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ACT Theory, 2006.
A discussion on the possibility of developing a robotic nanny using ACT theory.
4,425 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the possibility of developing a robotic nanny whose cognitive processes and behaviors are based on the sound and provable theories of J. R. Anderson. The paper analyzes Anderson's ACT theory of cognition, which has been used to model and teach aviation science and math, and cognitive science. ACT also has real-world practical applications such as the creation of a fully-functional robot nanny. The paper shows why parents can trust "Harriet", who operates in accordance with ACT principles of cognition, to help them take care of a young child of three years of age. The paper details how the robot's ACT system deals with crises, with rational and objective criteria based on perceptions and pattern recognitions. The paper concludes that although the robot doesn't always make the right decisions, she learns over time to act in accordance with her main goal: taking care of the baby.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background Information on ACT
Harriet in Action
1. Baby is Hungry
2. Diaper Change
3. Cleaning Up
4. Baby Cries but neither Hunger nor Soiled Diapers are the Cause
5. Playtime
Wrenches in the Robot's Brain: The ACT Response to the Unexpected
Problem: Bob Swallows Some Dish Soap when his Mother is at the Store
From the Paper
"The duties of a nanny include feeding, bathing, changing diapers, reading stories, interactive playing, holding and carrying, and putting to sleep. I will describe a few of these to illustrate how ACT works to make Harriet an ideal robotic nanny. Harriet is "always on," and receives input from the environment in terms of visual, audio, and tactile information. The baby in each of these situations will be called Bob. Bob is three years old. He can talk and vocalizes his needs as best he can. Harriet has been a nanny for Bob for a few months, so her Declarative Memory and her Production Memory contain some information that will guide her decisions in the following everyday situations."
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The Speech Act Theory, 2008.
A research paper exploring indirect directives and politeness in Mandarin
Chinese and English.
3,147 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how, in conversation, people cooperate in making utterances, thereby creating social communication in an effort to express meaning. The paper discusses what constitutes a request and reveals that much of the time, a speaker will make an indirect appeal for action, slightly obscuring the request within an indirect sentence. The paper then investigates and compares how indirect directives are expressed in the English and the Mandarin Chinese languages. The paper appends a pronunciation guide for Chinese tones, vowels and consonants.
Outline:
Introduction
Speech Act Theory
Speech Act Categories
Speech Act Categories in Chinese
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Grice's Cooperative Principle
Politeness Theory 'Face' and Its Effect in Indirect Directives
Examples of Co-Maintaining Face in Chinese Conversation
Levels of Politeness in Conversation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In speaking people do more with words than share information, and when they do share information, an implicit meaning in an utterance is often expressed along with what the words in the utterance explicitly express. In an utterance, there can be three diverse levels of action that may be associated with the utterance. According to Austin, these levels include "the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, and what one does by saying it..." (Bach, K: internet) and are called locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Take, for example, the utterance, "There is a car coming." The locutionary act in that utterance is the act of informing a hearer that there is a car approaching. There is a lack of literal information regarding where exactly the vehicle is and exactly at what time it is due, but the sharing of the information occurs. The illocutionary act is what the utterance does, which in this case involves informing the hearer of a moving vehicle and advises him to look for the car. The perlocutionary act is the effect that the utterance has on the hearer, which in this utterance is that the hearer becomes vigilant and looks for the car. In the utterance itself, there isn't any explicit warning spoken to the hearer, but the implicit warning can be understood."
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St. Thomas Aquinas?s Theory of Potency and Act, 2002.
This paper discusses Aquinas?s Theory of the Relationship between Potency and Act that states: Since some things can be, even though they are not, and some things now are; those which can be and are not believed to be potency.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The author uses the rules of logic to agree positively in support of St. Thomas Aquinas?s theory regarding the relationship between potency and act. The paper also refers to other philosophers such as Aristotle, Rene Descarte, and Samuel Johnson.
Table of Contents
Definition of the Terms
Brief Summary of the Argument
Counter Argument
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Thus to conclude in simple words, we say that it is the idea ? potency -which is supreme and ?real? and therefore substantial; while the act is only an accident by being its direct product. For the sake of elaboration, let us take the instance of Rene Descarte?s theory of ?I think; therefore, I am?: he also believed that Idea ? potency ? came before the general act, and therefore is Perfect, while the latter being merely the replica is imperfect and merely an accident."
