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Accounting for Intangible Assets: IAS 38, 2008.
This paper discuses the problems created by the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 38, which prescribes the accounting treatment for intangible assets such as products of the company's research.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the balance sheet provides next to no use in reporting the increasingly significant intangible assets of business entities. The author points out that intangible assets, such as a highly-talented workforce who generate more revenue, represent the major value-drivers of today's economy. The paper relates that attempts to modify the traditional accounting approach have not kept pace with the changes brought bought by these intangibles. The author believes that the new rules penalize the companies, which have experienced a loss of value in their intangible assets through write-offs that immediately reduce earnings. The paper states that the best solution is to recognize intangible assets in the financial statement including the ones developed in-house; however, entities must report the future performance of their intangible assets or their earning potential before they are tested for possible impairment.
Table of Contents:
IAS 38: Intangible Assets
Accounting Rules Fell Short in Valuing Intangibles
Goodwill & Intangibles
Consequences of New Rules
Summary
From the Paper
"Most companies have avoided to report in a comprehensive way about their intangible assets as well as the total performance which includes any significant decrease in the value of the intangibles. These rights and the obligation to regularly valuate goodwill and intangible assets represent a major change in disclosure practice and will affect the behavior of both the managers and investors. When America Online and Time Warner merged, this merger quickly showed how goodwill accounting changes can affect shareholders' interest, and exposed the misjudgments of managers."
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International Accounting Standards, 2007.
This paper examines the need for a universal set of accounting standards.
3,559 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the many advantages of having one global set of accounting standards that would improve the quality of financial reports and investment decisions. The paper looks at the IAS or International Accounting Standards proposal that will determine one set of accounting standards. The paper concludes that if the United States were to impose a broad and ill-defined system of accounting standards, companies would challenge every standard, trying to define the system in their favor.
Outline:
Pros And Cons Of Having One Global Accounting Standard
Preparers, Users and Regulators of the International Accounting Standards
Types of Companies; Listed vs. Unlisted, Large v. Medium v. small, Domestic v. International, Public v. Private
Political Process of Standard Setting; Rules Based, Principal Based
Examples of Three Different Countries; Compare Their Accounting Practices
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The new electronic interdependence recreates the world in the image of a global village." (McLuhan (1962 (1996, p. 31). There are many advantages of having one global set of accounting standards that will provide society with a crucial service not only in the United States, but in other countries as well. In recent years there has been shameful accounting methods used in which billions of dollars in retirement wealth and investments have had great financial losses. Because of these slanderous actions, the integrity and the ability to survive these accounting services have been questioned. Globalizing international trade by using a set of global accounting standards has had a tremendous effect in the way business is conducted. (Pagiavlas 1)"
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Tangible and Intangible Rewards, 2002.
A discussion of the importance of a company to provide tangible and intangible rewards to its employees.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the concepts of "tangible" and "intangible" rewards and compares the benefits of each of these to the employee. The practice of rewarding employees is essential in a company and the paper looks at the advantages for the businesses which include higher employee motivation, higher output and job satisfaction. The paper also examines whether tangible or intangible rewards provide different results.
From the Paper
"There has always been a need to make structured rewards as well as recognition systems in order to give confidence and support to employees and managers for changing their behavior towards work as individual as well as a group.
"However, the correct method to rewards varies across stages of implementation that may have necessary added rewards to tie it to formal measurement and performance appraisal. These rewards whether tangible or intangible, are means of recognizing the value of sharing and working hard, appreciating the contributions the employees make in the organization, as well as a rising awareness about the importance of not noticing what they know (APQC, 2001)."
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Human Assets, 2002.
A discussion of management?s role in bringing about best practice approaches to people development.
5,948 words (approx. 23.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how humans are our greatest asset and how a constant challenge is to recognize that fact within an organization. It evaluates how to bring about the best practices methods of achieving the greatest contribution from the human assets. It examines the techniques by which the most can be taken from human assets and the ways in which people development can peak.
Outline
Introduction
Hiring
Effective Management of Human Resources
Hands-On vs. Laissez Faire Leadership
Human Asset Rotation
Human Resources Can Follow Best Practices by Disassociating From Human Resources
Workforce Stability
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Delegation, then, allows human capital recognition from 360 degrees. Recognition of course, stems from subordinates for allowing responsibility to flow downwards, and recognition will eventually flow from upper management for creating an autonomous and highly successful unit within a larger organization. There are many reasons managers do not like to delegate, and most of those stem from not having the correct people on the bus. Managers who do not delegate fear their own leadership roles eroding, perhaps because of the quality of the human capital working for them, but the ?weak generals? for whom they themselves work. In such a situation, the strong lieutenant can lose power or even his job if his unit becomes highly autonomous and leaders emerge from his unit."
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Bi-linguistic Assets of the United States, 2002.
An argument for governmental acceptance of the bi-lingual and multi-cultural nature of the United States.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the great benefits of the bi-lingual nature of the population of the United States today. The paper illustrates how historically American was a great immigrant melting pot with many languages from the colonial population's mother country. The author states that the United States is still the same immigrant nation, and that this quality of diversity and multi-cultural and multi-lingual society can only strengthen America. The paper states that the cultural paranoia of English as the only official language weakens the nation as a whole.
