended to be the initial step with identifying any possible conflicts of interest that an appointee or government employee may have (or become party to) during their tenure with the government. Also, for some employees -executive branch, presidential appointees, certain military and policy makers-their records must be made public. Considering this type of scrutiny, one has to ask the question in regards to private sector corporations: Would a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Chief Financial Officer (CFO) subject themselves and their families to this type of intense violation of privacy and scrutiny?"
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Passing on the Impacts of Civil Rights/ADA Acts, 2008.
An analysis of the development and impact of the Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans With Disabilities Act.
3,822 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 24 sources, MLA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as the impact it exerted to help birth the Americans With Disabilities Act. The paper argues that without the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the Americans With Disabilities Act would not be alive today. It describes the concepts of the American with Disabilities Act that emulate precepts that the Civil Rights Act purports. The paper contains copies of original sources.
Table of Contents:
Civil Rights Considerations
Civil Rights Act
Past Progress Points
Affirmative Action
Civil Rights Act's Impact
ADA
Title VII's Protections
Statistics
From the Paper
"As the ADA, a civil rights law focusing on discrimination, it is based fundamentally on traditional concepts of discrimination as adapted and applied to the unique circumstances of people with disabilities initially in The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (e.g., the requirement that employers provide reasonable accommodations to allow people with disabilities to function optimally). Through thoughtful and innovative application, the ADA has helped people with disabilities win many important battles in the war for their independence. However, the ADA alone cannot win the war. Its use to achieve particular social goals is limited by the specific language and legislative intent of the law. (Batavia & Schriner, 2001)"
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2008.
An analysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and its successes.
1,508 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the events leading to the creation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and outlines the major facets of the Act. The paper reviews the Act to see the major challenges and successes the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has addressed. The paper concludes that despite the Act's drawbacks, it has been able to alleviate or at least deter poor financial reporting that either directly or indirectly had the objective to defraud individuals.
Outline:
Introduction
Preceding the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Major Provisions of the Act
Will the Act be Successful?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (henceforth SOX) contains 11 titles, which address issues involving criminal penalties, independence of auditors, rulings and requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, among other known accounting elements. The most profound part of SOX is the fact that there is a board that acts as an oversight agency which regulates, inspects, and disciplines auditors in their role as external accountants for public companies."
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The Telecommunications Act of 1996, 2002.
An overview and opinionated paper of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and its effect on the telecommunications industry.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
A thorough examination of this act. This paper looks at why it was instituted and what the government hopes to achieve with these reforms. Current feedback, opinions and assessments of the success of the act are mentioned.
Table of Contents
Overview of Telecom Act
Why the Telecom Act was enacted
Purpose of the Telecom Act
How the Telecom Act is working
Opinionated Success of Act
Conclusion
VII.Works Cited
From the Paper
"The first major reform of the telecommunications industry in 62 years since the Telecommunications Act of 1934, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was passed by Congress on February 1, 1996, and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on February 8, 1996. "
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Susanne K. Langer on 'Acts' as Elements in the Continuum of Life, 2002.
An interpretation of philosopher Susanne K. Langer's views on acts.
4,427 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 80.95
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Abstract
According to Susanne K. Langer in her work, "Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling", acts function as elements in the continuum of a life. This paper analyzes Langer's views on the subject including her theory that within all acts, one can find smaller functional sub-units which, in their miniature realm, still exhibit and adhere to the typical act form. Langer claims that if we should turn our attention in the opposite direction, from microscopic acts to those of macroscopic dimensions, the same essential pattern, the same act form, will dwell there too.
Outline
The Act Concept
Individuation and Involvement
The Evolution Of Acts
The Growth of Acts
From the Paper
"Langer refers to the environment facing an organism at any given time as the environmental situation or ambient world. An organism shapes its ambient world; the stuff of the actual environment is altered through peripheral contact with that life. Not only do environmental forces impinge upon the organism, but that life, because it is a life and therefore does not exist passively, effects changes on its immediate environment. We could say that, in a sense, both creature and environment adapt. Different organisms in the same environment, because of their probable living uniqueness or individuation, may therefore exist in widely different ambient conditions. (282)"
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The Patriot Act and Privacy, 2008.
This paper discusses the Patriot Act in relation to issues of privacy.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the USA Patriot Act was introduced in response to the acts of terrorism on September 11, 2001. The writer points out that the Act included many amendments to many important statutes. The writer maintains that because the Act was passed with speed and few questions, the Act is void of significant legislative background that allows for interpretation of statutes. This paper discusses the Act and looks at a few of the claims that the Act does not allow for a system of "check and balances" that protects civil rights when such Acts are put into place.
