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Active and Passive Euthanasia, 2008.
This paper discusses active and passive euthanasia in Canada and the implications for nursing.
1,138 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper contends that active euthanasia should never be legalized because it is morally wrong. The paper explores passive euthanasia, which is generally accepted when it is clear that a person wants to have no extraordinary measures taken to prolong his/her life. The paper discusses how nurses must be familiar with the complexities of euthanasia. The paper explains that a request for active euthanasia can result in a serious ethical dilemma for the nurse who is unprepared and who has not determined a personal ethical stance.
From the Paper
"Active euthanasia and assisted suicide will very probably never be legalized in Canada. I agree because the ethical principle relating to autonomy is violated in cases of assisted suicide, irrespective of whether or not the patient's consent is given. The view of the Canadian government on assisted suicide has been clear through the 1993 case of Sue Rodriguez. This woman was suffering from Lou Gehrig's disease and requested the right to assisted suicide. A painful death was inevitable and she wished official approval of her eventual need for assisted suicide. The government's decision can be viewed in two ways. First of all, as stated by the court, "Fundamental justice required that a fair balance be struck between the interests of the state and those of the individual" (Kondro, 1993, p. 918). The principle at work was justice and determining what was the best course for all individuals. Assisted suicide, if legalized, can lead to abuse. The other viewpoint is that the court's decision was based on a slippery slope or fear of possible negative outcomes."
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"Active and Passive Euthanasia", 2002.
A summary and evaluation of James Rachels' article.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper is in two parts: a summary of Rachels' article about active and passive euthanasia and an evaluation of his argument. His argument is good, but is made weak by his example of Jones and the cousin.
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Active and Passive Euthanasia, 2005.
This paper examines the morality of euthanasia.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper states that doctor assisted suicide in the form of passive euthanasia and active euthanasia under certain conditions are morally justified. The author reasons that this moral justification is based on the basic ethical principle that human suffering should not be prolonged by medical science simply to extend physical life. The paper relates that rational egoism, which claims that the promotion of one's own interests is always in accordance with reason, justifies euthanasia because terminally ill human beings have the inherent right to protect their own interests by refusing medical treatment.
From the Paper
"Doctor assisted suicide in the form of passive euthanasia, and active euthanasia under certain conditions, is morally justified because of the basic ethical principle that human suffering should not be prolonged by medical science simply to extend physical life. Rational egoism, which "claims that the promotion of one's own interests is always in accordance with reason" (Mosely) justifies euthanasia, because terminally ill human beings have the inherent right to protect their own interests by refusing medical treatment. They are the moral guardians of their own lives and the ultimate authority to be considered; not doctors, lawyers, insurance companies, nor the government."
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Active and Passive Euthanasia, 2005.
This paper discusses various aspects of euthanasia.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer considers the various aspects of euthanasia. The writer looks at passive and active euthanasia and also discusses assisted suicide. The writer attempts to rationally explain or justify some or all of these activities by doctor.
From the Paper
"At one time death meant the termination of breathing and heartbeat. This definition worked until technology made it possible to sustain respiration and heartbeat almost indefinitely, even without brain activity. Brain death became the next standard of death and remains the standard used to determine death. Peter Setness writing in Postgraduate Medicine comments that medical science now offers us the ability to sustain life under remarkably adverse conditions. Patients, whose prognosis would have been deemed hopeless just a decade ago now routinely ... "
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Passive Euthanasia, 2004.
A comparative analysis of Judaic and Catholic points of view of passive euthanasia.
3,675 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the euthanasia debate which is often heated and controversial, is part of the larger 'right to die' debate and is related to civil, personal freedom and liberty issues. In terms of a secular viewpoint and from the stance of legal and moral issues alone, the paper explains that euthanasia relates specifically to personal and individual freedom and should be morally and legally permissible. However, in the religious and non-secular context, the paper claims that active and passive euthanasia become severely problematic issues. The paper examines the theological and moral implications of any form of life-taking, including euthanasia, explaining that they are contrasted with religious teachings that emphasize sanctity of life and the relationship between the individual human life and God. The paper states that according to both the Judaic and Catholic perspectives and law, the implications of a religious perspective are that the patient does not have the sole right to his or her life and this life is, in a religious sense, an endemic part of the religious context from which it came.