From the Paper
"Just as languages, other than English have at all times been a part of our history and culture, debate over founding a national language dates back to the country's initial stages. John Adams proposed to the Continental Congress in 1780 that an official academy be shaped to "purify, develop, and dictate usage of," English. His suggestion was discarded as unjust and a danger to personal freedom. However, limiting language laws have been passed from time to time since the late 19th century, generally in an answer to new waves of immigration. These laws, in tradition if not in purpose, have punished immigrants for their foreignness and violated their rights."
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Financial Statement Analysis of an E-Business, 2004.
This paper analyzes the status of the financial statement of eBay, an e-commerce company, and attempts to identify its intangible assets.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper conducts a concise analysis of the financial condition of an e-business company. The assets of the company are highlighted, and the impact of certain elements, such as entry-level barriers and sales due to intangible assets, are discussed for the industry the e-business company operates in.
From the Paper
"The assets listed in the financial statement of the company comprise of the two types of assets: long-term assets and current assets. eBay?s current assets include cash (and cash equivalents), short term investments made by the business, receivables (from creditors) and other short term assets. The long-term assets of the company aptly include the intangible assets, goodwill, long term investments made by eBay, buildings / facilities owned by the business, deferred long term asset charges and other long term assets."
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Asset Bubbles, 2004.
An explanation of asset bubbles, using the 'dot com' industry from a few years ago as an example.
2,902 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 24 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This report brings together modern theory of corporate finance with contemporary financial developments as described in the "Wall Street Journal", print and interactive editions, to describe the phenomena known as "Asset Bubbles." Asset bubbles have been a thorn in the side of investors for centuries, and this report helps the reader understand the asset bubble phenomena and why it occurs.
From the Paper
"All throughout history numerous investors have been caught off with their pants down, to say the least, by the bursting of one speculative bubble after another. Speculative bubbles are an investing phenomenon that can be like a pride of lions getting the smell of blood when an antelope has been downed. It can be said that these bubbles are usually caused by greed and others feel that they simply a lack of common sense or some type of flaw in us humans. Whatever the case, investors consistently repeat the mistakes associated with speculative bubbles. ?A bubble occurs when investors put so much demand on a stock that they drive the price beyond any accurate or rational reflection of its actual worth, which should be determined by the performance of the underlying company.?
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Demographics and Financial Asset Returns (Empirical), 2004.
A look at the correlation between asset returns on stocks or bonds and the age dependency ratio.
4,650 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the effects of an aging population on financial asset (stocks and bonds) returns in the U.S. for the post-World War II period. The first part of the paper provides a brief review of demographic changes that will confront a selected country during the next half century. The next part presents a review of the empirical literature on demographics and financial asset demands. Next, the paper develops a conceptual framework for analyzing how an aging population triggered by falling birth rates and rising life expectancies affects the demand for financial assets. A discussion of the ideal data set and an outline of the challenges that arise in estimating how population aging will alter aggregate demand follows. Next, the paper builds up the actual models used in this paper and discusses actual data and proxies. Finally, the paper presents new findings and tests empirically the relation between aging and asset returns in the U.S. The conclusion summarizes the main findings and notes areas for future study.
Outline
The Demographic Transition in the U.S. and Other Nations
Theoretical Background and Literature Review
Conceptual Model
Ideal Data
Actual Model
Results and Analysis
From the Paper
"Sell? Sell to whom? This dilemma might haunt the Baby Boomers in the next century as they attempt to unload their assets to pay for retirement. The rising number of middle-aged workers today is the direct result of the Baby Boom generation, those born in roughly the two decades following World War II. It is this high working population ratio, which has often been identified as an important factor for rises in productivity (see Shimer (1998)). As these boomers age, they will have profound social and economic implications for much of the developed world. The large increase in the ratio of retired workers to those in the labor force during the next three decades will place substantial strains on public pension programs. Just in the U.S. anticipated social security expenditures will outstrip income by 2020. In many other developed nations the fiscal prospect is even more daunting than it is in the United States."
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Asset Valuation, 2004.
An asset valuation proposal for a new business, Classic Furniture Company.
1,574 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an asset valuation for a newly opened business, Classic Furniture Company, that specializes in wholesale residential furniture selling a wide array of living room, bedroom and dining room sets. The paper provides an analysis of the inventory held by Classic Furniture and examines the company's inventory and capitalization policy as well as the methodology used to value assets and calculate depreciation. The paper justifies the policies chosen and explains how the company meets the goal of using the most effective polices.