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Systems Theory, 2007.
A brief discussion of the psychological theory known as systems theory.
846 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates the psychological theory known as systems theory by discussing the case of a 14-year old boy who murdered his sister. The author gives an explanation of this murder in terms of systems theory, which is based on family social hierarchy and role. Also presented is a list of assumptions based on systems theory that is useful for understanding the behavior of the 14-year old. The paper concludes showing the boy's lack of appropriate role models and self-understanding, which may have lead him to commit such a violent act.
From the Paper
"Systems Theory is very helpful for understanding the behavior of this 14-year old boy. In the family, the vertical or hierarchical subsystem is that of the parents; siblings represent the horizontal subsystem for the children. Also, according to Systems Theory, "The family is a bounded system in interaction with its environment. Within the family boundary are its members and their roles, norms, values, traditions, and goals, plus other elements that distinguish one family from another and the social environment (Longres, 1990, p. 274). Within a normal family boundary, a child learns appropriate rules or input about who does what with whom. And, an open system with flexible boundaries is supposed to facilitate the throughput that will allow the child to process the output in a useful way. When all goes as expected the output should be some degree of appropriate conduct. And, an open system is in constant interaction with the child's environment, providing feedback to allow the child to make adjustments in behavior as required."
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Nursing Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses nursing theory, specifically in regards to self-care facilitated by Dorothy Orem's model and the mid-range theory of the community health model.
1,987 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of nursing theory as not simply a philosophical abstraction, but as also useful for the demands for "description, explanation, prediction and control" during nursing work and study. Having a background in nursing theories can prove helpful because theories give clues as to what to ask, what to observe, what to focus on and what to think about when a nurse is under pressure or dealing with a noncompliant patient. The paper asserts that even grand theories have a practical emphasis. They can offer validation of the patient's cultural differences and self-empowerment and actualization through facilitating patient self-care. Self-care facilitation is a stress in many of the grand theories, as Orem's theory likewise attempts to address self-care deficits such as patient noncompliance with a dietary or physical fitness regime. There is always inevitable overlap between models, as contemporary nursing models and grand theories all strive to be limited to a focus on problems in nurse-patient situations or problems in person-environment interaction to be of use in practitioners in the field. Furthermore, the paper looks at the use of middle range theories in nursing, which some assert are more useful and more easily tested in practice. These mid-range theories act as subsidiaries of grand theories, and draw a great deal of their philosophy from grand theories. The major categories of knowledge reflected in different contemporary nursing models and grand theories, which include needs-based approaches, interaction-based approaches, outcome-focused approaches and humanistic approaches can be placed through the use of mid-range theories in a very specific context, such as pain management, or health promotion.
From the Paper
"Orem places a strong emphasis on exercise and physical activity that the patient can achieve him or herself. In the Community Empowerment Model, the nurse can provide counseling how to achieve such goals in the context of the patient's specific community and cultural environment (Extract from "Medicare Primary and Consumer Directed Care Demonstration: Health Promotion Nurse Intervention Model," 2002). The importance of exercise is directly derived from Orem's stress upon the need for the nurse to help the patient with such basic self-care modalities as nutrition, hygiene (including better sleep hygiene), mobility (including exercise), medication, and more empowered behavior. Orem also stresses patient empowerment in the context of direct nursing care, where the nurse has direct contact with client and/or family, along with Orem's the belief that self-care deficits are the result of environmental situations (Mayo, 1997).
"The environmental impact upon self-care also illustrates how the Community Empowerment Middle Range theory springs directly from Orem's influence, along with the pragmatic and humanist philosophical influences gave birth to Orem's stress upon patient empowerment during the entire process of treatment. The Community Empowerment Model also incorporates multiculturalism into its philosophy. Both theories share the logical positivist emphasis which stresses situations and context dictating the course of treatment, and the importance of taking into consideration the environment of the patient."
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Social Learning Theory: Application to School Shootings and Violence, 2007.
An examination of social learning theory focusing on the case of Luke Woodham and the murders that occurred in Mississippi in October of 1998.