Outline:
Abstract
A Brief History
Privacy and Surveillance Laws Affected
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Title III involved the tapping of data communication and voice communication. Required was probable cause which is a very high standard to meet. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act or ECPA deals with the accessibility of stored electronic communications such as email. ECPA deals specifically with real time dial of phone numbers with the specific intent of transmitting information. This information is not required to have probable cause. As a result no discretion by the courts exists and the court has to allow the surveillance by a certifying government agency. The information that is trying to be captured, as certified by a government attorney, need only be important for a criminal investigation that is ongoing. As a result, very little protection exists for individuals typically found in wiretapping statutes. Another Act is the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. This Act allows for electronic surveillance to be used against anyone suspected that a target, hard or soft, is of foreign intelligence or power is their goal for harm."
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2004.
This paper discusses the ?Sarbanes-Oxley Act?, a comprehensive corporate reform package signed into U.S. law on July 30, 2002.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act came about because of the bankruptcies of Enron, Global Crossing, Adelphia, and WorldCom. These companies had hidden their true financial health from creditors and shareholders until an inability to meet financial commitments forced them to restate earnings that revealed massive losses. The author points out that a disadvantage of this Act is that the corporate sector in the United States is already sufficiently regulated, making it one of most tightly controlled in the world. The paper relates that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act restores the all-important role of the auditors as corporate ?watchdogs?, which is desirable for ensuring compliance with the prescribed accounting standards, and expands the role of the audit committee by making it responsible for appointing and overseeing the performance of the internal auditors.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Accounting Problems that Led to Sarbanes-Oxley
Advantages of the Act
Disadvantages of the Act
Effect of the Act on the Future of Accounting Profession
Opinion
From the Paper
"One of the provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley makes the chief executive officers (CEOs) and chief financial officers (CFOs) personally responsible for signing false accounts and financial statements. They can now get stiff jail terms for violating the law by signing false and misleading financial statements. Before Sarbanes-Oxley many CEOs and CFOs pleaded innocence when financial irregularities were revealed by claiming that they were unaware of the ?cooking? of the books by their subordinates."
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2005.
An discussion of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, also known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002.
714 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), a federal law that was passed largely due to accounting scandals involving several large, publicly-held companies, two of which were Enron and WorldCom. The act is also referred to as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002. The paper maintains that one of the more important provisions of the act was the establishment of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), whose five board members are appointed by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and are responsible for overseeing the public accounting profession. SOX, and the subsequent PCAOB, have sought to dramatically reduce the impact of corrupt business practice, primarily through tougher regulation of accounting and auditing procedures and mandatory involvement by two of a corporation's top officers. The paper concludes that, while many would not consider it the ideal solution, ethical behavior must often be legislated.
Outline:
Auditors
Corporate Officers and Directors
Disclosure Requirements
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Potential loopholes aside, auditors are now held to a much higher standard legally. Vast restrictions are placed on the number and type of services an auditor may perform in addition to the act of auditing. This makes considerable sense, given that an auditor that provides accounting consultation services to a corporation would be far more inclined to act in a biased manner when auditing his own work. The restrictions are numerous, but the intent remains the same; to preclude any perceived or actual conflicts of interest where the auditor-client relationship is concerned."
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The Clinger-Cohen Act, 2004.
An overview of the Information Technology (IT) Management Reform Act (ITMRA), otherwise known as the Clinger-Cohen Act.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, originally formed in 1989, the Information Technology Management Reform Act and the Federal Acquisition Reform Act were amended in the year 1996 and renamed as the Clinger-Cohen Act (CCA). It shows how the objective of CCA is to influence performance-based and results-based management by means of an effective use of information technology (IT). It also discusses how the CCA also gives various means to government information technology to function in the same manner as any well-organized and cost-effective business would operate.
Outline
Introduction
Clinger-Cohen Act & Law Governing IT Management
Requirements for Chief Information Officer
From the Paper
"In order to ensure that information technology activities align with agency plans and operations, senior user management guidance is used along with standard evaluation of information technology skills record, skills necessities, and skills development programs. In brief, the Clinger-Cohen Act attempts to develop an operative and well-organized, mission-oriented, user-oriented and results-oriented information technology practice in all Federal agencies (University Washington)."
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The Protect America Act, 2008.
This paper provides an in-depth review of the Protect America Act of 2007.
4,147 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Protect America Act of 2007, which is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). The paper looks at how the Act modernizes the FISA and then examines the rationale behind it. The paper explains how this law addresses the missing and significant gaps in the securing of intelligence surveillance information about targets in foreign lands.