From the Paper
"Inventories in most industries generally represent the most significant current asset. How it is valued in the Financial Statement will affect the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Owners' Equity and the Statement of Cash Flow. There are four basic methods of inventory valuation or "cost flow assumptions." The FIFO (first in-first out) method of accounting means that the first cost into the inventory system is the first cost out and charged to cost of goods sold. Under this cost flow assumption, the oldest cost is transferred to cost of goods sold, and the ending inventory is comprised of the most resent cost. Additionally, net income is higher under the FIFO method of accounting. Disadvantages associated with the FIFO method is that it is not consistent with GAAP accounting, because the matching principal is violated resulting in higher income taxes and lower cash flows. The LIFO (last in - first out) cost flow method of accounting means that the last cost into inventory is the first cost transferred to cost of goods sold. Under this method the ending inventory is made up of the oldest cost. The LIFO method is an acceptable GAAP method as it matches expense and revenues. "
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How an Asset Management Firm was Effected by Sept. 11th and Terrorism, 2002.
The paper looks at how an asset management firm, Trust Company of the West, was affected by the tragic events of September 11th.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of the Trust Company of the West, otherwise know as TCW, an asset management firm based in Los Angeles, California. The author talks about why the World Trade Center attack had a large effect on the asset management industry as a whole and more specifically, on the Trust Company of the West?s syndicated loans group.
From the Paper
"Although September 11th will forever be the day associated with dramatic change, our economy was already in a downward spiral. The markets were weak and consumers and business owners were already preparing for the uncertainties that were predicted. Just a short while before September 11th, the dot-com industry spiraled downward and took the market with it. There were already massive corporate layoffs, business bankruptcies, corporate downsizing and restructuring, an energy crisis and over-consumption in the marketplace."
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Asset Valuation, 2005.
An examination of asset valuation in a fictitious company by an external consulting firm.
2,349 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
The CEO of The CD Rack has contacted The C-Team (a local consulting firm) asking for recommendations on reporting and valuing various assets. This paper examines how the C-Team discusses and gives justifications of each of the policies and shows how the policies will support The CD Rack in meeting their business goals. It explains that The CD Rack is an up and coming, start-up retail company that sells CDs from every music genre imaginable. The CD Rack also sells accessories associated with CDs such as CD storage cases and storage units, and accessories for cleaning and protecting CDs.
Inventory Policy
Capitalization Policy
Depreciation
Depreciation Methods
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A variety of cost-flow assumptions are available for determining the cost of goods sold and the cost of maintaining inventory on hand. Note the word "assumption". Companies make certain assumptions about which goods are sold and which goods remain in inventory. This is for financial reporting and tax purposes only and does not have to agree with the actual movement of goods. The only requirement is: The total cost of goods sold plus the cost of the goods remaining in ending inventory for financial and tax purposes is equal to the actual cost of goods available (Inventory Cost Flow Assumptions, n.d.). Cost of goods sold is a figure reflecting the cost of the product or good that a company sells to generate revenue, appearing on the income statement as an expense unto itself, also referred to as "cost of sales." "
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Asset-Liability Management, 2005.
A description of the purpose and function of the business system known as asset management.
887 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper describes asset management as the business system that enables a company to collect, maintain and manage a complete list of all the components possessed by the company. The paper then goes on to explain the concept and main objective of asset management. The paper also reviews another paper written on the related topic of estimating the costs of capital, explaining that, in the paper, the authors strived to find out the appropriate method for estimation of cost of capital with respect to insurance firms and that they proved their method (the full-information beta approach) to be an appropriate and dependable one.
From the Paper
"The difficulties in the estimation of the divisional cost of the capital are indicated to be the conglomerate firm itself instead of the division traded in the capital market. Universally, the pure play technique is applied to attain the desired results but specifically at the circumstances when a relatively large number of pure play firms of various sizes are found where it does not entail a satisfactory solution to the divisional cost of capital problem. Therefore, the paper applies a comparatively, new methodology, the full formation industry beta approach that resolves the principal problems of the pure play methodology. The paper mainly concentrates on demonstration of the full-information beta approach to cost of capital estimation applying a sample embracing all firms-insurance and non-insurance listed in the Compustat data base that caters to the selection criteria for the sample period 1997-2000."
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Ia Drang Valley, 2006.
A literary book review of "We Were Soldiers Once... and Young: Ia Drang - The Battle that Changed the War in Vietnam".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of "We Were Soldiers Once. . and Young: Ia Drang - The Battle that Changed the War in Vietnam" by war correspondent Joseph Galloway. The paper explains that the book describes the harrowing battles fought in the crucial autumn of 1965, when the 1st Battalion of the United States Army's 7th Cavalry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Harold Moore and accompanied by United Press International reporter Joseph Galloway, swept by helicopter into Vietnam's remote Ia Drang Valley and found itself surrounded by a numerically superior force of two-thousand North Vietnamese regular army soldiers.
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Capital Asset Pricing Model, 2006.
An essay explaining the capital asset pricing model.
1,311 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper tells us that the asset pricing model evaluates a stock's rate of return based on a specific formula. The formula, rate of return = risk free interest rate + Beta x 8.7, is then explained by the paper.
From the Paper
"1.A project cost $100,000 and offers you a beta-of-two expected return of $150,000 in one year; risk premium = 8.5%; the "Wall Street Journal" reports that the riskless rate is 5.0%; the appropriate discount factor is thus 22%; 150,000/(1.22) = $123,000 (approximately) - thus the project has a net present value of $23,000."
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