3,667 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 20 sources, APA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses school shootings in America, focusing on the case of Luke Woodham and his violent acts in October of 1998. The paper explains that this case is used as an example of criminal acts that are conducted by children and the case is examined through social learning theory. The paper explores the foundations of social learning theory and arguments against this theory in relation to school shootings are also discussed. Furthermore, the paper examines how social learning theory can be used as a predictor of school violence and then discusses the prevention techniques that have been offered and that must be implemented in order to address the issue. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the criminal justice system and society as whole it is evident that the only answer to school shootings and violence is to begin to work together in a manner that allows for preventative measures to be taken and for children to once again have faith that the adults who are supposed to protect them will and that the world that is supposed to be supportive of them will function to accomplish that mission.
Outline:
Abstract
Etiology
Prediction and Prevention
Recommended Criminal Justice Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case of Woodham and the murders that occurred in Mississippi, it is evident that the conditions described through social learning theory existed and that these conditions contributed to the actions taken by the juvenile. For example, early in his life Woodham became engrossed in the philosophy used by Hitler. It was not difficult for Woodham to witness the results of Hitler's philosophies, as those results are consistently present in the social order as a matter of social history. Woodham was capable of retaining these events because they were constantly reinforced through exposure to the ideas discussed in relation to Hitler through the people that he knew and the studies that he personally conducted."
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The Cultivation Theory, 2008.
This paper explores whether the cultivation theory can be used in a socially beneficial way.
6,322 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 28 sources, APA, £ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the cultivation theory that if a person plays too many games with acts of violence in them, he will be more prone to committing violent acts. The paper relates that much of the publicity surrounding this theory focuses on the negative aspects of the media. The paper then explores how the cultivation theory can be used to produce positive effects and examines how role models can be portrayed in a positive manner to bring about societal change for the better.
Outline:
Part I: Understanding Cultivation Theory
Part II: Massive Multi-Player Online Games and Cultivation Theory
From the Paper
"Television plays an integral role in US society, perhaps more so than in other countries. To understand the significant role that television plays, one must first take a step back in time, to the days before almost every household in America owned a television. Before television, people told each other stories. Grandparents told stories to children and neighbors told stories about the happenings of the world to each other. Information was passed by word of mouth. Long before television, there was the written word, such as newspapers, and later radio. However, not everyone had access to them. Not everyone could read, particularly in rural areas. Those who had access to newspapers and radio passed on the stories to others through word of mouth."
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Freud?s Theory of Repression, 2004.
An analysis of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud's theory of subconscious repression, and the response of other psychologists to this theory.
2,675 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
Sigmund Freud is commonly attributed with creating the theory of the conscious and subconscious, with the concept of the many sexual complexes and drives that run our lives and our subconscious, and with the idea that things, which are not socially acceptable, will be hidden away within the subconscious. This paper provides an overview of this process of burying the unacceptable aspects of life away into the subconscious regression. It is generally believed, though there appear to be exceptions to this belief, that Freud considered all repression to be a subconscious act, a sort of ?defense mechanism? against the uncomfortable or painful facts of life. The paper also examines the response of four psychologists to Freud's theory of repression, namely those of Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, B.F. Skinner, and Michael Billig.
From the Paper
"Recently, the idea of ?repressed memories? of a sexual nature has led to what some people consider a witch-hunt, and others a true renaissance: the rise of psychologists aiding patients, and women in particular, to recover memories of sexual abuse which are at the root of their problems. Some debate exists as to whether this is what Freud had in mind when he spoke of repression -- some suggest that he turned away from the reality of incest in order to pursue his ideas of repressed fantasies materializing as memories, others suggest that his very idea of repression validates the recovered memories."
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Terrorism and Conflict Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses terrorism as a subject of criminology and conflict theory.
2,064 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that terrorism is a methodology that belongs to military science in a collection of techniques, but terrorism is included under the category of criminology in library cataloguing systems. The writer notes that terrorism can be well understood through the approaches of criminology, however, conflict theory seems best equipped to explain terrorist organizations and acts, depending upon circumstances, for reasons that are explained in the paper's later sections. The writer concludes that like well planned crimes, incidents of terrorism often do work, as a set of considerations to be kept in mind before denouncing crime or terrorism, or acts of terrorism as mere random crimes which they are not.