Outline:
How the Act Modernizes the FISA
Rationale Behind the Modernization of FISA
Changing the Concept of Electronic Surveillance
Extending the Wiretap Law
Across-the-Board Exemption
Spur of the Moment and Secret Order
President Bush's Urges
Implications of the Act
How It All Happened
"Reasonably Believed"
For National Security and "Other" Purposes
A Lowering of Standards
How the Act Would Work to Close the Dangerous Surveillance Gap
From the Paper
"The Protect America Act of 2007 is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act or FISA (Department of Justice 2007, GovTrack.us 2007). Sponsored by Senator Mitch McConnell on August 1 this year, it was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Act consists of permanent amendments to the FISA in order to keep the United States safe. It is designed to provide the intelligence community with necessary inputs about terrorists, America's enemies."
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Patriot Act, 2007.
This paper looks at the Patriot Act versus constitutionally guaranteed rights.
6,085 words (approx. 24.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 99.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the U.S. Patriot Act was passed in haste following the terrorist attacks on the U.S. in 2001. The writer points out that the act was reauthorized and amended in 2006. The writer claims that in its urgency, the United States Congress, fueled by extremely fearful times and the mushrooming nationalism spawned by those fears, appears to have launched its own attack on the United States Constitution in order to provide the legal clout needed to avoid another attack. This paper reviews the literature surrounding the Patriot Act's intrusion into the Constitution. The writer provides a review of the issues and the amendments and looks at how the Patriot Act conflicts with those amendments.
Outline:
Introduction
Bill of Rights, Amendment IV
Background on Fourth Amendment
Generalizations
The Patriot Act Specifics and Generalizations
Senator Russell Feingold: The only U.S. Senator to Vote against the Patriot Act in 2001
Sixth Amendment
Generalizations about the Patriot Act, the Loss of Privacy, the Digital Technology Implications and the Fourth Amendment
Librarians Concerns about the Patriot Act
From the Paper
"A recent research piece in the Brigham Young University Law Review asserts that, to begin with, there are problems for 21st Century individuals involved in justice and law enforcement. Quite apart from Patriot Act considerations, the Fourth Amendment is tricky. That is because, Minert writes, the language in the Fourth Amendment "is inherently ambiguous." Indeed the Amendment forbids "unreasonable searches and seizures" and it certainly does not outline parameters for how a proper search warrant should be given to law enforcement by courts."
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The Patriot Act of 2001, 2004.
An analysis of the Patriot Act of 2001 signed by President Bush following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
3,857 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Patriot Act of 2001. The paper explains that the act was passed in order to unite and strengthen the United States of America by providing all the appropriate and the necessary tools with which to fight terrorism. The paper debates the benefits and disadvantages of the Patriot Act and concludes that it provides an effective tool to fight against terrorism and that it should maintain peace in the United States.
Outline
Introduction
The 9/11 Attack
The Patriot Act
Title II of the Patriot Act
Possible Sequel to the Act
Pros and Cons
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The attack was carried out on September 11, and this was the first time that a foreign force had succeeded, and very well so, in attacking the mainland of the USA, since the year 1814, when the famous war between Great Britain and America was fought, called the British-American War. The terrorist attack left more than 3,000 innocent persons dead, a toll that in fact exceeded that of the number of dead during the attacks on Pearl Harbor carried out by Japanese on American troops posted in Hawaii in the year 1941, and that in fact led to the entry of America into the Second World War in 1941. The strategy of the terrorists was to at first hijack four commercial airliners that were at the time of the attack filled up with jet fuel, nearly 24,000 gallons. (September11 2001, Terrorist Attacks) Once this was carried out, the flights became literal flying bombs, and two of these aircrafts were rammed into the two 110 stories high towers of the World Trade Center (World Trade Center) located in the city of New York, one flight onto the Pentagon in Virginia, (The Pentagon) and the fourth one crashed into an open field in Pennsylvania."
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Impact of Civil Rights Act of 1991, 2006.
This paper discusses the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 on human resources management and looks at how one act changed American human resources management for the better.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, £ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 upon American businesses and their human resources departments. While acknowledging that there is evidence of increased litigation, some of which has resulted in seemingly exorbitant penalties for businesses, and while acknowledging that there is evidence the act has not resulted in an appreciable increase of minority and female representation in some areas presumably because of an unwillingness on the part of employers to hire high risk candidates, the paper asserts that the Act has forced human resources departments to adopt a more collegial and cooperative approach.
From the Paper
"It remains an interesting topic for debate: has the 1991 Civil Rights Act achieved its intended goal of furthering the "integration" of the American workplace or has it had the opposite impact of making it more costly and therefore more unpalatable for employers to hire "protected status" workers? With the aforementioned in mind, this paper will argue that, while the 1991 Act has not been without shortcomings, it has nonetheless done many positive things for American business (specifically as it pertains to creation of a more diverse and equable workplace) and that the benefits of the 1991 Act still outweigh the costs."
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