Outline
Introduction
Brief Background
Active and Passive Euthanasia
The Jewish Position
Catholicism
Comparison and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In essence there are four types of Euthanasia which are generally referred to. These are active, passive, voluntary and involuntary. Active euthanasia, which is the most contentious form, is when a patient's life is ended in an active and intentional way, usually in order to reduce suffering or terminate what the medial practitioner may view as a hopeless case. Passive euthanasia on the other hand is taking no direct action to end life, while at the same time also not taking steps to extend life unnaturally. "It is when a doctor withholds any means in order to prolong the life of a patient." (Ibrahim, D.E. 2002) Voluntary euthanasia refers to a patient's desire to end his own life. This refers to the personal decision by an individual or patent to terminate his or her own life. Involuntary euthanasia refers to the non-involvement of the patient, usually because he or she is not capable of making any decisions; for example when the patient is mentally ill or in a coma. (ibid)"
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Active and Passive Sentences, 2002.
Discusses and compares these forms of sentence structure.
888 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The term active or passive typically denotes what type of verb and emphasis is being placed on that verb within an individual sentence. A passive sentence is derived from an active sentence and does not stand alone as a basic sentence type. The paper shows that most people speak and comprehend words in the active form. The active form can be manipulated however, so that the performer of an action within the sentence is de-emphasized, and the main subject or actor noun is moved into an adverbial prepositional phrase. The paper explores how passive sentences and phrases challenge the student of English.
From the Paper
"Passive sentences by nature are difficult to comprehend and interpret, because they don?t follow the logical ?thought process? most people incur when speaking. By changing the position of the subject and direct object, and the inclusion of ?by? in passive sentences, an English student may not understand correctly what is being said initially. For example, one might say ?Perry was beat by Jake? instead of ?Jake beat Perry.? The latter sentence, in the active form, is easy to understand. Jake is the doer in this sentence. The first sentence however, written in the passive, may confuse the reader into assuming that Perry did the beating, because Perry is assuming the position of the primary noun and ?doer? of an action within the sentence. One would have to review the sentence carefully to make a proper assumption (245)."
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Passive Euthanasia, 2005.
An examination of passive euthanasia in Down Syndrome infants.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the moral issue involved in passive euthanasia of Down Syndrome infants with congenital defects. The paper presents different views of passive and active euthanasia and investigates the ethics of each.
From the Paper
"The topic for this research paper is Passive Euthanasia: Is it Immoral to Allow Down Syndrome Infants With Congenital Defects to Die? The thesis statement is that it is not immoral to allow a Down syndrome infant with congenital defects to die."
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Passive Voluntary Euthanasia, 2001.
A look at the difficult procedure of making ethical health care decisions
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a recommendation on a biomedical ethics' case concerning passive voluntary euthanasia where the patient's family and health care providers are divided on how to proceed.
From the paper:
"In Case # 6, the dilemma facing the health care provider is whether or not to continue life preserving measures while considering an advance directive (living will), family wishes and disagreement between the Health Care Team on the matter. The patient in this case is a 27-year old male who was left with multiple rib fractures, a pelvic fracture as well as basal skull fractures after a serious motor vehicle accident. The patient?s wife and daughter died as a result. This patient also suffered a brainstem hemorrhage and mild cerebral edema. He is expected to recover from his fractures, though it is not likely he will recover from the head injury, which has left him with no voluntary movement other than vertical movements of his eyes."
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Passive Euthanasia, 2002.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the moral and practical arguments of passive euthanasia. Leading experts such as James Rachels and Daniel Callahan are quoted, and a comprehensive overview of the debate is offered.
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Active Euthanasia is Necessary, 2001.
The author argues for the practice of euthanasia and supports his argument by providing real examples.
1,715 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, £ 38.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper about euthanasia, both passive and active.