Outline:
Introduction
Classical Theory and Terrorism
The Consensus School and Terrorism
Conflict Theory and Terrorism
Conflict Theory, Sri Lanka and Tamil Terrorism
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
" If one traces the rise of modernity from the Industrial Revolution, capitalist development and the ideas of the Enlightenment, one appreciates classical models of criminology to assert that deviance was a natural result. Since human beings are rational creatures, they should have and will demand rights and freedoms, eventually. The deviant person asserts his or her rational self-interest due to a particular form of 'free thought' and agency that we discuss as deviant and thus, criminal, because it departs from a society's legal framework and moral standards. This classical approach has replaced earlier ideas of the criminal as a person acting under supernatural influence, as in medieval ideas of the criminal as a person possessed by the devil. Instead, crime came to be seen as a rationally calculated action with the result that reducing crime meant deterrence, in approaches based on how the deviant could be dissuaded from committing a crime, its penalty helping a criminal to see that a planned crime was not rational or appealing because of its risks. Further thought moved from a concept of the punishment fitting the crime, proportional to the harm done to society, or a specific victim."
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The Theory of Non-Realism, 2007.
This paper applies the theory of non-realism, which is an emerging international relations theory, to the Iraq Wars.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the theory of non-realism argues that the international structure acts as a constant constraining force on nation state behavior; therefore, nation states all act in a rational manner to protect their own self-interest, which results in a predictive model of behavior. The author points out that, according to neo-realism, the key international structural principle is anarchy, power on the international arena is decentralized and there is no overall structure to govern international politics. Thus, the international structure is decentralized with each state pursuing its own self interest. The paper relates that the central conflict over the invasion of Iraq from a neo-realism perspective did not occur in the actual landscape of Iraq but rather in in debates that took place in the United Nations.
From the Paper
"Some would argue, however, that the thirty nation joint coalition that ultimately destroyed the Iraqi army and took back Kuwait would imply that an international presence did exist to enforce a set of international rules and regulations. This would appear to contradict the position of anarchy stated within neo-realism theory. The real answer is much more complex; the formation of the United Nations meant that member nations do enjoy a certain set of privileges in terms of conflict resolution. However, no member are actually subject to act according to UN provisions, they are not a regulatory administration."
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Systems vs. Contingency Theory of Management, 2005.
An analysis of these two management theories.
754 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that systems theory is a predominant management theory adopted or currently in practice within the electronics field. It examines how this system requires that the manager look at how any one decision might affect the overall system framework. Systems theory is beneficial for looking at the broad or bigger picture or an organization as a whole. It then explains that contingency theory suggests that managers have to take into account every aspect of a situation before acting upon it, then act only on those aspects of a situation that are key to resolving the matter at hand.
From the Paper
"Correct utilization of management theory is vital for organizational planning, decision making and control (Farmer, Richman & Ryan, 1966). Because each organization and situation is unique, one management or leadership style may not be appropriate for governing all situations, however any particularly theory can be applied universally across an organization (Callaway 1999). Systems and contingency theories are examples of two management theories that can be applied universally across the electronics organization to facilitate a productive outcome in virtually any situation."
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Personal Criminological Theory, 2007.
A description of the writer's personal criminological theory, explaining the occurrence of crime and why people commit crimes.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the writer's perspective of criminological theory. It focuses on why people commit crimes and why people act the way that they do. It then describes the variables that the writer would consider and the methodologies he would use in order to evaluate his theory. The paper concludes that there are many theories that can assist in determining the reasons why things happen and there will be many more theories that will either agree or disagree with previous theorists.
From the Paper
"Criminological theories in my perspective are theories from various individuals who have experience or education in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, science or biology. This is due to being able to read people behaviors and understand the mindset of why individuals would commit crimes. I believe everyone who had a theory studied and observed different cultures, communities, and family parenting to get the proof he or she needed to show that their theory has some merit. "Then others tested the theory and either added or improved the findings by using more sufficient information through their research. In other words, criminological theory is the study of criminal thinking and criminal behavior. If criminological and theory is broken down, it gives the definitions of theory is a speculation or abstract thought or contemplation, an ideal of or belief about something arrived through speculation, and a scientific principle to explain phenomena (Webster's New World, 2002). Criminological is the sociological study of crime, criminals and punishment of criminals (Webster's New World, 2002)."
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Habermas's Theory and Feminism, 2002.
A look at how Haberman's theory is of use in the feminist platform.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 10 sources, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This twelve-page graduate paper discusses how Habermas's theory could be useful to feminism. Habermas's theory plays a balancing act in feminism. It neither accepts the radical nature of those who use feminism to complain of repression. Nor does it dismiss feminism. Habermas has played a useful role in reminding people of the basis of feminism, and the need for universalism, equality and tolerance. His theory has influenced many in the struggle for justice.
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