From the Paper
"With constant advancement in medical technology, loved ones will be held more and more responsible for the life or death decisions of family members. Many fear the unknown realm that lies beyond this life more than their mental and physical pain, and want to live at all costs. Others, though, should they be faced with living in a vegetative state or dying, hope their families allow them to die. They believe euthanasia is acceptable in cases of terminally ill patients whose lives are simply being maintained with no hope of ever speaking or thinking again. Active euthanasia, which is in certain cases more humane than passive euthanasia, should be legalized to help aid the endless suffering of thousands of terminally ill patients who have no chance of living a quality life. "
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Euthanasia, 2002.
This paper explains the difference between active and passive euthanasia by reviewing an article concerning the euthanasia debate.
590 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 14.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the article "Active and Passive Euthanasia," by James Rachels. It distinguishes between active and passive euthanasia and explains Rachels? arguments that active euthanasia is morally permissible. In addition, it discusses the extent to which his arguments illustrate Kantian and utilitarian considerations.
From the Paper
"Rachels is an advocate of physician-assisted suicide, or euthanasia, and he wants to convince the American Medical Association (AMA) to change their definition of euthanasia, allowing doctors to allow terminally ill patients with no hope of recovery to be euthanized. His arguments for euthanasia are effective and compelling, and though directed at physicians, they are of interest to anyone thinking about euthanasia for themselves or a loved one. Rachels discusses the differences between "killing and letting die" (Rachels 561), and discusses specific cases where allowing the patient to simply die without further treatment could actually prolong their life and their suffering. "Part of my point is that the process of the 'allowed to die' can be relatively slow and painful, whereas being given a lethal injection is relatively quick and painless" (Rachels 562). In fact, his arguments seem so logical; it is difficult to understand why euthanasia is not already used in terminal and the worst cases."
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Different States of Euthanasia, 2002.
Comparison of active and passive euthanasia.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This sophomore level paper is on Different States Of Euthanasia and lays emphasis on the two forms of Euthanasia, Active and Passive. This paper also reviews the differences between active and passive euthanasia. It also focuses on the worldwide arguments against and in favor of them. The paper also discusses in depth the situations when Physician assisted suicide become the only solution employed by the doctors for individuals who are suffering from severe illness.
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Ethics, 2005.
An analysis of a paper on ethics by James Rachels entitled "Active and Passive Euthanasia".
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the paper, "Active and Passive Euthanasia", by James Rachels, published about 30 years ago in which the question of the morality of all forms of euthanasia was examined. The paper presents a critique of the theme, style, language choice, contents, conclusions and strength of Rachels' paper.
From the Paper
"In his essay "Active and Passive Euthanasia", James Rachels explains that the traditional distinction between active and passive euthanasia requires critical analysis. The conventional doctrine is that there an important moral difference between the two that must be carefully examined. Rachels writes that the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is thought to be critical for medical ethics. This idea can be challenged in a number of ways. One is that active euthanasia is in many cases more humane than passive euthanasia. Another is that this idea rests on..."
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Euthanasia, 2003.
An insight into euthanasia with an emphasis on the difference between passive and active euthanasia and the concept of Physician Assisted Suicide.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on euthanasia or assisted suicide and in particular the differences between its active and passive forms. It examines how passive euthanasia refers to hastening the death of a person by not treating a life threatening condition or by not taking any extraordinary measures to save a patients life who may either be in severe pain or terminally ill. Active euthanasia means causing death of a person through an action which directly contributes to that person?s death.
Outline
Passive and Active Euthanasia
The Conflict Between Active and Passive Euthanasia
When is Physician Assisted Suicide Permissible?
What is an Incompetent or Vegetable-Like State?
Personal Opinion
From the Paper
"The American Medical Association and the American judicial system clearly state that ?active euthanasia? and ?passive euthanasia? are different and that in simple terms the difference between the two is killing (active) and allowing to die (passive). Active Euthanasia is punishable by the strictest penalties to be found in our legal system, while Passive Euthanasia is not even a misdemeanor. The question does arise though, whether, in terms of outcome and how that outcome is achieved, do these two terms really differ?"
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